THE BUILDING of the PORTSDOWN HILL FORTS with Special Reference to Forts Nelson, Widley and Southwick Geoff Salter
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Palmerston Forts Society The Redan THE BUILDING OF THE PORTSDOWN HILL FORTS With special reference to Forts Nelson, Widley and Southwick Geoff Salter The Royal Defence Commission Report including the barracks etc.. regarding the defence of Great Britain was given Royal Assent in August In the Portsmouth area, work began 1860, this began a new era of with the purchase of land across reinforcing and building new Portsdown hill to the bottom of its fortifications throughout the country. northern boundary, to give the forts Many more were planned than “Free-fire zone!” actually built, some were not built because of a need to keep costs down The largest landowner on Portsdown and others abandoned because of was the Thistlethwayte Estate of problems with foundations. Southwick. Together with 20 other freeholders, including the Deverell The Commission was very concerned family of Purbrook Park, they owned about possible enemy attack in the most of the hill. Just over 2,167 acres very near future and they suggested were purchased for £300,000, this that at Portsdown Hill the contracts included land for Fort Fareham. [This were split in two. worked out at about £150 per acre!] The first stage to be completed in 2 or 3 In August 1860, the leader article in months; that was to dig the ditches the PORTSMOUTH TIMES expressed and throw up the ramparts. Then, at local concern under the headline “OUR least if the forts were attacked, guns VERY LUNGS!”. They said, "..until could be put up on the ramparts to proved, the forts should not be built on defend Portsmouth. The second stage the hill as it was the only spot where was to build the rest of the forts pure air could be breathed by schools "The Town amd Harbour of Portsmouth from Portsdown Hill" - Illustrated Times of 26 September 1863 (Royal Armouries Collection) No. 67 October 2006 19 The Redan Palmerston Forts Society Deverell was paid £3 16s 6d compensation for the damage to his crops! (Possibly for damage caused marking out the proposed Fort Purbrook.) In September 1860 the Defence Committee led by the Duke of Cambridge, Commander-in-Chief of the Army inspected Widley Mill, the site of the future Fort Widley. An engraving at the time shows the visit, the fort was marked out with long poles to give the committee some idea of the scale of the future work. A post- windmill was first recorded on this site in 1675. Thomas Thistlethwayte purchased this mill, the mill house and the adjoining property, for £1,200 in 1825. The War Office acquired the site from him in 1860. of all denomination, rusticating parties* Widley Mill 1860 Thomas Thistlethwayte was the largest cricket players and athletic and the visit of landowner of Portsdown Hill and he the Defence amusements!” took issue on the compensation for his Committee - *(Advert in Hants., Telegraph 1813) – land; he wanted £106,000 and the War from Fort Widley RUSTIC SPORTS Included:- Office offered him £62,000. It was not and The Great A guinea to be played for at Single until much later it went to a special Forts of Stick.(A National game of antiquity; a Portsdown by A. jury that the final figure was given to type of mock sword fighting with Corney him of £95,200 for absolute purchase of sticks) 902 acres and clearance rights over Half a guinea to be Wrestled for. another 963 acres of his land. A Holland Smock to be run for by Fair Maidens, The boundary of lands purchased by And many other diversions. the government were indicated by W/D boundary stones and some stones Major General J. Foster R.E., reported to still exist today buried in hedges and London in August 1860 that to survey banks, marked with the military broad and mark out the sites requested, arrow. damage would be caused to the crops in those areas. The Inspector General of The Commanding Royal Engineer, Fortifications replied “Carry on with it, Portsmouth division, Colonel J.W. they can claim compensation for any Gordon, had offices in Lion Terrace damage!” Portsea, was charged with the construction of the forts. He also dealt As a result the land was cleared very with the details of land purchase, quickly around Nelson's Monument, through a Southsea land agent T.C. Fir Clumps, Widley Mill, and Owen. Lt. William Crossman R. E Crookhorn, and as expected the men designed the Portsdown forts and the surveying and marking out the new Hilsea lines. forts caused damage to crops of wheat, barley and oats. At the A plea from the local R.E. office was proposed fort at Nelson’s monument, forwarded to London, at that time they damage was done as the site of the had 6 clerks and one sapper who were fort was in the middle of a standing kept very busy. A copy machine was field of corn. Later it was noted that Mr requested which would have released 20 No. 67 October 2006 Palmerston Forts Society The Redan at least one person, and as the In March 1861 the “Tea Gardens” in the building work increased, the workload chalk pit, run by Miss Carpenter and could be absorbed without any further Miss Carey were given 14 days notice help. This request was denied! Noted to quit. Miss Carpenter had lived there here were the following details; the for 40 years and Miss Carey for 20 office dealt with 355 letters a month years. both writing and copying, also all expense ledgers; they did not deal In April 1861 it was noted in the local with estimates or contractors accounts. paper that Lt. Col. A. Ross R.E., was about to take up his Quarters in a The construction of the forts was to be large house, Portsdown Cottage, overseen by the Lt. Col. J.W. Gordon opposite the Turnpike Gate near RE., C.R.E., (Portsmouth Division). A Admiral Austen’s residence. This was Royal Engineer Officer was appointed just over the brow of the hill at Widley. to each fort and one Royal Engineer (Lt. Col. Ross had been appointed Officer, Lt. Col. Ross R.E., (Portsdown), Commanding Royal Engineer- to oversee the group. Portsdown, reporting to Col. Gordon Commanding Royal Engineer- Each fort had a contractor’s agent on Portsmouth Division.) the spot who liaised with its local R. E. officer on the bulk of the day-to-day 1861 CENSUS lists at Portsdown problems. Only the major conflicts Cottage: –Lieut. Col. Archibald Ross, and problems would be passed up the Royal Engineers (46 yrs old). His wife chain of command to the Alethia (37yrs old) and family –- i.e., Commanding Royal Engineer. Daughter Alethia 3yrs old (born in Malta) and two sons, Archibald 2yrs During February 1861, discussions took old, and Charles six months old (born place over the future of the “The in Gillingham, Kent). Staff: - groom George” public house. Col. Gordon and general servant, nurse, cook, R.E., agreed that the best solution for house and parlour maid, and Sarah all concerned was not to purchase the Eastmead a Nursery Maid (born in pub but to let the tenant stay on rent Gillingham). free rather than to sell it to the Government and rent it back to him. In details from a later sale of the house, we learn: -That parts of the house Col. Gordon took possession of Mr dated from the 17th century but it was Richardson’s house, Portsdown substantially rebuilt in 1831. When the Cottage, as a quarter for Lt. Col. Ross. next year it was offered for sale, had Col. Gordon also proposed to take seven bedrooms, dressing rooms a possession of the lands the works to be closet, drawing, dining and breakfast erected on and also some local houses rooms. Also a large productive garden, above “The George” for the Royal with stables and coach house etc.. It Engineer’s Department. was called a Cottage “Ornee!” situated on a delightful lawn with greenhouse Col. Gordon asked for Clerk of Works, and shrubs of luxuriant growth. With Mr Bennett (2nd Class), who has been a one hundred yard long sweeping appointed “Chief Clerk of Works drive up from the Portsmouth to Portsdown” to return to Portsmouth to London Road to the entrance gate be with Lt. Col. Ross. Also requested situated near the Turnpike. The house was a draughtsman, clerk and was demolished in 1962 now the site of messenger for Lt. Col. Ross. The same Christchurch Gardens. month an estimate was lodged for £76-5s-2¼d for alterations and repairs Work progressed with the clearance of to buildings near “The George” for trees, bushes and some buildings. The forming a quarter for the Clerk of War Office commandeered many Works. other buildings for military use. No. 67 October 2006 21 The Redan Palmerston Forts Society Original plan of Fort Nelson 1860 showing the proposed keep and casemates beneath the east ramparts. (Drawn from the original by G Mitchell) Sappers and Miners occupied some Ivery, who also gave this address as other small houses on the hill. his private address. • Edward Baker was given the On July 27th 1861 the last Annual Fair contract to build Fort Purbrook and was held on the Hill as it had been its outworks. given notice to close by the War Dept.. • Lee and Sons the contract for Fort Three month’s later Lt. Col. Ross Wallington. requested huts for officers and civilians at Fort Purbrook to give them shelter in Two contracts for the construction of the winter.