The Power-Balance Collapse in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Causes and Scenarios Going Forward

1 From the publication series of KCCRC 28 Kurdistan conflict and Crisis Research Center

Researcher at KCCRC

From the publication series of KCCRC 28 2 Kurdistan conflict and Crisis Research Center

www.kurdistanc.com [email protected] facebook.com/kurdistanccrc 053 - 318 2929 @KCCRC1

September 2020 3 The Power-Balance Collapse in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Causes and Scenarios Going Forward

Farhad Hassan Abdullah has not been able to achieve any significant advancements for the Abstract Kurds in spite of their nationalist The consequences of the Kurdistan projects (such as the independence Regional Government parliamentary referendum), something the majority election that took place on the in society fundamentally criticise. 30th September 2018 created an Furthermore, it is argued that if imbalance of power in the Kurdistan a genuinely democratic election Region of Iraq to an extent that even is held, then Iraqi Kurdistan’s the party with the most votes in the dominant political parties (especially election (the Kurdistan Democratic the Kurdistan Democratic Party) Party) cannot form a government will find themselves as minorities in alone or in a coalition with smaller any future parliament. It is for this parties. Nevertheless, the Kurdistan reason that this article will look into Democratic Party has been able the question, what are the causes of to save face by pushing forward a the Power-Balance collapse in the political and party discourse that Kurdistan Region of Iraq? Also, argues that the results of the elections what impact will the new power and the imbalance of power that it arrangement have on the future of presented are a natural democratic the Iraqi Kurdish political process? occurrence that demonstrates the democratic development and awareness of Kurdish society. The Introduction party also argues that the result In the first Iraqi Kurdish is, in fact, a reward for them as it parliamentary election in 1992, the reflects the success of the Kurdistan Kurdistan Democratic Party and Democratic Party’s history in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan struggling for the democratisation divided the seats in the Kurdish and freedom of Kurdistan. However, parliaments between themselves in neither of the arguments put forward a 50%: 50% division (1). Sixteen by the Kurdistan Democratic Party years later, in the fifth Kurdish can be accepted as the cause of this parliamentary election of 2018 (2), new political reality in Kurdistan the Kurdistan Democratic Party as the Kurdistan Democratic Party

4 has become the biggest party in the role of its leading party the the Kurdish parliament; however, Kurdistan Democratic Party, which it must be noted that this is with is responsible for Kurdistan’s failure 45 seats, a loss of five seats since of administration and governance 1992. In contrast, the Patriotic and the wasting of Kurdistan’s Union of Kurdistan has lost 21 seats independence referendum since 1992. It is important to note negotiating pressure card against the that in parliamentary democracies administration in Baghdad, would political party influence and almost certainly have returned a strength is subject to change on a devastating electoral result for the regular basis. In those democratic Kurdistan Democratic Party and systems that are recognised as two- would have seen other parties in party political systems it is noted the Kurdistan Region takeover its that different factors affect the governance. However, what was parliamentary status of the political noteworthy in the 2018 Kurdish parties. For example, in the United poll was that the results gave the Kingdom and the United States, Kurdistan Democratic Party 45 seats the two leading parties in each in the Kurdish parliament. Many have dominated their respective observers argued that the result governance for decades and seemed to be pre-arranged as the even centuries, with each parties head of the Kurdistan Democratic influence and status in constant Party faction in the Kurdistan flux. To explain this another way, Parliament, Hemin Hawrami, it has never been witnessed in before the election explained that neither of these democracies (or the Kurdistan Democratic Party any similar democracy) that after expected 45 seats or more from the a government’s primary policy poll. In his personal social media fails then that governing party is page, the leader stated “three days rewarded with re-election. In the before the election we forecasted United States, after the Afghanistan that the Kurdistan Democratic and Iraq Wars of the early 2000s, Party would win 45 seats in the the Republican party faced electoral election, and the election allowed defeat after its program of borrowing us to achieve this”(4). While it to fund those conflicts compounded is standard practice and highly the severity of the global banking rational for political parties to collapse of 2008 for the United estimate their expected vote share States (3). Therefore, a fair and before an election, the results of transparent democratic election such estimation are dependent that evaluated the Kurdistan upon the political parties conduct Regional Government’s conduct in in the previous government and the the previous four years, especially extent to which they party fulfilled

5 its original election promises. the Iraqi Federal Government which Therefore, it is right to question required close cooperation between the Kurdistan Democratic Party’s the Kurdish parties and the division conduct in government since 2014, of Iraqi Federal Government posts and how many of its election between the two primary Kurdish promises it has fulfilled. Other parties (Kurdistan Democratic than its political and administrative Party and the Patriotic Union of failure, the party has also failed in Kurdistan), who at that point were its national project to reunite the legitimately the representatives of Iraqi Kurdish territories as the the Kurdish people in Baghdad. Kurdish government lost control of Their legitimacy to represent the the majority of the Iraqi disputed Kurdish people was reaffirmed in territories to the Iraqi state due to the first Iraqi elections after the its ill-informed decision to hold the collapse of Saddam Hussain, which Kurdish independence referendum. saw Jalal Talabani, the then head Hence, it is clear that the election of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan process in the Kurdistan Region is become the President of Iraq and the not a clean and fair process. The leader of the Kurdistan Democratic achievement of 45 seats (and 11 Party Massoud Barzan become the quota seats) by a political party that President of Iraqi Kurdistan. This is responsible for the majority of was followed in 2007 with a strategic the failures in the governance of the agreement between both parties to Kurdistan Region of Iraq is highly divide the political and governance questionable and puts the entire posts in Iraqi Kurdistan between democratic process in the Kurdistan themselves equally (5). Region into question. After Jalal Talabani became President of Iraq, he focused on solving the internal problems of Iraq, The end of one-sided politics in the the Shia-Sunni rivalry in the country Iraqi Kurdistan: causes and the ongoing issues between Erbil and Baghdad. At the same The emergence of one-sided politics time, the Kurdistan Democratic in Iraqi Kurdistan can, for the most Party and in particular Massoud part, be traced back to the 2003 and Barzani strengthened its hold on the liberation of Iraq from the Iraqi the offices of the government of the Ba’athist government. Following Kurdistan Region of Iraq. What is the liberation, the Kurdish political more, during this period, as a result parties came together to form of the absence of its leader Jalal a united administration in the Talabani, the Patriotic of Kurdistan Kurdistan Region of Iraq. This was descended into strong infighting and followed by Kurdish participation in a perpetual state of internal rivalries.

6 The problems within the Patriotic that pushed for the formation of Union of Kurdistan came to a head a preferred constitutional political in 2009 when its former deputy system and a specific manner in leader Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin the division of Iraqi finances and left the party to form his own rival centralised power. It was this political party called Gorran, taking backdrop that paved the way for a large number of PUK leaders and the strategic political agreement members with him. Gorran enjoyed between the two parties that divided active political status in the Kurdish the political posts in Erbil and political system until the 2018 Baghdad equally between them. Kurdish parliamentary elections The deal saw the Patriotic Union (6). The causes of this collapse in of Kurdistan focus on establishing a the one-sided Kurdish political Kurdish friendly governing system order is as follows: in Baghdad while the Kurdistan Democratic Party accumulated 1) The strategic political agreement power in the Kurdistan Region of between the Kurdistan Democratic Iraq, which ultimately worked to serve the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Party in the end and has created Kurdistan: an imbalance of power in Iraqi The Kurdistan Democratic Party Kurdistan. This imbalance of power and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan allowed the Kurdistan Democratic had worked closely with the United Party to use the last four years to States forces in Iraq during the expel the Gorran Movement›s 2003 Iraq war and onwards. The ministers from government, award two parties offered much assistance power over both Peshmerga and to the Americans in their efforts Interior ministries to a single to recapture the Iraqi disputed individual. The party was also able territories. Furthermore, both Jalal to charge a single individual with Talabani and Massoud Barzani control over Kurdistan Region’s played significant roles in the re- fiscal matters and its natural establishment of Iraq, especially resources management. These in the period of the Iraqi Interim individuals were all answerable Governing Council and the drawing to the Kurdistan Region’s Prime up of the new Iraqi Constitution of Minister who is also the deputy 2005. These developments worked leader of the Kurdistan Democratic to reduce the tensions between the Party. Therefore, if it is argued that two parties that had existed up until the strategic political agreement 2003 allowing both parties to work between the Kurdistan Democratic closely together to present one Party and the Patriotic Union of single Kurdish negotiating position Kurdistan was necessary to end the

7 hostility and violence between the on the strategic agreement that Kurdistan Democratic Party and was previously signed between the the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and then it must also be argued that Gorran on the 17th May 2016 (9). the agreement also worked to allow Hence, the internal problems of the the Kurdistan Democratic Party to Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, on dominate over the governance of the one hand, worked to strengthen the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Gorran in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s zone of influence and 2) The strength of factionalism on the other it allowed the Kurdistan within the Patriotic Union of Democratic Party to govern the Kurdistan Region of Iraq mostly Kurdistan and its internal divisions: without consideration for other Jalal Talabani’s exit from the political political parties by making significant scene in Kurdistan and Iraq as a decisions on the Kurdistan Region›s result of his illness in 2012 caused policy directions from the office of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan to the Kurdish President. The position enter a period of intense internal of power awarded to the Kurdistan competition and divisions between Democratic Party by the Patriotic the different wings of the party over Union of Kurdistan became evident the parties future governance and when Massoud Barzani’s extended representation internally, regionally presidential term came to an end, and internationally. On the 1st and the Kurdish parliament was September 2016, this competition reforming the law governing the reached a point that the deputy powers of the Kurdish president. leaders of the party were forced to The Kurdistan Democratic Party, announce the establishment of a knowing they didn’t have the decision making body within the numbers to legally stop the reform party (7). The next day the decision decided unilaterally to suspend was rejected by the stronger wing the parliament by preventing the of the party led by Jalal Talabani’s speaker of parliament from entering wife Hero Ibrahim Ahmed, which Erbil and the parliamentary building enjoyed support from the majority of (10). The Kurdistan Democratic the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s Party followed this by replacing Politburo (8). The announcement the Gorran ministers in the of the establishment of the decision governing coalition (11) without making body in the Patriotic Union first consulting any of the other of Kurdistan did not impact the parties in the Kurdish governing status of the party alone, but it also process. Put another way, the created a fundamental problem for problems inherent in the Patriotic the committee tasked with working Union of Kurdistan paved the

8 way for the Kurdistan Democratic of Kurdistan on the 17th May Party to unilaterally decide on the 2016 [12]. During the declaration policy imperative of the political, of this agreement, Nawshirwan economic, administrative and Mustafa Amin expressed his that national issues in the Kurdistan this new agreement would pave the Region of Iraq. This is the cause way for the process of democratic of the one-sided politics that has governance in Kurdistan and would governed Kurdistan in recent years. increase transparency in the region›s oil and gas sales (13). However, 3) The absence of a charismatic the continuation of the internal character in the Patriotic Union of problems of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the diversity of Kurdistan’s zone of influence: opinion within Gorran about the During the time of Jalal Talabani benefits of the agreement ultimately and Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin, proved to be an obstacle to it and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s led to Gorran suspending the deal zone of influence hosted charismatic on the 20th December 2017. The characters on par with those of the illness and death of both Nawshirwan Kurdistan Democratic Party. As a Mustafa and Jalal Talabani allowed result, many of the issues in Kurdish power in the Kurdistan Region of politics were resolved via bipartisan Iraq to shift towards the Kurdistan agreement. Put another way, no Democratic Party as Massoud one party or character alone could Barzani remained the only character decide on policy issues about the of charisma in the Kurdish political Kurdistan Region as there was a process. The Kurdistan Democratic form of tacit understanding between Party used this opportunity to the leading parties of the Kurdistan extend its control over the entire Region that was effective in dealing Kurdish political process further. with Baghdad and governing For example, the Kurdistan internally. The exiting of Jalal Democratic Party pushed for the Talabani from the political scene Kurdish independence referendum meant that Nawshirwan Mustafa in 2017 without national and cross- Amin was forced to work to preserve party agreement, in unilateral this balance in Kurdish politics. decided on also holding the poll The meeting between Jalal Talabani in the Iraqi disputed territories and Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin at resulting in political, economic and Dabashan was the foundation of the military crisis and it also unilaterally establishment of this new political decided on freezing the results of the reality that was later cemented in Kurdish referendum and ignoring the political agreement between its result on 24th November 2017 Gorran and the Patriotic Union (15).

9 4) The formation of a multi-party at its expense. For example, the political ecosystem in the Patriotic Gorran Movement that established Union of Kurdistan’s zone of in 2009 was able to beat the Patriotic influence: Union of Kurdistan to become the Aside from the fact that the political second biggest parliamentary party process in the Kurdistan Region in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is primarily controlled by the between 20142018- with 24 seats. Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and What is more, this attitude by the the Kurdistan Democratic Party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan has the political system in the region is continued as demonstrated with the still understood to be a multi-party winning of seats by new political political system. The region hosts parties like the New Generation and over 20 political parties that are to the Democratic and Justice Alliance some extent involved in the politics who currently hold two seats in the of the region. However, only a Iraqi Parliament (16). The presence fraction of these parties hold seats of a multi-party political system in in the Kurdish parliament. It is the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan noteworthy that since the Kurdish has benefited its democratic process uprising in 1991 the Kurdistan as it has witnessed the exchange of Democratic Party has remained the power in Sulaimania, Halabja, the dominant party in its zone of Garmian and Raparin. However, influence regardless of the fact that this multi-party political process in numerous other political parties are the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s operating in that zone. Therefore, zone of influence has also impacted while the political system allows for the power balance in the Kurdistan the emergence of political parties Region of Iraq negatively. This the hegemony and influence of imbalance was demonstrated by the Kurdistan Democratic Party the political agreement between the prevent the coming to power (in Gorran movement and the Patriotic any form) of parties operating in its Union of Kurdistan, which aimed zone of influence. at restoring the geographic power In contrast, in the Patriotic Union balance between the Kurdistan of Kurdistan has allowed for the Democratic Party’s zone of emergence of new political parties influence and the Patriotic Union in its zone of influence that can of Kurdistan’s zone of influence by compete with it. What is more, uniting the parliamentary parties of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s both Gorran and the Patriotic Union liberal attitude towards political of Kurdistan against the Kurdistan competition has seen these parties Democratic Party’s parliamentary win seats in both the Kurdish hegemony. parliament and the Iraqi parliament What is more, to further restore

10 the balance the two parties even Democratic Party is recognised as a left open the agreement for other party rooted in tribal conservatism political parties in the Kurdish (19), and it is this foundation that political system to join (17). The has allowed for a relatively strong swift opposition presented by party structure that allows for party the Kurdistan Democratic Party, discipline to trickle down to reach who refused to meet with a joint every member and supporter of delegation from the Patriotic the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Union of Kurdistan and Gorran The political party model that (18), instead insisting on meeting the Kurdistan Democratic Party each parties delegation separately, employs is in contrast to the more demonstrated the benefits of liberal and fluid model used by other these divisions to the Kurdistan political parties in the region, which Democratic Party›s hegemony in sees competition and jostling for the region. The position taken by internal power playing a significant the Kurdistan Democratic Party role in their day to day workings. was a clear sign that the party was At the same, by controlling the unhappy and rejected the deal Kurdish government, income and between the Patriotic Union of natural resources, the Kurdistan Kurdistan and Gorran. Hence, the Democratic Party has become presence of a multi-party political one of the wealthiest parties in system in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. Moreover, it has used Kurdistan’s zone of influence has this wealth at the service of it party had a negative impact as it has agenda of power accumulation. To worked to introduce a level of accumulate power, the Kurdistan political and social instability to the Democratic Party has established area by causing a political deadlock the strongest audiovisual media in the region more widely. A networks and utilised it to process that has ultimately worked legitimise its political aims and to reduce the quality of public agendas. Through the support of its services and impacted the lives of party funded media the Kurdistan residents in the Kurdistan Region Democratic Party has managed to of Iraq negatively. convince the people of Kurdistan that the international community 5) The Kurdistan Democratic Party that its policies are in favour of its and its success in accumulating nationalist agenda for Kurdistan. For example, in 2017 the media power: was used in this manner to win The Kurdistan Democratic public support for its independence Party›s robust system of political referendum. Therefore, the party discipline: The Kurdistan Kurdistan Democratic Party works

11 to influence public opinion to political process. convince Kurdish residents that (2) The Kurdistan Democratic Party its party agenda is in favour of the wants to resolve some outstanding Kurdish nationalism. A process issues in Kurdistan via a simple that was true for the holding of majority in the Kurdish parliament. the Kurdish referendum in 2017, These issues include the problem the Kurdistan Democratic Party’s around the Kurdish presidency and return to Baghdad after the poll, its the draft Kurdish constitution. alliance with Ankara and its politics of working against the interests of 6. Issues relating to the Gorran the Syrian Kurds. Movement: Election fraud: What remains enigmatic is that even after the failure Rather than focusing on practical of the Kurdistan Democratic Parties projects, the Gorran Movement nationalist policy initiatives in 2017 focuses on populism. However, and the fact that the party utilised the party is currently undergoing and wasted the Kurdish referendum a difficult period of retrenchment card in its service the party›s vote- that has seen senior politicians share in Kurdish elections seems within the movement resign or join to be on the increase. However, other political parties in the Kurdish this increase in its vote share is political process. Furthermore, the surrounded by controversy as the Gorran movement is also facing party is often accused of widespread a retrenchment in the power and election fraud in Kurdish elections. influence of its media wing, as it no This was particularly the case in longer enjoys hegemony over the the Iraqi parliamentary elections Kurdish opposition. It is perhaps this of 12th May 2018 and the Kurdish weakening media influence that has parliamentary elections of 30th worked to reduce the movement’s September 2018. The accusations vote share in the last two elections are that the Kurdistan Democratic in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. Party engaged in widespread fraud Hence, while the Gorran movement in these elections because; is unable to compete with the (1) The Kurdistan Democratic Party Kurdistan Democratic Party to wants to send the message to the rebalance power in the Kurdistan Kurdish electorate that it remains Region, it is also criticised for not the only party that can retain its supporting another party such as strong position in the Kurdish the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan political process regardless of its to restore the power balance in the failures and internal difficulties. Kurdistan Region. Moreover, it can continue to remain The reasons outlined above are a the strongest party in the Kurdish number of reasons for the power

12 shift in the Kurdistan Region of fair and truly representative of the Iraq. It is also important to outline Kurdistan Region. some of the possible future scenarios and outcomes of this new power b. Cooperation and relations with balance for the Kurdistan Region. other political parties: The unbalanced power structure a. Marginalisation: in the Kurdistan Region may The continuation of this unbalanced extend to include collaboration and power structure in the Kurdistan relationships with other parties to Region may not only work to reduce the hegemony and influence marginalise certain political parties of another side. For example, it and politicians but the entirety of may transpire that the current one- the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s sided model in Kurdistan prompts zone of influence and the Kurdish the Kurdistan Democratic Party to residence that live within it. Given gamble on the further retrenchment that the Kurdistan Democratic of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Party’s support base is mainly by forming a governing coalition focused in its zone of influence with other smaller parties thereby the Kurdistan Democratic Party either sidelining the Patriotic may wish to use its new found Union of Kurdistan or reducing power to compensate its supporters its share of political posts in the by investing heavily in its zone new government. While it can be of influence and disregarding the argued that this is the right of the areas of Kurdistan that remain largest party in any parliament, the loyal to the parties present in the reality of politics and the military Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s of the Kurdistan Region does not zone of influence. Such a scenario allow for the formation of such a will be further compounded by government. This arrangement is the Kurdistan Democratic Party’s somewhat similar to the process dominance in the Kurdistan in Baghdad that has witnessed the Parliament and the possibility for largest parliamentary party following one-sided decision making that an election fail at winning the post will take place there to support and of Prime Minister, form the Iraqi justify the Kurdistan Democratic government, or gain the majority of Party’s decisions. The only question ministerial portfolios. The political of legitimacy that will remain for atmosphere in Kurdistan is similar these decisions that are made by the to that of Baghdad in that the largest Kurdish parliament will be whether parliamentary party cannot alone or not the Kurdistan Democratic govern the region. Moreover, any Party’s parliamentary dominance is attempt in this direction ultimately

13 impacts the entire region negatively governmental posts in Erbil and and takes Kurdistan back towards Baghdad between themselves. This its 1990s troubles. was followed by a strategic political agreement between the two parties c. Political and administrative that formalised this equal division control: of power between the two parties. The reasons for the collapse of Another possible scenario of the this power balance between the unbalanced power balance is Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and that it may work to make further the Kurdistan Democratic Party the Kurdistan Democratic Party are many and include, the divided decide on policy issues relating internal state of the Patriotic Union to the Kurdistan, its relations of Kurdistan and the failure of the with Iraq and its international 2016 political agreement between affairs without consideration for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan other parties. This may become and the Gorran Movement to specifically the case when it comes rebalance power in the Kurdistan to issues of oil and gas sales and Region of Iraq. exports, diplomatic relations and Furthermore, this article found that the issuing of investment contracts. the absence of charismatic political While it has been the case that the figures in the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Democratic Party has Kurdistan’s zone of influence to been criticised for an extended counter that of Massoud Barzani period for dominating the political further ate away at the balance of and economic decisions of the power in the Kurdistan Region. Kurdistan Region, going forward While there was some form of the Kurdistan Democratic Party stability in Kurdish politics before will have the ability to legitimise the 2017 Kurdish referendum, the its decisions through its legislative political and military developments power. since its failure have pushed the Kurdistan Region of Iraq into a new Conclusion political phase. What is more, the This article has discussed the continuation of one-sided politics changing balance of political presents numerous scenarios to the power in the Kurdistan Region region that include, the possibility of Iraq, an issue that traces that the Kurdistan Democratic Party back to the period following the will marginalise the larger political liberation of Iraq and 2005 when parties to strengthen itself in the both the Kurdistan Democratic Kurdish political process further Party and the Patriotic Union of or that the Kurdistan Democratic Kurdistan divided the political and Party, gambling on the further

14 eroding of the Patriotic Union of scenarios, if successful, would work Kurdistan, works with other smaller to give the Kurdistan Democratic political parties to form a majority Party control over Kurdistan’s coalition government. These politics and economy.

15 References: (10) Iraqi Kurdistan parliament speaker prevented from entering منافســة قويــة بانتخابــات كردســتان العــراق، (1) ,(Erbil, Ekurd, (October 12, 2015 :الجزيــرة، )21-9-2013(، علــى الموقــع http://www.aljazeera.net/news/ https://ekurd.net/kurdistan-parlt- reportsandinterviews/201321/9// speaker-prevented-201512-10- PM Barzani sacks Goran (11) رووداو تنشر النتائج األولية لـ %98 من أصوات (2) ,ministers from KRG cabinet, Rudaw انتخابــات برلمــان كوردســتان ، رووداو، )-10-3 .http://www.rudaw. (132015/10/), http://www.rudaw :2018(، علــى الموقــع net/arabic/kurdistan/031020184 net/english/kurdistan/131020151 (3) Henry Farrell, Here’s why the (12) Full text of Gorran-PUK Iraq War may have helped trigger agreement, Iraqi Kurdistan, Ekurd, the financial crisis, The Washington (May 20, 2016), https://ekurd. Post, (October 15, 2015), https:// net/gorran-puk-agreement-full- www.washingtonpost.com/news/ text-201620-05- monkey-cage/wp/201515/10//heres- (13) PUK-Gorran agreement will lead why-the-iraq-war-may-have-helped- to greater democracy in Kurdistan: trigger-the-financial-crisis/?utm_ Nawshirwan, Ekurd, (May 18, term=.08ab8089f0ca 2016), https://ekurd.net/puk-gorran- (4) Hemin Hawrami, personal agreement-democracy-201618-05- گــۆڕان بڕیاریــدا بــە هەڵپەســاردنی (account on Twitter, https:// (14 ڕێککەوتنەکــەی لەگــەڵ یەکێتــی، ، )twitter.com/heminhawrami/ -12- 20 status/1047542145664651264 2017)، https://rojnews.news/%D9 الديمقراطــي الكردســتاني واالتحــاد الوطنــي: (5) حکومەتــی هەرێمــی کوردســتان پێشــنیازی (15) تاريــخ مــن التحالفــات والصــراع، بــي بــي ســي، ســڕکردنی ئەنجامــی گشتپرســی دەکات، رووداو، )أكتوبــر/ تشــرين األول 2017(، علــى .http://www.bbc.com/arabic/ 2017/10/25( )، http://www.rudaw :الموقــع middleeast-41659670 net/sorani/kurdistan/2410201720 هاوپەیمانــی نیشــتمانی لەســەر (16) .النفس المصدر (6) دوو پەرلەمانتارەكــەی ڕوونكردنــەوە جێگرانــی ســکرتێری گشــتی یەکێتــی، ناوەنــدی (7) //:https :دەدات،2018/11/11، لــة لينكــي ،(rojnews ، (12016-9- ،بڕیار دروست دەکەن https://rojnews.news/%D8%A6%D8 xelk.org/62701/ وەفــدی هاوبەشــی گــۆڕان و یەكێتــی: (17) ناوەنــدی بڕیــار: بەپێــی راگەیێنــدراوی (8) ســەردانی پارتیــش دەكەیــن، ســثيدة، )18 كۆبوونەوەكەیــان وەاڵممــان بۆیــان دەبێــت، .http://www :حزيران/يونيــو 2016(، لينكــي :رووداو، )15/10/2016 (، لــة لينكــي http://www.rudaw.net/sorani/ speda.net/arabic/index.php/news/ kurdistan/151020164 kurdistan/16210 .Carikci, Mariam Jooma (18) كێشــە بــۆ رێككەوتنــی گۆڕانــو یەكێتــی (9) Kurdistan: Achievable Reality or دروســتبووە باڵــی »ناوەنــدی بڕیــار«ی یەكێتــی Political Mirage. Afro-Middle East لەســەر كۆبوونــەوەی گــۆڕان لەگــەڵ »باڵــی ماڵبات« .Centre, 2018 هۆشــداریدەدات ، ســنور ميديــا، )2016-10-3(، /http://www.snurmedia.com :لــة لينكــي all-details.aspx?jimare=16818

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