DOCSLIB.ORG

Linguistic Rights of the Turkish Minority in Bulgaria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linguistic Rights of the Turkish Minority in Bulgaria LINGUISTIC RIGHTS OF THE TURKISH MINORITY IN BULGARIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY CENGİZ HAKSÖZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SOCIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2007 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur (METU, HIST) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Cengiz Haksöz Signature: iii ABSTRACT LINGUISTIC RIGHTS OF THE TURKISH MINORITY IN BULGARIA Haksöz, Cengiz M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün September 2007, 179 pages This thesis analyses linguistic policies in Bulgaria, during the Ottoman, monarchical, communist and post-communist periods and its effects on the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. The linguistic policies in Bulgaria did not follow consistent policies; on the contrary, it followed different policies in different periods. The aim of this thesis is to analyse how the Turkish minority experiences and perceives linguistic rights in the post-communist period, such as study of and in Turkish language, Turkish minority media, use of minority personal names, naming of topographical places and the status of Turkish language in official and administrative institutions. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were carried out in Işıklar (Samuil) municipality in Bulgaria, where Turks constitute the absolute majority of the population. As a result of the analyses of the experiences of the Turkish minority, it was observed that (Turkish) linguistic rights and language were experienced by the Turkish minority in terms of ethnolinguistic identity. It is concluded that symbolic iv power and diglossia relationships between Turkish and Bulgarian languages affected the ways of perception of (Turkish) linguistic rights by the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. Keywords: Turkish Minority, Linguistic Rights, Language Policy, Bulgaria, Post- Communism, Symbolic Power, Diglossia. v ÖZ BULGARİSTAN’DAKİ TÜRK AZINLIĞIN DİLSEL HAKLARI Haksöz, Cengiz Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün Eylül 2007, 179 sayfa Bu tez Bulgaristan’ın Osmanlı, monarşi, komünizm ve komünizm sonrası dönemlerindeki dil politikalarını ve bunların Bulgaristan’daki Türk azınlığı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Bulgaristan’da uygulanan dil politikaları zaman içinde tutarlı bir doğrultu izlememiş, tersine farklı dönemlerde farklı politikalar izlenmiştir. Bu tezin amacı, komünizm sonrası dönemde Bulgaristan’daki Türk azınlığın Türkçe eğitimi ve Türkçede eğitim, Türkçe medya, bireysel azınlık adlarının kullanımı, topografik yerlerin adlandırılması ve Türk dilinin resmi ve idari kurumlardaki statüsü gibi dilsel hakları nasıl yaşadığını ve algıladığını incelemektir. Bu amaçla, büyük çoğunluğu Türklerden oluşan Bulgaristan’daki Işıklar (Samuil) Belediyesinde derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Türk azınlığın deneyimlerinin incelenmesi sonucunda, (Türkçe) dilsel hakların ve dilin Türk azınlık tarafından etnik-dilsel kimliğin temel bir unsuru olarak algıladığı görülmüştür. Türkçe ve Bulgarca arasındaki sembolik güç ve diglossia ilişkisinin Bulgaristan’daki Türk vi azınlığın (Türkçe) dilsel haklarını algılama biçimlerini etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Türk Azınlık, Dilsel Haklar, Dil Politikası, Bulgaristan, Komünizm Sonrası, Sembolik Güç, Diglossia. vii To my mother and father... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün for her valuable guidance, encouragement and insight throughout the research. I also express my sincere thanks to my examining committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur, for their enlightening suggestions. I am especially grateful to Erdal Ayan, Bahar Sakızlıoğlu, Zeynep Başer and Aslan Yavuz Şir for dedicating a considerable amount of time to review chapters of this thesis. I am also thankful to Çağdaş Kılıç, Sabri Tuna, Beytullah Tuna, Vesile Haksöz, Nefile Haksöz, Gülay Kılıç and Yağmur Özkan for their invaluable assistances and supports. I am very appreciating Sali for his friendship and assistance in every part of my field research. I also thank İbrahim, Hüseyin, all of my interviewees and the people and administration of Işıklar (Samuil) Municipality. I am especially thankful to Rumeli Eğitim Vakfı (Rumeli Education Foundation) for its supports. Additionally, I owe to thank Hikmet Haksöz for his endless credence and support. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dear parents, Refiye Haksöz and Vedat Haksöz. They have always been a great source of support, love and patience while I was writing this thesis as they have been being through out my life. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................iv ÖZ..............................................................................................................................vi DEDICATION........................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................ix TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................x LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 1.1. Introducing the Study..........................................................................................1 1.2. Methodology......................................................................................................11 2. LINGUISTIC POLICIES OF BULGARIA DURING THE MONARCHY........14 2.1. Linguistic Policies in Bulgaria during the Ottoman Rule..................................14 2.1.1. Education and Education Policy during the Ottoman Period................16 2.1.2. Turkish Minority Media in Bulgaria during the Ottoman Period..........17 2.2. Linguistic Policies in the Bulgarian Principality (1878 – 1908).......................17 2.2.1. Turkish Minority Schools during the Bulgarian Principality................19 2.2.2. Turkish Minority Media during the Bulgarian Principality...................23 2.3. Linguistic Policies in the Bulgarian Kingdom (1908 – 1944)...........................24 2.3.1. The Agrarian Union Rule (1919 – 1923)...............................................25 2.3.2. The Fascist Rule (1934 – 1944).............................................................30 2.4. Re-Naming of Toponyms..................................................................................32 2.5. Turkish Minority Media during the Bulgarian Kingdom..................................34 x 3. LINGUISTIC POLICIES OF BULGARIA DURING THE COMMUNIST RULE......................................................................................36 3.1. First Phase: “Promoting Ethnic Identity” (1944 – 1959)...................................37 3.1.1. Surname System of Bulgaria and the Turkish Minority........................40 3.2. Second Phase: “Integration” (1959 – 1971)......................................................42 3.3. Third Phase: “Forced Integration” (1971 – 1984).............................................45 3.3.1. The Turkish Minority Art, Culture and Literature in the Communist Period.....................................................................................46 3.4. Fourth Phase: “Forced Assimilation” (1984 – 1989).........................................47 3.4.1. Reasons of the Forced Assimilation Campaign.....................................51 3.5. Turkish Minority Media in Bulgaria during the Communist Regime...............53 4. LINGUISTIC POLICIES OF BULGARIA IN THE POST – COMMUNIST PERIOD....................................................................56 4.1. The Post-Communist Minority Politics and MRF.............................................57 4.2. Linguistic Rights in the Post-Communist Period..............................................60 4.2.1. Study of/ in Turkish...............................................................................61 4.2.2. Turkish Minority Media........................................................................68 4.2.3. Right to Use Turkish Minority Personal Names....................................71 4.2.4. Right to Use Turkish in Administrative and Judiciary Bodies..............74
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Can Cypriot Gas Power a New Dialogue?
    APHRODITE’S GIFT: CAN CYPRIOT GAS POWER A NEW DIALOGUE? Europe Report N°216 – 2 April 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION: REUNIFICATION TALKS STALL ............................................. 1 II. THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN GAS BONANZA ............................................. 3 A. GREEK CYPRIOTS GO IT ALONE ................................................................................................... 3 B. TURKEY ESCALATES TENSIONS ................................................................................................... 5 C. INTERNATIONAL REACTIONS ........................................................................................................ 7 III. THE LEGAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 9 A. THE LAW OF THE SEA .................................................................................................................. 9 B. SOVEREIGN RIGHTS VS. EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION ................................................................... 10 IV. CASHING IN THE WINDFALL................................................................................... 12 A. GAS EXPLOITATION ................................................................................................................... 13 B. GAS TRANSPORT .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Annex REPORT for 2019 UNDER the “HEALTH CARE” PRIORITY of the NATIONAL ROMA INTEGRATION STRATEGY of the REPUBLIC of BULGAR
    Annex REPORT FOR 2019 UNDER THE “HEALTH CARE” PRIORITY of the NATIONAL ROMA INTEGRATION STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA 2012 - 2020 Operational objective: A national monitoring progress report has been prepared for implementation of Measure 1.1.2. “Performing obstetric and gynaecological examinations with mobile offices in settlements with compact Roma population”. During the period 01.07—20.11.2019, a total of 2,261 prophylactic medical examinations were carried out with the four mobile gynaecological offices to uninsured persons of Roma origin and to persons with difficult access to medical facilities, as 951 women were diagnosed with diseases. The implementation of the activity for each Regional Health Inspectorate is in accordance with an order of the Minister of Health to carry out not less than 500 examinations with each mobile gynaecological office. Financial resources of BGN 12,500 were allocated for each mobile unit, totalling BGN 50,000 for the four units. During the reporting period, the mobile gynecological offices were divided into four areas: Varna (the city of Varna, the village of Kamenar, the town of Ignatievo, the village of Staro Oryahovo, the village of Sindel, the village of Dubravino, the town of Provadia, the town of Devnya, the town of Suvorovo, the village of Chernevo, the town of Valchi Dol); Silistra (Tutrakan Municipality– the town of Tutrakan, the village of Tsar Samuel, the village of Nova Cherna, the village of Staro Selo, the village of Belitsa, the village of Preslavtsi, the village of Tarnovtsi,
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria Page 1 of 14
    2005 Country Report on Human Rights in Bulgaria Page 1 of 14 Facing the Threat Posed by Iranian Regime | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Bulgaria Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy of approximately 7.7 million persons, and is ruled by a coalition government headed by Prime Minister Sergei Stanishev. Multiparty parliamentary elections in June were deemed generally free and fair despite some reported irregularities. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of law enforcement officers, there were some instances in which law enforcement officers acted independently of government authority. The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in several areas. The following human rights problems were reported: police abuses, including beatings and mistreatment, of criminal suspects, prison inmates, and members of minorities harsh conditions in prisons and detention facilities arbitrary arrest and detention impunity limitations on freedom of the press some restrictions on freedom of religion discrimination against certain religious minorities widespread corruption in executive and judicial branches violence and discrimination against women, children, and minority groups, particularly the Roma trafficking in persons discrimination against persons with disabilities child labor RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life Neither the government nor its agents committed any politically motivated killings; however, there were reports that police killed two persons during the year. On November 10, Anguel Dimitrov died while being arrested in a nationwide operation against organized crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Society Institute Sofia
    Open Society Institute - Sofia 2015 Annual Report OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE SOFIA 2015 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS Mission 3 1 Report of the Executive Director 5 2 Financial Profile 6 NGO Programme in Bulgaria under the EEA Financial Mechanism 2009- 3 11 2014 4 European Policies Programme 23 Governance and Public Policies Programme 26 5 Project Generation Facility - 29 Making the Most of European Union Structural Funds for Roma Inclusion 6 Legal Programme 31 7 Public Debate Programme 33 8 Emergency Fund of the Open Society Institute 34 Roma Programme 35 9 Scholarship Programme for doctors and post-graduate medicine students 36 of Roma origin Traineeship Programme at the US Embassy “Bridging Roma and Career 36 Opportunities” with the financial support of the US Embassy 10 Project Design Unit 37 2 MISSION To develop and support the values and practices of the open society in Bulgaria - To support the democratization of the public life - To work for the extension and guaranteeing of civil freedoms - To support the strengthening of civil sector institutions - To support the European integration and regional cooperation of Bulgaria 3 Founder George Soros Board of Trustees Pepka Boyadzhieva, Chair Ivan Bedrov Lachezar Bogdanov Milena Stefanova Petya Kabakchieva Aleksandar Kashamov Executive Director Georgi Stoychev Financial Director Veliko Sherbanov Programme Directors Boyan Zahariev Valentina Kazanska Ivanka Ivanova Dimitar Dimitrov Marin Lesinsky Elitsa Markova Anita Baykusheva Senior Economist Georgi Angelov Sociological Analyses Unit Aleksey Pamporov Dragomira Belcheva Petya Braynova Project Design Unit Elitsa Markova Teodora Ivanova 4 1. REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR In 2015, the Open Society Institute – Sofia continued working on four main priorities: good governance, rule of law and human rights, European policies and civic participation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration Crisis: a Time for Solidarity Lessons?
    The Migration Crisis: A Time for Solidarity Lessons? MA Thesis in European Studies: European Policy Graduate School of Humanities University of Amsterdam Author: Kristina Dimitrova Student number: 11104120 Main supervisor: dhr. mr. dr. A.C.van Wageningen Second supervisor: dhr. dr. P. Rodenburg July, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 4 List of tables/figures .................................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Background and Current State of Affairs ........................................................... 7 1.2. Purpose and Research Question ...................................................................... 11 1.3. Outline ............................................................................................................ 13 2. Theoretical analysis and methodological approach ................................................ 15 2.1. Defining solidarity ........................................................................................... 15 2.2 Theories on EU solidarity ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Bulgaria
    MONITORING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS’ RECOMMENDATION CM/REC (2010)5 ON MEASURES TO COMBAT DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR GENDER IDENTITY REPORT ON THE REPUBLIC BULGARIA WRITTEN BY: DENITSA LYUBENOVA - ATTORNEY-AT-LAW DENIZA GEORGIEVA Report on the Republic of Bulgaria Background Information 1 Executive Summary 2 RECOMMENDATIONS 5 Purpose of the Report 10 Political System and Demographics 11 Methodology 11 1. Right to life, security and protection from violence 15 “Hate crimes” and other hate-motivated incidents 15 Hate speech 19 2. Freedom of association 19 3. Freedom of expression and peaceful assembly 20 4. Right to respect for private and family life 21 Right to respect for private and family life of same-sex families 21 Right to respect for private and family life of trans and intersex people 28 5. Employment 29 6. Education 31 7. Health 34 8. Housing 38 9. Sports 39 10. Right to seek asylum 40 11. National Human Rights Structures 42 12. Discrimination on multiple grounds 43 Report on the Republic of Bulgaria Background Information In 2010 the Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe adopted the Recommendation on measures to combat discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity1, recognizing that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons have been for centuries exposed and are still subjected to homophobia, transphobia and other forms of discrimination and social exclusion. This significant document aims to recall that human rights are universal and should guarantee the equal dignity of all human beings and the enjoyment of rights and freedoms of all individuals without discrimination on any ground, including sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Roma As a Unique Cultural Minority: the Impact of Communism and Democratisation on Roma in Eastern Europe
    Durham E-Theses Roma as a Unique Cultural Minority: the Impact of Communism and Democratisation on Roma in Eastern Europe DANOVA, MILITSA,DANIELOVA How to cite: DANOVA, MILITSA,DANIELOVA (2011) Roma as a Unique Cultural Minority: the Impact of Communism and Democratisation on Roma in Eastern Europe, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/875/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Militsa Danielova Danova Roma as a Unique Cultural Minority: the Impact of Communism and Democratisation on Roma in Eastern Europe This thesis examines the socio-economic situation of Roma in three Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary. It observes that the governments of these three countries, to varying degrees, have failed to develop effective policies for improving the marginal situation of the Roma minority.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria-Macedonia Cross-Border Cooperation: Problems and Perspectives from the Bulgarian Point of View
    Twelfth International Scientific Conference KNOWLEDGE WITHOUT BORDERS 31.3-2.4.2017, Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia BULGARIA-MACEDONIA CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE BULGARIAN POINT OF VIEW Ivaylo Stamenkov, Ph.D Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: For decades, the European Union devotes considerable attention to the role of Cross-border cooperation as a factor for development. The theme becomes even more important after the recent enlargements of the Union and the increased number of its internal and external borders. This is clearly attested by the announcement of the "European territorial cooperation" as a specific objective for the 2007-2013 programming period in which one of the main instruments is the Cross-border cooperation. More and more important is the study of the external borders of the European Union where Member States have a mutual interest in improving regional development, as well as their relationships, stability, and prosperity, especially when these neighboring countries are less developed. The Cross-border cooperation is no exception to the general trends of political and economic integration in Europe, and of the recent Europeanization in various scientific fields. Therefore, the study is based on contemporary and supranational topics related to demographic changes and their results, centralization and decentralization, polarization and peripheralization, convergence and divergence, territorial cohesion, relations between urban and rural peripheral spaces. All of them are researched on the basis of certain normative regulations, with respective vertical administrative levels and allocation of powers. The reason for selecting the border region between Bulgaria and Macedonia, two of the poorest countries in Europe, is related to its modern status – it is still difficult to disclose any sound and positive signs of Cross-border cooperation in this region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim-Turkish Minority in Bulgaria
    BULGARIAN HELSINKI COMMITTEE MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL HELSINKI FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878 Sofia November 2003 Contents: Brief Introductory Chapter: 1. Demographic data 2. Origins of the Bulgarian Muslims 2.1. Turks 2.2. Bulgarian-speaking Muslims (Pomaks) 2.3. Roma Muslims Chapter I: The Muslim community in post-Ottoman Bulgaria (1878 - 1944) 1.1. Religious rights 1.2. Immigration and assimilation problems 1.3. Muslim minority education 1.4. Muslim (Turkish) minority press 1.5. The impact of Kemalism on the rights of the Muslims in Bulgaria Chapter II: The Muslim community during the Communist era (1944 - 1989) and the first years of democracy in Bulgaria 2.1. The politics towards Muslims in the period 1944-1956 2.1.1. Legal basis of Muslims’ religious freedoms 2.1.2. Development of Muslim minority education 2.1.3. Immigration inclinations among Muslims and their consequences 2.2. The treatment of Muslims between 1956 and 1984 2.2.1. Limiting the religious freedoms and launching a policy of forced assimilation of Muslims 2.2.2. Renewed immigration waves 2.2.3. New forced assimilation of Pomak Muslims 2.2.4. Preparing the soil for the assimilation of the Turks and the Roma Muslims 2.3. The situation of the Bulgarian Muslims during the last years of the Communist regime (1984-1989) 2.3.1. The “Revival Process” in its apogee 2.3.2. The international reaction to the “Revival Process” 2.3.3. The “Big Excursion” phenomenon Chapter III: Protection of Muslims’ basic rights and freedoms in present day Bulgaria 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Geographies of transition heritage, identity and tourism in post-socialist Bulgaria Naumov, Nikola Sotirov Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 GEOGRAPHIES OF TRANSITION: HERITAGE, IDENTITY AND TOURISM IN POST-SOCIALIST BULGARIA A THESIS SUBMITTED BY Nikola Sotirov Naumov BSc MBA MSc IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 21 MAY 2018 KING’S COLLEGE LONDON Abstract In 1989 the fall of the Soviet Union brought new economic, socio-cultural and political realities to many Eastern European states, which were faced with a long and difficult period of transition.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Hearing Onhuman Rights Situation of Turkmen of Iraq
    0 | PUBLIC HEARING: HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF TURKMEN OF IRAQ Public Hearing on Human rights situation of Turkmen of Iraq 5 December 2011 Subcommittee on Human Rights European Parliament, Brussels 1 | PUBLIC HEARING: HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF TURKMEN OF IRAQ Compiled by the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Brussels May 2012 Photographs and documents courtesy of European Parliament 2 | PUBLIC HEARING: HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF TURKMEN OF IRAQ TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT UNPO ................................................................................................................... 3 BACKGROUND DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................. 4 TURKMEN OF IRAQ ............................................................................................................................................. 4 AGENDA .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 SPEAKER PRESENTATIONS ................................................................................................ 7 OPENING REMARKS BARBARA LOCHBIHLER MEP ............................................................................................................................... 8 OPENING REMARKS METIN KAZAK MEP ............................................................................................................................................. 9 MINORITY RIGHTS IN IRAQ AND PROSPECTS FOR
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaristan Ülke Raporu
    BULGARİSTAN ÜLKE RAPORU Mart 2012 1 Yönetici Özeti • 2005-2008 döneminde istikrarlı bir büyüme kaydeden ülke ekonomisi global krizin etkisi ile 2009 yılında büyüme oranı %1’in altında kalmıştır. 2010 yılıyla birlikte bir toparlanma süreci başlamıştır. • 14.000usd seviyesindeki kişi başı milli gelir AB ortalamasının altındadır. • AT Kearney 2011 Global Perakende Gelişim Endeksine göre Bulgaristan yatırım yapılması gereken ilk 30 ülkeden biridir. • Perakende sektörünün gelişiminde son beş yıl içerisinde bir hızlanma olmasına karşın, organize perakedencilikte hala bir takım eksikleri olduğu bilinmektedir. • Sofya, Vratsa, Stara Zagora ve Varna şehirleşmenin ve alım gücünün yüksek olduğu şehirler arasındadır. • Avrupa genelinde kişibaşına düşen kiralabilir alan sıralamasında en alttadır. Plan- proje aşamasında olan AVM sayısı fazla olmakla beraber, yatırımcıların ürkek davrandığı bilinmektedir. • AB’nin yatırıma en uygun vergi sistemine sahip olması perakendeciler için bir avantaj. 2 İçerik 1-Ülke Profili ve Makro Ekonomik Bakış 2-Sosyo-Ekonomik ve Demografik Yapı 3-Perakende Pazarı ve Rekabet 4-Emlak 5-Dış Ticaret 6-İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları 7-Ürün Yönetimi ve Pazarlama 8-Bilgi Teknolojileri Uygulamaları 9-Finansal Yapı ve Sektöre Özel Fırsatlar Coğrafi Konum ve Özellikleri-1 Bulgaristan 110,879 bin km2'lik yüz ölçümü ile dünyanın en geniş 104. ülkesidir. • Balkanlar'da yer alan ülke. Batıda Sırbistan ve Makedonya, doğuda Karadeniz, kuzeyde Romanya, güneyde Yunanistan güneydoğuda KONUMU Türkiye ile çevrilidir. • Yunanistan 494 km, Makedonya 148 km, Romanya 608 km, Yugoslavya KOMŞU 318 km, Türkiye 240 km ÜLKELER ÖNEMLİ • Başkenti Sofya şehridir. ŞEHİRLER • Önemli şehirler: Filibe, Varna, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Blagoevgrad, Pleven, Pazarcık 4 Kaynak: Coğrafya.gen.tr Coğrafi Konum ve Özellikleri-2 UÇUŞ • İstanbul Sofya arası 1 saat 15 dakikalık bir uçuş süresi bulunmaktadır.
    [Show full text]