DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nova Laser Fusion Facility

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nova Laser Fusion Facility DEFENSE PROGRAMS The Nova laser fusion research Jacility, currently under construc­ The Nova tion at LINL, will provide researchers with powerful new tools Jor the study oj nuclear weapons physics and inertial confinement fusion. laser fusion The Nova laser system consists oj 20 large (74-cm diam) beams, facility Jocused and aligned precisely so that their combined energy is brought to bear Jor a fraction oj a second on a tiny target containing thermonuclear fuel (deuterium and tritium). The ultimate goal oj the LINL inertial confinement fusion program is to produce fusion microexplosions that release several hundred times the energy that the laser delivers to the target. Such an achievement would make in­ ertial confinement fusion attractive Jor military and civilian applica­ tions. The Department oj Energy (DOE) has approved construction oj 10 Nova laser beams and the associated laboratory buildings (Phase 1). For further information contact Phase 2, which includes the remaining 10 beams and harmonic­ William W. Simmons (422-0681). conversion crystal arrays, is presently under consideration by DOE. By the mid- to late 1980s, Nova should demonstrate that we can produce the extremes oj heat and pressure required to achieve igni­ tion oj the thermonuclear fuel. Additional developments in the area oj high-efficiency drivers and reactor systems may make inertial con­ finement fusion attractive Jor commercial power production. One technical approach to the times liquid 0-T density), ignition problem of controlling thermo­ of thermonuclear bum, scientific nuclear fusion reactions is to bring breakeven (in which the energy in­ small deuterium-tritium (0-T) fuel cident on the target equals the ther­ pellets to very high temperatures monuclear energy released), and and densities in such a short time significant energy gain in an ICF ex­ that the thermonuclear fuel will periment. These achievements are ignite and bum before the com­ necessary precursors to the suc­ pressed core disassembles. This ap­ cessful realization of either the proach, known as inertial confine­ military or the energy objectives of ment, relies upon a driver (e.g., a the program. From a technical laser) to deliver the extremely high­ point of view, the ignition milestone power, short-duration burst of is the most important, and its at­ energy required. tainment will provide a strong LLNL has been involved in the signal to move forward national inertial confinement fusion aggressively. (ICF) program since the early We chose solid-state 1960s. The objectives of the neodymium-glass lasers for our ex­ program have been twofold: in the perimental driver systems because short term to develop the military applications of ICF, and in the long term to evaluate ICF as an energy source. 1,2 Our immediate scientific objectives are the demonstration of high compression (100 to 1000 1 that particular technology was most review by DOE, an additional 10 we can double or triple the fre­ advanced at the time the decision Nova beams will be installed in the quency of the basic 1.05-/-Lm light was made. In separate programs, Shiva building. The full Nova com­ from high-power Nd-glass lasers we have continued to develop ad­ plement of 20 beams will be with efficiencies exceeding 70%. vanced laser concepts with the goal brought to an integrated target Since shorter wavelengths are of reducing system costs and chamber in two opposed clusters of much more favorable for ICF laser providing high-efficiency, high­ 10 beams each. Other target con­ target physics, we plan to imple­ repetition-rate drivers. Over the figurations are possible if required. ment this option in the Nova past several years, we have built Like its predecessors, Nova will facility. (This enhancement of the and operated a series of in­ be a neodymium-glass system Nova facility is presently under creasingly powerful and energetic with a working wavelength near review by DOE and will be deter­ laser systems to study the physics of 1.05 /-Lm. However, in recent ex­ mined shortly.) We would thus be ICF targets and laser-plasma in­ periments on the Argus laser able to focus approximately 200 kJ teractions. Nova, the latest in this system, we have demonstrated that of green (O.53/-Lm) or blue series, is the successor to the Argus by using the nonlinear optical (O.35/-Lm) light onto laser fusion and Shiva lasers. The Nova laser properties of potassium dihy­ targets. The total cost of the Nova will consist of 20 beams, capable of drogen phosphate (KDP) crystals, project will be $195 million if we concentrating 200 to 300 kJ of energy (in 3 ns) and 200 to 3001W of power (in 100 ps) on experimental targets by the mid- 1980s. Its purpose is to demon­ strate the ignition of thermonuclear burn. The first phase of the Nova proj­ ect involves construction of a 10 684-m 2 ( 115,000-ft2) laboratory building and installation of a 10-beam neodymium-glass laser system adjacent to the existing Shiva facility (see Fig. 1). With Phase 2 funding, presently under lFD(Qlo II The Nova laserfusion research facility, currently underconstruc- c:2) tion at LLNL, will provide researchers with powerful new toolsfor the study of nuclear weapons physics and inertial confinement fusion. Its 20 large (74-cm diam) beams, focused, timed, and aligned precisely, will concen­ trate 200 to 300 kJ of energy for a few billionths of a second on a tiny pellet con­ taining thermonuclear fuel. Nova is being built to demonstrate the ignition of advanced thermonuclear-fuel targets in the mid-1980s. 2 DEFENSE PROGRAMS are limited to the 1.05-,um the fuel to twice the no-bum tem­ into 20 beams. After traversing an wavelength and close to perature. If our experiments are adjustable optical delay path (used $238 million if we develop the successful, it is also possible that to synchronize the arrival of the green or blue light capability. the Nova facility will achieve scien­ various beams at the target), the The light from Nova, particularly tific breakeven (in which the energy pulse enters the amplifier chain, if it is of the green or blue type, released by the thermonuclear where (1) disk amplifiers increase should be capable of producing the reaction equals the laser energy the pulse power and energy, (2) extremes of temperature and delivered to the target). spatial filters maintain the spatial pressure required to ignite a small smoothness of the beam profile pellet of thermonuclear fuel. That Laser design and while expanding its diameter, and is, it should create conditions such performance (3) isolators prevent the entire laser that the energy released from alpha The Nova laser system has from breaking spontaneously into particles in the central core of the master-oscillator-power-amplifier oscillations that could drain its compressed fuel (accounting for (MOPA) architecture. As shown in stored energy and damage the 3.5 MeV of the 14.6-MeV total Fig. 2, a laser pulse of requisite target prematurely. (For a discus­ energy released by the 0-T reac­ temporal shape is generated by the sion of spatial filtering and isolation tion) is trapped and used to heat oscillator, preamplified, and split processes, see the box on pg. 4.) Output sensor . .. Spatial filters package • Amplifiers +.L Isolation D Space for added amplifiers 46.0-cm diam '\. / Turning mirrors cm diam equal ization 15.0-cm diam 20.8- cm diam [pO 0 ~ Schematic diagram showing the major op- in cm) is expanded in increments by spatial filters judiciously lJ@o tical components through which each of 20 spaced in the chain. The large-output sections of the chain Nova laser beams will pass on its way from the oscillator to (31.5, 46.0, and 74.0- cm in diameter) will require significant the target. The overall Nova system architecture is similar extensions of (and some innovation from) Shiva optical to that of the Argus and Shiva solid-state lasers (currently technology. The plasma shutter, which isolates the laser operational at LLNL). A collimated laser pulse traverses from potentially damaging reflections from the target, will progressively larger amplifier sections between the os­ be used for the first time. cillator and the target. The beam diameter (expressed above 3 Spatial filtering and isolation A spatial filter consists of a pair of lenses plasma). The plasma then expands to fill the hole (positioned so that the distance between them is through which the pulse is passing. We refer to this equal to the sum of their focal lengths) and a small phenomenon as "self-closure." No closure occurs if pinhole at their common focus. Spatial filters are the laser pulse is short compared to the pinhole used in the laser chain to increase the diameter of closure time. However, for long pulses, the intensity the beam and to remove intensity variations (Le., of the beam focal spot at the pinhole edge must be lighter or darker regions of the beam produced by less than the threshold for plasma formation, or the optical imperfections and self-focusing effects). The pinhole must be much larger than the product of the input lens of a spatial filter focuses the main beam pulse duration and plasma velocity. For Nova, f/20 (all parallel light) to a tiny spot that can pass through spatial filters satiSfy all imaging, filtering, and pinhole a correctly positioned pinhole without being clipped self-closure criteria. (The f number describes the on the edges. The nonparallel light, which is respon­ ratio of the focal length to the beam diameter.) sible for intensity variations, hits the edges of the Isolators act as optical diodes in the laser chain, pinhole and is stopped.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laboratory Astrophysics with Lasers Chantal Stehlé
    Laboratory Astrophysics with lasers Chantal Stehlé LERMA (Laboratoire d’Etudes de la Ma4ère et du Rayonnement en Astrophysique et Atmosphères) This work is partly supported by French state funds managed by the ANR within the InvesBssements d'Avenir programme under reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. Plasma astrophysics see for instance Savin et al. « Lab astro white paper », 2010 Perimeter Methods • Microscopic physical • Experiments processes (opacity, EOS) • Theory, databases • • MulBscale, mulphysics Numerical simulaons • Links to observaons processes (e.g. magne4c reconnecon, shock waves, instabili4es …) Tools • Study of large scale scaled • Medium size lab. processes, (e.g. stellar jets) experiments • Large scale faciliBes (lasers and pinches ) • Super-compung ressources OUTLINE • IntroducBon • Stellar Opacity • EOS for gazeous planets • Scaling • Accreon & Ejecon processes in Young Stars • Conclusion Opacity for stellar interiors From Turck Chièze et al. ApSS 2010 4 Opacity An example of opacity : For a optically thick medium, Hydrogen( Stehlé et al 1993) • LTE is ~ valid -> near blackbody radiaon κν/ρ • The monochromac radiave flux Fν ! is proporBonal to the gradient of rad. Energy and to 1/κν (The radia4on tends to escape from regions where κν is low, ie between lines) hν • The frequency averaged flux <F> is linked to the Rosseland opacity κR. 1 3 dν dB (T) / dT 16 σ T dT 1 ∫ κ ν < F > = and = ν d dB (T) / dT 3 κ R dz κ R ∫ ν ν 5 CEPHEIDS: the enigma Strong periodic (P~ 1 – 50 days) Rela4on P-L : variaons of luminosity L, Teff, and distance calibrator radius. Enveloppe 2 The pulsaon (κ mechanism) log(κR in g/cm ) 2 • in the external part of the stellar envelope 1.5 • linked to an increase of the opacity 1 4 6 -7 -2 3 0.5 10 < T < 10 K (10 < ρ < 10 g/cm ) 0 Hence radiaon is blocked in the internal layers, -> heang -> expansion and beang Core 34 32 30 28 log(External Mass in g ) 2 In the 90’, no code was able Temperature in K, κ in cm /g for M* = 5 M8, Y=0.25, Z=0.08, to reproduce the pulsa6on.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective on the United States Fusion Program
    Historical Perspective on the United States Fusion Program Invited paper presented at American Nuclear Society 16th Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy 14-16 September, 2004 in Madison, WI Stephen O. Dean Fusion Power Associates, 2 Professional Drive, Suite 249, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 [email protected] A variety of methods to heat the nuclei to the Progress and Policy is traced over the approximately high speeds (kinetic energies) required to penetrate the 55 year history of the U. S. Fusion Program. The Coulomb barrier have been successfully utilized, classified beginnings of the effort in the 1950s ended with including running a high current through an ionized declassification in 1958. The effort struggled during the hydrogen gas ("ohmic heating"), accelerating beams of 1960s, but ended on a positive note with the emergence of nuclei, and using radio-frequency power. Temperatures the tokamak and the promise of laser fusion. The decade well in excess of the 50 million degrees needed for fusion of the 1970s was the “Golden Age” of fusion, with large are now routinely achieved. budget increases and the construction of many new facilities, including the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor II. THE 1960s AND 1970s (TFTR) and the Shiva laser. The decade ended on a high note with the passage of the Magnetic Fusion Energy During the decade of the 1960s, and continuing Engineering Act of 1980, overwhelming approved by to the present, scientists developed a whole new branch of Congress and signed by President Carter. The Act called physics, called plasma physics [3], to describe the for a “$20 billion, 20-year” effort aimed at construction behavior of these plasmas in various magnetic of a fusion Demonstration Power Plant around the end of configurations, and sophisticated theories, models and the century.
    [Show full text]
  • Pockels Cells (EO Q-Switches)
    Pockels Cells (EO Q-switches) The Electro-Optic Effect The linear electro-optic effect, also known as the Pockels effect, describes the variation of the refractive index of an optical medium under the influence of an external electrical field. In this case certain crystals become birefringent in the direction of the optical axis which is isotropic without an applied voltage. When linearly polarized light propagates along the direction of the optical axis of the crystal, its state of polarization remains unchanged as long as no voltage is applied. When a voltage is applied, the light exits the crystal in a state of polarization which is in general elliptical. In this way phase plates can be realized in analogy to conventional polarization optics. Phase plates introduce a phase shift between the ordinary and the extraordinary beam. Unlike conventional optics, the magnitude of the phase shift can be adjusted with an externally applied voltage and a λ/4 or λ/2 retardation can be achieved at a given wavelength. This presupposes that the plane of polarization of the incident light bisects the right angle between the axes which have been electrically induced. In the longitudinal Pockels effect the direction of the light beam is parallel to the direction of the electric field. In the transverse Pockels cell they are perpendicular to each other. The most common application of the Pockels cell is the switching of the quality factor of a laser cavity. Q-Switching Laser activity begins when the threshold condition is met: the optical amplification for one round trip in the laser resonator is greater than the losses (output coupling, diffraction, absorption, scattering).
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of the Input Fundamental Beam by Using a Spatial Filter Consisting of Two Apertures
    Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 325∼328 Optimization of the Input Fundamental Beam by Using a Spatial Filter Consisting of Two Apertures Bonghoon Kang∗ Department of Visual Optics, Far East University, Chungbuk Eumseong-gun 369-700 Gi-Tae Joo Materials Science and Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791 Bum Ku Rhee Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742 (Received 17 August 2009) The primary importance of the power efficiency of second-harmonic generation (SHG) is deter- mined by using the spatial shape of the fundamental input beam, its confocal parameter. The improvement of the fundamental input beam by using a spatial filter consisting of two apertures. The beam quality factor M2 of the improved fundamental beam was about 2.3. PACS numbers: 42.62.-b, 42.79.Nv, 42.25.Bs Keywords: Second-harmonic generation (SHG), Spatial filter, Beam quality factor, Confocal parameter DOI: 10.3938/jkps.56.325 I. INTRODUCTION Beam shaping requires a specific input beam. In order for the shaping to create an undistorted flat top beam or Gaussian-like beam, the input beam must be Gaus- Second harmonic generation (SHG) is widely used in sian. If the input beam does not have the proper profile, nonlinear optical spectroscopy. The optimization of the then measurements will tell the user that adjustments power efficiency of SHG is of primary importance in a to the source beam must be made before attempting to number of applications, especially when continuous wave perform the laser beam shaping.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Modulation Solutions for Two-Photon Microscopy
    A Coherent White Paper Laser Modulation Solutions for Two-Photon Microscopy Since the seminal work in two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy published in 1990 (Denk, et al., 1990), the technique has benefitted from step changes in laser technology. These improvements have furthered the penetration of the technique initially from a physics laboratory, to cell biology, disease studies and advanced neuroscience imaging. One box, tunable Ti:Sapphire lasers started this trend around 2001. Some years later, automatic dispersion control was added to the lasers to optimize the pulse duration at the sample plane of the microscope. As probes excitable at wavelengths longer than the upper limit of Ti:Sapphire lasers became more mature and efficient, after 2010 laser companies turned to Optical Parametric Oscillators to address this need for an augmented color palette, deeper imaging and less photodamage. In this article, we discuss the next phase in this evolution; the integration of fast power modulation in the laser system, and how this enables faster setup time, highest performance and low cost of ownership. Requirements for laser power control in two-photon microscopy. In its simplest form, continuous control of laser power can be achieved by addition of a phase retarding waveplate and polarizing analyser. By rotation of the waveplate, the transmission of the laser power through the analyser can typically be changed from 0.2% transmission to ~99%. By motorizing the waveplate this process can be automated to alter the power at the imaging plane in the microscope to equalize focused fluences at different depth frames, for example. Most modern laser scanning two-photon microscopes, however, require a faster modulation speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Inertial Fusion Power Development:Path for Global Warming Suppression
    Inertial Fusion Power Development:Path for Global Warming Suppression EU:France, UK,etc. US: LLNL, SNL, U. Rochester East Asia: Japan, China,etc. Kunioki Mima Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University IAEA- FC 2008, 50 years’ Ann. of Fusion Res. , Oct.15, 2008, Geneva, SW Outline • Brief introduction and history of IFE research • Frontier of IFE researches Indirect driven ignition by NIF/LMJ Ignition equivalent experiments for fast ignition • IF reactor concept and road map toward power plant IFE concepts Several concepts have been explored in IFE. Driver Irradiation Ignition Laser Direct Central hot spark Ignition HIB Indirect Fast ignition Impact ignition Pulse power Shock ignition The key issue of IFE is implosion physics which has progressed for more than 30 years Producing 1000times solid density and 108 degree temperature plasmas Plasma instabilities R Irradiation non-uniformities Thermal transport and ablation surface of fuel pellet ΔR R-M Instability ΔR0 R-T instability R0 R Feed through R-M and R-T Instabilities in deceleration phase Turbulent Mixing Canter of fuel pellet t Major Laser Fusion Facilities in the World NIF, LLNL, US. LMJ, CESTA, Bordeaux, France SG-III, Menyang,CAEP, China GXII-FIREX, ILE, Osaka, Japan OMEGA-EP, LLE, Rochester, US HiPER, RAL, UK Heavy Ion Beam Fusion: The advanced T-lean fusion fuel reactor Test Stand at LBNL NDCX-I US HIF Science Virtual National Lab.(LBNL, LLNL,PPPL) has been established in 1990. (Directed by G Logan) • Implosion physics by HIB • HIB accelerator technology for 1kA, 1GeV, 1mm2 beam: Beam brightness, Neutralization, NDCX II Collective effects of high current beam, Stripping.(R.Davidson etal) • Reactor concept with Flibe liquid jet wall (R.Moir: HYLIF for HIF Reactor) History of IFE Research 1960: Laser innovation (Maiman) 1972: Implosion concept (J.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Quadratic Terahertz Optical Nonlinearities Using Second
    Measurement of quadratic Terahertz optical nonlinearities using second harmonic lock-in detection Shuai Lin,1 Shukai Yu,1 and Diyar Talbayev1, ∗ 1Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, 6400 Freret St., New Orleans, LA 70118, USA (Dated: October 16, 2018) Abstract We present a method to measure quadratic Terahertz optical nonlinearities in Terahertz time- domain spectroscopy. We use a rotating linear polarizer (a polarizing chopper) to modulate the amplitude of the incident THz pulse train. We use a phase-sensitive lock-in detection at the fundamental and the second harmonic of the modulation frequency to separate the materials’ responses that are linear and quadratic in Terahertz electric field. We demonstrate this method by measuring the quadratic Terahertz Kerr effect in the presence of the much stronger linear electro-optic effect in the (110) GaP crystal. We propose that the method can be used to detect Terahertz second harmonic generation in noncentrosymmetric media in time-domain spectroscopy, with broad potential applications in nonlinear Terahertz photonics and related technology. arXiv:1810.06427v1 [physics.app-ph] 26 Sep 2018 1 I. INTRODUCTION Nonlinear Terahertz (THz) optics has blossomed into an exciting and active area of research with the advent of table-top high-field THz sources1–5. Among a multitude of non- linear phenomena, we focus here on the nonlinearities that are quadratic in THz electric field ET . Such quadratic effects can be induced in the second and third orders via the non- linear polarizabilities χ(2)(ET )2 and χ(3)(ET )2Eω, where Eω is an optical field. The second order nonlinearity χ(2) can lead to second harmonic generation (or sum frequency mixing) in noncentrosymmetric crystals.
    [Show full text]
  • Fourier Optics
    Fourier Optics 1 Background Ray optics is a convenient tool to determine imaging characteristics such as the location of the image and the image magni¯cation. A complete description of the imaging system, however, requires the wave properties of light and associated processes like di®raction to be included. It is these processes that determine the resolution of optical devices, the image contrast, and the e®ect of spatial ¯lters. One possible wave-optical treatment considers the Fourier spectrum (space of spatial frequencies) of the object and the transmission of the spectral components through the optical system. This is referred to as Fourier Optics. A perfect imaging system transmits all spectral frequencies equally. Due to the ¯nite size of apertures (for example the ¯nite diameter of the lens aperture) certain spectral components are attenuated resulting in a distortion of the image. Specially designed ¯lters on the other hand can be inserted to modify the spectrum in a prede¯ned manner to change certain image features. In this lab you will learn the principles of spatial ¯ltering to (i) improve the quality of laser beams, and to (ii) remove undesired structures from images. To prepare for the lab, you should review the wave-optical treatment of the imaging process (see [1], Chapters 6.3, 6.4, and 7.3). 2 Theory 2.1 Spatial Fourier Transform Consider a two-dimensional object{ a slide, for instance that has a ¯eld transmission function f(x; y). This transmission function carries the information of the object. A (mathematically) equivalent description of this object in the Fourier space is based on the object's amplitude spectrum ZZ 1 F (u; v) = f(x; y)ei2¼ux+i2¼vydxdy; (1) (2¼)2 where the Fourier coordinates (u; v) have units of inverse length and are called spatial frequencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonlinear Optical Characterization of 2D Materials
    nanomaterials Review Nonlinear Optical Characterization of 2D Materials Linlin Zhou y, Huange Fu y, Ting Lv y, Chengbo Wang y, Hui Gao, Daqian Li, Leimin Deng and Wei Xiong * Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (H.G.); [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (L.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 7 October 2020; Accepted: 30 October 2020; Published: 16 November 2020 Abstract: Characterizing the physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great significance for performance analysis and functional device applications. As a powerful characterization method, nonlinear optics (NLO) spectroscopy has been widely used in the characterization of 2D materials. Here, we summarize the research progress of NLO in 2D materials characterization. First, we introduce the principles of NLO and common detection methods. Second, we introduce the recent research progress on the NLO characterization of several important properties of 2D materials, including the number of layers, crystal orientation, crystal phase, defects, chemical specificity, strain, chemical dynamics, and ultrafast dynamics of excitons and phonons, aiming to provide a comprehensive review on laser-based characterization for exploring 2D material properties. Finally, the future development trends, challenges of advanced equipment construction, and issues of signal modulation are discussed. In particular, we also discuss the machine learning and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) technologies which are expected to provide promising opportunities for 2D material characterization.
    [Show full text]
  • Nova Laser Technology
    Nova Laser Technology In building the Nova laser, we have significantly advanced many technologies, including the generation and propagation of laser beams. We have also developed innovations in the fields of alignment, diagnostics, computer control, and image processIng.• For further information contact Nova is the world's most powerful at least 10 to 30 times more energetic John F. Holzrichter (415) 423-7454. laser system. It is designed to heat and than Shiva would be needed to compress small targets, typically 0.1 cm investigate ignition conditions and in size, to conditions otherwise produced possibly to reach gains near unity. only in nuclear weapons or in the Because of the importance of such a interior of stars. Its beams can facility to the progress of inertial fusion concentrate 80 to 120 kJ of energy (in research and because of the construction 3 ns) or 80 to 120 TW of power (in time entailed (at least five to seven 100 ps) on such targets. To couple energy years), the Nova project was proposed to more favorably with the target, Nova's the Energy Research and Development laser light will be harmonically converted Administration and to Congress. It was with greater than 50% efficiency from its decided to base this system on the near-infrared fundamental wavelength proven master-oscillator, linear-amplifier­ (1.05-,um wavelength) to green (0.525- chain laser system used on the Argus ,um) or blue (0.35-,um) wavelengths. The and Shiva systems. We had great goals of our experiments with Nova are confidence in extending this to make accurate measurements of high­ neodymium-glass laser technology to the temperature and high-pressure states of 200- to 300-kJ level.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 11: Introduction to Nonlinear Optics I
    Lecture 11: Introduction to nonlinear optics I. Petr Kužel Formulation of the nonlinear optics: nonlinear polarization Classification of the nonlinear phenomena • Propagation of weak optic signals in strong quasi-static fields (description using renormalized linear parameters) ! Linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect ! Quadratic electro-optic (Kerr) effect ! Linear magneto-optic (Faraday) effect ! Quadratic magneto-optic (Cotton-Mouton) effect • Propagation of strong optic signals (proper nonlinear effects) — next lecture Nonlinear optics Experimental effects like • Wavelength transformation • Induced birefringence in strong fields • Dependence of the refractive index on the field intensity etc. lead to the concept of the nonlinear optics The principle of superposition is no more valid The spectral components of the electromagnetic field interact with each other through the nonlinear interaction with the matter Nonlinear polarization Taylor expansion of the polarization in strong fields: = ε χ + χ(2) + χ(3) + Pi 0 ij E j ijk E j Ek ijkl E j Ek El ! ()= ε χ~ (− ′ ) (′ ) ′ + Pi t 0 ∫ ij t t E j t dt + χ(2) ()()()− ′ − ′′ ′ ′′ ′ ′′ + ∫∫ ijk t t ,t t E j t Ek t dt dt + χ(3) ()()()()− ′ − ′′ − ′′′ ′ ′′ ′′′ ′ ′′ + ∫∫∫ ijkl t t ,t t ,t t E j t Ek t El t dt dt + ! ()ω = ε χ ()ω ()ω + ω χ(2) (ω ω ω ) (ω ) (ω )+ Pi 0 ij E j ∫ d 1 ijk ; 1, 2 E j 1 Ek 2 %"$"""ω"=ω +"#ω """" 1 2 + ω ω χ(3) ()()()()ω ω ω ω ω ω ω + ∫∫d 1d 2 ijkl ; 1, 2 , 3 E j 1 Ek 2 El 3 ! %"$""""ω"="ω +ω"#+ω"""""" 1 2 3 Linear electro-optic effect (Pockels effect) Strong low-frequency
    [Show full text]
  • ENGINEERING DESIGN of the NOVA LASER FACILITY for By
    ENGINEERING DESIGN OF THE NOVA LASER FACILITY FOR INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION* by W. W. Simmons, R. 0. Godwin, C. A. Hurley, E. P. Wallerstein, K. Whitham, J. E. Murray, E. S. Bliss, R. G. Ozarski. M. A. Summers, F. Rienecker, D. G. Gritton, F. W. Holloway, G. J. Suski, J. R. Severyn, and the Nova Engineering Team. Abstract The design of the Nova Laser Facility for inertia! confinement fusion experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is presented from an engineering perspective. Emphasis is placed upon design-to- performance requirements as they impact the various subsystems that comprise this complex experimental facility. - DISCLAIMER - CO;.T-CI104n--17D DEf;2 013.375 *Research performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract number W-7405-ENG-48. Foreword The Nova Laser System for Inertial Confinement Fusion studies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories represents a sophisticated engineering challenge to the national scientific and industrial community, embodying many disciplines - optical, mechanical, power and controls engineering for examples - employing state-of-the-art components and techniques. The papers collected here form a systematic, comprehensive presentation of the system engineering involved in the design, construction and operation of the Nova Facility, presently under construction at LLNL and scheduled for first operations in 1985. The 1st and 2nd Chapters present laser design and performance, as well as an introductory overview of the entire system; Chapters 3, 4 and 5 describe the major engineering subsystems; Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9 document laser and target systems technology, including optical harmonic frequency conversion, its ramifications, and its impact upon other subsystems; and Chapters 10, 11, and 12 present an extensive discussion of our integrated approach to command, control and communications for the entire system.
    [Show full text]