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Diversity Patterns of Herbaceous Angiosperms Along Gradients of Elevation and Forest Use Intensity in Central Veracruz, Mexico

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Diversity Patterns of Herbaceous Angiosperms Along Gradients of Elevation and Forest Use Intensity in Central Veracruz, Mexico Diversity patterns of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation and forest use intensity in Central Veracruz, Mexico Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Geographie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Jorge Antonio Gómez Díaz aus Xalapa, Mexiko Göttingen, 2016 Betreuungsausschuss Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gerold, Abteilung Landschaftsökologie, Universität Göttingen (Anleiter) Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Abteilung Biodiversität, Makroökologie und Biogeographie, Universität Göttingen Dr. Felix Heitkamp, Abteilung Physische Geographie, Universität Göttingen Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Referent: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gerold, Abteilung Landschaftsökologie, Universität Göttingen Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft, Abteilung Biodiversität, Makroökologie und Biogeographie, Universität Göttingen Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Dr. Thorsten Krömer, Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana Dr. Stefan Erasmi, Abteilung Kartographie, GIS und Fernerkundung, Universität Göttingen Dr. Steffen Möller, Abteilung Physische Geographie, Universität Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27.01.2017 ii Cofre de Perote National Park, Veracruz, Mexiko iii A mi hijo Surem, quien es mi fuerza en la vida. A Lupita, mi esposa, quien ha sido mi soporte durante este viaje, gracias. A mis padres, Claudia y Toño, por sus consejos y apoyo durante toda mi vida. iv Table of contents 1 General introduction ............................................................................................... 6 1.1 Plant diversity and distribution along elevational gradients in the tropics ........... 6 1.2 Deforestation as driver of species richness loss due to forest use alteration ... 10 1.3 Herbaceous angiosperms as a study model ..................................................... 15 1.4 Project framework and study area .................................................................... 18 1.5 Study objectives and general study aim ........................................................... 28 1.5.1 Research questions ................................................................................... 28 1.5.2 General hypothesis .................................................................................... 28 1.5.3 Objectives .................................................................................................. 29 1.6 Thesis structure ................................................................................................ 29 2 Richness and distribution of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation and forest disturbance in central Veracruz, Mexico ................................ 32 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 32 2.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Study area ................................................................................................. 35 2.3.2 Sampling and botanical records ................................................................. 39 2.3.3 Taxonomic determination ........................................................................... 40 2.3.4 Data analyses ............................................................................................ 41 2.4 Results ............................................................................................................. 42 2.4.1 Geographical distribution ........................................................................... 45 2.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 46 2.5.1 General taxa richness ................................................................................ 46 2.5.2 Patterns of richness along the elevational gradient .................................... 48 2.5.3 Forest use intensity effect .......................................................................... 49 2.5.4 Introduced species ..................................................................................... 50 2.5.5 Geographical distribution ........................................................................... 51 2.6 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 52 2.7 Appendix. Species of herbaceous angiosperms recorded along the elevational gradient at the Cofre de Perote, central Veracruz, Mexico. ........................................ 53 3 Diversity and Composition of Herbaceous Angiosperms along Gradients of Elevation and Forest Use Intensity ............................................................................ 63 3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 63 3.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 63 3.3 Methods ............................................................................................................ 66 3.3.1 Study area ................................................................................................. 66 3.3.2 Field sampling ............................................................................................ 68 v 3.3.3 Species identification ................................................................................. 70 3.3.4 Data analyses ............................................................................................ 71 3.4 Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 73 3.4.1 Alpha diversity ............................................................................................ 73 3.4.2 Beta and gamma diversity ......................................................................... 75 3.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 80 3.6 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 80 4 Long-term changes in the forest cover in central Veracruz, Mexico since the 1990s ............................................................................................................................ 82 4.1 Summary .......................................................................................................... 82 4.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 83 4.3 Methods ............................................................................................................ 85 4.3.1 Study area ................................................................................................. 85 4.3.2 Land cover data ......................................................................................... 87 4.3.3 Land-cover classification ............................................................................ 89 4.3.4 Accuracy assessment ................................................................................ 90 4.3.5 Deforestation for the diverse forest types and at area level ....................... 91 4.3.6 Fragmentation analysis .............................................................................. 91 4.4 Results ............................................................................................................. 92 4.4.1 Accuracy assessment ................................................................................ 92 4.4.2 Deforestation and land cover change patterns .......................................... 92 4.4.3 Fragmentation patterns .............................................................................. 96 4.4.4 Old-growth forest ....................................................................................... 98 4.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 99 4.5.1 Deforestation patterns and fragmentation configurations ........................... 99 4.5.2 Value of old-growth forests ...................................................................... 102 4.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 104 4.7 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... 104 4.8 Appendix ........................................................................................................ 105 5 Synthesis ............................................................................................................. 108 5.1 Objective 1: Evaluation of distributional and diversity patterns of herbaceous angiosperms along an elevational gradient .............................................................. 108 5.2 Objective 2: Evaluation of forest use intensity effect on the patterns of richness and composition of herb species .............................................................................. 110 5.3 Objective 3: Analysis of the current conservation status of forest fragments in the study area ...............................................................................................................
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