BIBLIOTHEQUE DE L'ANTIQUITE TARDIVE 19

BIBLIOTHEQUE DE L'ANTIQUITE TARDIVE 19

LE PROCHE-ORIENT DE JUSTINIEN AUX ABBASSIDES LE PROCHE-ORIENT DE JUSTINIEN PEUPLEMENT ET DYNAMIQUES SPATIALES AUX ABBASSIDES

PEUPLEMENT ET DYNAMIQUES SPATIALES Edite par A. Borrut, M. Debie, A. Papaconstantinou, D. Pieri, J.-P. Sodini

Edite par A. Borrut, M Debie, A. Papaconstantinou, D. ActePieri,s dJu -PocolloquSodinie « Continuites de l'occupation entre les periodes byzantine et abbasside au Proche-Orient, vne-ixe siecles » ParisActes, 18-2du0 octobrcolloquee 2007 « Continuites de l'occupation entre les periodes byzantine et abbasside au Proche-Orient, vne-IXe siecles »

Paris, 18-20 octobre 2007 Ouvrage publie avec le concours du Centre national du livre

Ouvrage publie avec Ie concours du Centre national du livre

l BREPOLS PUBL1SHERS

@l BREPOLS PUBLISHERS ImageImagede decouverture couverture: : KhirbatKhirbataI-Samra, al-Samrä,eglise egliseSaint-Jean, Saint-Jean,634-636 634-636 (el.(cl.A. A.Desreumaux) Desreumaux)

ImageImagede dequatrieme quatriemede decouverture couverture: :

CentreCentrede deJarash, Jarash,mosquee mosqueede dela lacongregation, congregation,VIlle vmesieele, siecle, d'apresd'apresA. A.Walmsley, Walmsley,dans dansce cevolume, volume, p.p.277, 277, figurefigure 77

©©2011, 2011,Brepols BrepolsPublishers Publishersn.v., n.v.,Turnhout, Tumhout,Belgium Belgium

AllAllrights rightsreserved. reserved.No Nopart partof ofthis thispublication publicationmay maybe bereproduced, reproduced, storedstored inina aretrieval retrieval system,System, orortransmitted, transmitted,in inany any formform oror byby anyany means,means,electronic, electronic,mechanical, mechanical,photocopying, photocopying,recording, recording, ororotherwise, otherwise, withoutwithoutthe theprior priorpermission permissionof ofthe thepublisher. publisher.

--ISBN: ISBN :978-2-503-53572-2 978-2-503-53572-2 --D/2011/0095/14D/201l/0095/1455 --Printed Printedin inED EUon onacid-free acid-freepaper paper

SecretariatSecretariatde deredaction: redaction : EmmanuelleEmmanuelleCAPET CAPET

MiseMiseen enpage pageet etinfographie infographie :: FabienFabienTESSIER TESSIER http://www.tilcara.euhttp://www.tilcara.eu SOMMAIRE

PREFACE ...... SOMMAlRE . IX

Hugh KENNEDY INTRODUCTION ...... XI

PREFACE IX Michael DECKER Settlement and Agriculture in the Levant, ö^-S* Centuries ...... l Hugh KENNEDY INTRODUCTION...... XI Pierre-Louis GATIER Inscriptions grecques, mosaiques et eglises des debuts de l'epoque islamique au Proche-Orient (vi^-viif siecles) Michael DECKER Settlement and Agriculture in the Levant, 6th_8 th Centuries . Alastair NORTHEDGE Pierre-LouisSasanian and AbbasiGATIERd Royal Settlement at Samarra: Aspects of Continuity and Change ...... 29 Inscriptions grecques, mosai'ques et eglises des debuts de l'epoque islamique au Proche-Orient (VUe-vIII" siecles) 7 Stefan HEIDEMANN The Agricultural Hinterland of Baghdäd, al-Raqqa and Sämarrä' : Settlement Patterns in the Diyär Mudar ...... 43 Alastair NORTHEDGE Sasanian and Abbasid Royal Settlement at Samarra: Aspects ofContinuity and Change...... 29 Gunnar BRANDS Old and New Order - City and Territorium of Rusäfa in Late Antiquity and Early Islam ...... 59 Stefan HEIDEMANN The Agricultural Hinterland ofBaghdad, al-Raqqa and Samarra': Settlement Patterns in the Diyar Muc,iar 43 Bernard GEYER, Marie-Odile ROUSSET Determinants geoarcheologiques du peuplement rural dans les Marges arides de Syrie du Nord aux vne-ixe siecles ..... 77 Gunnar BRANDS Old and New Order - City and Territorium of Ru~afa in Late Antiquity and Early Islam...... 59 Marlia MUNDELL MANGO Byzantine Settlement Expansion in Norm Central Syria: the Case of Androna/Andarin ...... 93 Bernard GEYER, Marie-Odile ROUSSET Determinants geoarcheologiques du peuplement rural dans les Marges arides de Syrie du Nord aux VUe_IXe siecles ..... 77 Jean-Pierre SODINI, Cecile MORRISSON Niveaux d'occupation et de frequehtation d'un site de pelerinage : Saint-Symeon des Byzantins aux califes ...... 123 Marlia MUNDELL MANGO Byzantine Settlement Expansion in North Central Syria: the Case ofAndrona!Andarin 93 Nancy KHALEK Patterns of Habitation in Post-Conquest Damascus and its Hinterland ...... 139 Jean-Pierre SODlNI, Cecile MORRISSON Niveaux d'occupation et de frequehtation d'un site de pelerinage : Saint-Symeon des Byzantins aux califes... 123 Yumna MASARWA Transforming the Mediterranean from a Highway into a Frontier: Nancy KHALEK The Coastal Cities of Palestine during the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods ...... 149 Patterns ofHabitation in Post-Conquest Damascus and its Hinterland...... 139 Kenneth G. HOLUM Yumna MASARWA Caesarea in Palestine: Shaping the Early Islamic Town ...... 1 69 Transforming the Mediterranean from a Highway into a Frontier: The Coastal Cities ofPalestine during the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods...... 149 Rene ELTER, Ayman HASSOUNE Un exemple de continuite entre les iv6 et vme siecles : le cas du monastere de Saint-Hilarion ä Teil Umm el-'Amr ...... 187 Kenneth G. HOLUM Caesarea in Palestine: Shaping the Early Islamic Town.. . .. 169 Joseph PATRICK The Impact of the Muslim Conquest on Monasticism in the Desert of Jerusalem ...... 205 Rene ELTER, Ayman HASSOUNE UnRoberexemplet HOYLANde continuiteD entre les lye et VIlle siecles : Ie cas du monastere de Saint-Hilarion aTell Umm e1- 'Amr ...... 187 The Byzantine/Early Islamic Site of Khirbat Shuwayka in Palestine (The Monastery of the Prophet Samuel?) ...... 219 Joseph PATRICH The Impact ofthe Muslim Conquest on Monasticism in the Desert ofJerusalem.... 205 Anne MICHEL Le devenir des lieux de culte chretiens sur le territoire Jordanien entre le vne et le ixe siecle : un etat de la question ..... 233 Robert HOYLAND The Byzantine/Early Islamic Site ofKhirbat Shuwayka in Palestine (The Monastery ofthe Prophet Samuel?) 219

Anne MICHEL Le devenir des heux de culte chretiens sur Ie territoire jordanien entre Ie VIle et Ie IXe siecle : un etat de la question..... 233 AlanAlan WALMSLEYWALMSLEY TrendsTrendsin inthe theUrban UrbanHistory Historyof ofEast Easteemm PalaestinaPalaestina SecundaSecunda duringduringthe theLate LateAntique Antique- - EarlyEarly IslamicIslamicTransition...... Transition 271271

AlainAlain DESREUMAUX,DESREUMAUX, Jean-BaptisteJean-BaptisteHUMBERT, HUMBERT, GerardGe"rard THEBAULT,THEBAULT,Thomas Thomas BAuzouBAUZOU DesDes Romains,Romains, desdesArameens Arameens etetdes desArabes Arabes dansdans Iele BalqaBalqa('jordanien: Jordanien :Ie le cascasde deHadeitha Hadeitha -- KhirbetKhirbet es-Samraes-Samra . 285285

KhairiehKhairiehAMR, AMR,Ahmad Ahmad AL-MoMANIAL-MOMANI VillagesVillages ofofthe the EarlyEarly IslamicIslamic PeriodPeriod ininthe the PetraPetra Region..Region 305305

Fran.yoisFrancois VILLENEUVE,VILLENEUVE, avecavec unun excursusexcursus parpar BrigitteBrigitte PITPITARAKIARAKISS DharihDharih (Jordanie(Jordanie meridionale)meridionale) ::village village chretienchretien puispuis musulmanmusulman (Vle-IX(vie-ixee siedes)siecles) dansdans lesles minesruines dd'u'unn sanctuairesanctuaire nabateennabateen .. 315315

TimothyTimothy POWERPOWER TheThe MaterialMaterial CultureCulture andand EconomicEconomic RationaleRationale ofof SaracenSaracen SettlementSettlement inin thethe EasternEastern DesertDesert ofof EgyptEgypt 331331

JosefJosef ENGEMANNENGEMANN LaLa situationSituation dansdans Iele sanctuairesanctuaire egyptienegyptien d'd'AbAbuu MinaMina apresapres lesles conquetesconquetes perseperse etet arabearabe :: Ieletemoignage temoignage dede lala ceramiceramiququee ,. . . 345345

INDEXINDEX 355355

PLANCHESPLANCHES ,... 367367 THE AGRICULTURAL HINTERLAND OF BAGHDAD, AL-RAQQA AND SÄMARRÄ' SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR

THE AGRICULTURAL HINTERLAND OF BAGHDAD, AL-RAQQAAND SAMARRA) STEFAN HEIDEMANN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYAR MUl)AR

Resume : Le Diyar Mudar, — aujourd'hui un coin recule de la Republique arabe syrienne — fut autrefois une region clef STEFAN HEIDEMANN des Empires byzantin et islamique ancien. Situe dans la partie occidentale de la vallee de l 'Euphrate, ilfait partie de la Jazira, en Mesopotamie du Nord. II mettait en relation la Syrie, l 'Asie Mineure, le Caucase, l 'Iraq et la peninsule Arabique. Les califes Marwän II et Harun al-Rashld y etablirent des residences imperiales. Cette etude examine le developpement economique de la region durant laperiode byzantinejusqu 'a son declin au Jf siede. Resume: Le Diyiir Mw;lar, - aujourd'hui un coin recule de la Republique arabe syrienne -, fut autrefois une region clef Elle met l'accent sur les sites ruraux a l'epoque des grandes fondations imperiales aux vuf et Df siecles (Baghdäd, des Empires byzantin et islamique ancien. Situe dans la partie occidentale de la vallee de l'Euphrate, it fait partie de la al-Räflqa/al-Raqqa et Sämarrä'). Le Diyär Mudar servit d"Hinterlandruralpour ces metropoles et prospera avec elles. Jazlra, en Mesopotamie du Nord. II mettait en relation la Syrie, I'Asie Mineure, Ie Caucase, l'Iraq et la peninsule L 'article utilise les sources textuelles comme le materiel archeologique et numismatique. Un certain nombred'etudes Arabique. Les califes Marwiin IIet Hiiri1n ai-Rashidy etablirent des residences imperiales. de cos (Al-Raqqa, Harrän, Hisn Maslama, Bäjaddä, Tall Mahrä et al-Järüd) argumentent l'analyse. Cette etude examine Ie developpement economique de la region durant la periode byzantinejusqu '0 son declin au ~ siecle. Elle met l'accent sur les sites ruraux 0 l'epoque des grandes fondations imperiales aux VIII' et IX" siecles (Baghdiid, al-Riifiqa/al-Raqqa et Siimarrii'). Le Diyiir Murjar servit d'hinterland rural pour ces metropoles et prospera avec elles. L 'article utilise les sources textuelles comme Ie materiel archeologique et numismatique. Un certain nombre d'etudes de cas (Al-Raqqa, Harriin, Hi$n Maslama, Biijaddii, Tall Mabrii et al-Jiiri1d) argumentent I'analyse. I. QUESTIONS AND SOURCES1 Compared with earlier periods, Byzantine and Islamic archaeology in Biläd al-Shäm and northern Mesopotamia The Diyär Mudar - today a remote corner of the Syrian seems to operate within a well-known historical environ- Arab Republic - was once a key region of the Byzantine ment, but historical information about medium-sized cities and early Islamic empire (figures l, 2). It is part of the or smaller settlements, compared to major urban centres, I. QUESTIONS AND SOURCESl Compared with earlier periods, Byzantine and Islamic Jazira, northern Mesopotamia, situated along the Euphrates is scant at best. Almost nothing is known about villages in archaeology in Silad aI-Sham and northern Mesopotamia on the western side. The Khäbür river is its eastern bound- the countryside, in many cases not even their contemporary The Diyar Mu<;lar - today a remote corner ofthe Syrian seems to operate within a well-known historical environ­ ary and the mountainous region of the Diyär Bakr its northern names. Archaeology in general, and coin finds from archaeo- Arab Republic - was once a key region of the Byzantine ment, but historical information about medium-sized cities one. The Diyär Mudar was of Strategie value for the Byzantine logical contexts, can provide independent information and early Islamic empire (figures 1, 2). It is part of the or smaller settlements, compared to major urban centres, empire against the Sasanians. In the early Islamic empire its about the settlements. JazIra, northern Mesopotamia, situated along the Euphrates is scant at best. Almost nothing is known about villages in economic, Strategie and political importance even increased. Economic development and settlement patterns in the on the western side. The Khabiir river is its eastern bound­ the countryside, in many cases not even their contemporary It connected Syria, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Iraq, and the Diyär Mudar will be studied in relation to the foundation ary and the mountainous region ofthe Diyar Bakr its northern names. Archaeology in general, and coin finds from archaeo­ Arabian Peninsula. Here, the caliphs Marwän II and Harun and growth of major urban agglomerations2 in the empire. one. The Diyar Mu<;lar was ofstrategic value for the Byzantine logical contexts, can provide independent information al-Rashld established imperial residences. Just south of Four p'hases ofthe development will be addressed: empire against the Sasanians. In the early Islamic empire its about the settlements. the Euphrates lies al-Rusäfa which was used by the caliph - Firstly, the flowering agricultural landscape in the economic, strategic and political importance even increased. Economic development and settlement patterns in the Hishäm äs a residence. Later, in the middle 'Abbäsid peripd, Byzantine period and in the early decades of Arab rule. It connected Syria, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Iraq, and the Diyar Mu<;lar will be studied in relation to the foundation in the 3rd/9th Century, al-Raqqa on the Euphrates became - Secondly, the rise of Umayyad agricultural estates and Arabian Peninsula. Here, the caliphs Marwan II and Harlin and growth of major urban agglomerations2 in the empire. the capital of the western part of the empire. their transformation into rural towns. " af-RashId established imperial residences. Just south of Four phases ofthe development will be addressed: - Thirdly, the development and changes in settlement the Euphrates lies al-Ru~afa which was used by the caliph - Firstly, the flowering agricultural landscape in the patterns after the foundation of Baghdäd in 146/762, Hisham as a residence. Later, in the middle 'Abbasid per\0d, Byzantine period and in the early decades ofArab rule. al-Räfiqa in 155/772, and Sämarrä' in 221/836. in the yd/9th century, al-Raqqa on the Euphrates became - Secondly, the rise of Umayyad agricultural estates and - And finally the decline ofthe region, due to the military, the capitalThis contributioofthenwestern shares mucparth ooff itthes argumenempire.t with S. Heidemann, their transformation into rural towns. Settlement Patterns, Economic Development and Archaeological Coin political and economic collapse ofthe 'Abbäsid empire. Finds in Büäd al-Shäm: the Case of the Diyär Mudar - The - Thirdly, the development and changes in settlement Process of Transformation from the 6'h to the 10?h Century A.D., in patterns after the foundation of Baghdad in 146/762, K. Bartl, Abd al-Razzaq Moaz (eds.), Residences, Castles, Settlements. al-Rafiqa in 155/772, and Samarra' in 221/836. Transformation Processes from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Bilad 1. Thisal-Sham.contribution Proceedingsshares ofthemuch Internationalof its argument Conferencewith heldS. atHeidemann, Damascus, 2-. AndAgglomeratiofinally nthe meandeclines legallofy separatethe region,d citiesdue whictoh theformmilitary, one urban Settlement5-9 NovemberPatterns, 2006Economic (Orient-ArchäologieDevelopment, and24)Archaeological, Rahden, p. Coin493- politicalagglomerationand, economicsuch äs al-Raqqacollapse compriseofdthe ofth'Abbaside cities al-Raqqempire.a and Finds516, howeverin Bilad, theai-Sham: question, focuthes Caseand scopofethe hereDiyar are differentMuc;lar, Th-e latteTher al-Räfiqa, and Baghdäd of MadTnat al-Saläm, Karkh, al-Harblya and Processarticle focuseof Transformations on the archaeologicafrom the 6'hl anto dthe numismati](Jh Centuryc aspectA.D.,s inof many more. About this problem see in detail S. Heidemann, Defining K.settlemenBartl, Abdt pattemsal-Razzaq. InMoaz 2005(eds.),, a granResidences,t by theCastles, GermaSettlements.n Research an Imperial Metropolis: The Palace Area of al-Raqqa. From MadTnat TransformationFoundation (DFG)Processes, äs parfromt ofLate theAntiquity project to'ThEarlye NeIslamw Economiin Biladc al-Saläm/Baghdäd and Qasr al-Salämflsäbädh to al-Räfiqa/al-Raqqa, ai-Sham.DynamicProceedingss in the Zanglofthed Internationaland AyyübidConference Period', alloweheld atd Damascus,me to visit 2. Agglomerationin N. Rabbat (ed.)means, Thlegallye Islamicseparated City incities the Classicalwhich form Age,one Leidenurban, 5-9the Novembersmaller settlement2006 s(Orient-Archaologie, and sites in the BalTkh 24),valleyRahden,. p.493­ agglomeration,(forthcoming). such as al-Raqqa comprised ofthe cities al-Raqqa and 516, however, the question, focus and scope here are different. The latter al-Rafiqa, and Baghdad of Madlnat ai-Salam, Karkh, al-I:farblya and article focuses on the archaeological and numismatic aspects of many more. About this problem see in detail S. Heidemann, Defining Le Proche-Orient deJustinien auxAbbassides, Paris, 2011, p. 43-57. settlement patterns. In 2005, a grant by the German Research an Imperial Metropolis: The Palace Area ofal-Raqqa. From Mad/nat Foundation (DFG), as part of the project 'The New Economic ai-Salam/Baghdad and QQ.Jr al-Salam/'lsabadh to al-Riifiqa/al-Raqqa, Dynamics in the Zangld and Ayyiibid Period', allowed me to visit in N. Rabbat (ed.), The Islamic City in the Classical Age, Leiden, the smaller settlements and sites in the Balikh valley. (forthcoming).

Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbassldes, Paris, 2011, p. 43-57. 44 STEFAN HEIDEMANN

Figure I- Diyar Mu<;lar. (Google Earth - by courtesy 2006 Terra. Metrics and Europe Technologies) Suwaidti

• Kaisum Silmaisa/ • . Ra'btJn DIYAR

ar-Ruho~.

• Tall BtJJir

NORD-

!fi~n Manbig. • Maslama • Bagaddo

Tal/Manro SYRIEN

Figure 2 - Diyar Mu<;lar. o 10 20km Ebcnc von $iffin (Gennan Archaeological Institute - Jena University) SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR 45

II. THE STATE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH extension with sides about l 000 m long." The urban ruin of present-day Kharäb Sayyär, located within the WädT SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYAR MUOAR 45 The Osrhoene or Diyär Mudar in present-day Syria is one Hamar, measures 650 x 650 m (figure 5). In the middle of the best-surveyed and archaeologically explored regions 'Abbäsid period it had served äs a regional centre and can of the early Islamic period. Exploration started in 1907 be identified with the small 'Abbäsid town of al-Järüd.12 II. THE STATE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH extension with sides about 1000 m long. II The urban ruin when Mark Sykes surveyed the archaeological sites in the The major town between Hisn Maslama and al-Raqqa was of present-day Kharab Sayyar, located within the WadI BalTkh valley, published in his 'Journeys in North Mesopo- Tall Mahrä (present-day Tall Shaykh Hasan), measuring The Osrhoene or Diyar MUQar in present-day Syria is one .E:Iamar, measures 650 x 650 m (figure 5). In the middle tamia'.3 In the early 1980s Kay Kohlmeyer conducted a 450 x 450 m (figure 6).13 Five important sites and settlements ofthe best-surveyed and archaeologically explored regions 'Abbasid period it had served as a regional centre and can survey in the middle Euphrates region at the delta of the which are mentioned in the sources are still missing from of the early Islamic period. Exploration started in 1907 be identified with the small 'Abbasid town of al-JarfidY BalTkh valley.4 In 1994 Karin Bartl's analysis of the pottery the map of early Islamic archaeology to complete the picture. when Mark Sykes surveyed the archaeological sites in the The major town between .E:Ii~n Maslama and al-Raqqa was laid the foundations for all future research on Islamic settle- BalIkh valley, published in his 'Journeys in North Mesopo­ Tall Ma1).ra (present-day Tall Shaykh .E:Iasan), measuring ment patterns in the BalTkh valley.5 In the same project tamia'.3 In the early 1980s Kay Kohlmeyer conducted a 450 x 450 m (figure 6).13 Five important sites and settlements Tony Wilkinson studied historical water management.6 survey in the middle Euphrates region at the delta of the which11. C.-Pare. Haasementioned, Madinat inal-Fär/Hisnthe sources Maslamaare still~ Firstmissing Archeologicalfrom Recently, under the direction of Jan-Waalke Meyer, Islamic Balikh valley.4 In 1994 Karin Bartl's analysis ofthe pottery the mapSoundingsofearly at theIslamic Site andarchaeology the History toof completean Umayyadthe Domainpicture. in settlements in the WädT Hamar adjoining the north-east 'Abbäsid Times, in M. A. al-Bakhit - R. Schick (eds.), Biläd al-Shäm laid the foundations for all future research on Islamic settle­ of the BalTkh valley have been surveyed.7 During the 'Abbäsid Period (132 A.H./750A.D.-451A.H./1059A.D.), ment patterns in the Balikh valley. 5 In the same project Proceedings ofthe Fifth International Conference for the History of Important early Islamic archaeological sites were exca- Tony Wilkinson studied historical water management.6 the Biläd al-Shäm 7-11 Sha'ban 1410 A.H./4-8 March, 1990, English vated by various joint missions: these are al-Raqqa8 and II. c.-P.andFrenchHaase, Section,Mad/nat Ammanal-Farl/fi$n, 1412/1991Maslama, p. 206-225- First; ArcheologicalId., Is Madinat Recently, under the direction ofJan-Waalke Meyer, Islamic Tall al-BT'a9 in the south (figure 3), and Harrän10 and Hisn Soundingsal-Fär in theat theBalThSite Regionand theof NorthernHistory ofSyriaan Umayyadan UmayyadDomain Founda-in settlements in the WadI .E:Iamar adjoining the north-east 'Abbasidtionl in Aram,Times, 6,in 1994M. ,A. p. al-Bakhit245-257; -Id.R., MadinatSchick (eds.),al-Fär:Bi/ad The Regionalai-Sham Maslama (present-day Madmat al-Fär) (figure 4) in the of the Balikh valley have been surveyed.? DuringLate Antiquethe 'Abbiisid TraditionPeriod of Early(132 A.H/750Islamic AD.-451A.H./1059Foundation, in K.A.D.), Bartl, north. The latter lies almost at the junction of the BalTkh ProceedingsS. R. Hauser of(eds.)the ,Fifth ContinuityInternational and ChangeConference in Northernfor the MesopotamiaHistory of Important early Islamic archaeological sites were exca­ river with WädT Hamar. It consists of a square complex thefromBi/ad the ai-ShamHellenistic7-/1 toSha the 'banEarly1410 IslamicA.H/4-8 PeriodMarch, (Berline1990,r EnglishBeiträge vated by various joint missions: these are al-Raqqa8 and andzumFrench VordereSection,n OrientAmman,, 17), BerlinI 412/l991,, 1996p., p206-225;. 165-172Id.,; Id.Is ,Mad/nat Une ville (330 x 330 m) with an attached, walled, almost trapezoid Tall al-BT'a9 in the south (figure 3), and .E:Iarran lo and .E:Ii~n aI-Fardes debutsin the de Ba/lbl'islamRegion d"apresof lesNorthern fouilles Syriaeffectueesan Umayyada MadinatFounda­ al-Far tion?(Syriein dAram,u Nord).6, 1994, Les premieresp. 245-257; fondationsId., Mad/nat urbainesaI-Far: Theumayyades,Regional in Maslama (present-day Madinat aI-Far) (figure 4) in the LateArcheologieAntique islamique,Tradition 11of, Early2001. pIslamic. 7-20; Id.Foundation,, A Preliminaryin K. ReportBartl, north. The latter lies almost at the junction of the Balikh S.onR. SomeHauser Objects(eds.), FoundContinuity Duringand theChange Danishin Northern CampaignMesopotamia at Madinat river3. M.with SykesWadI, Journeys.E:Iamar. in NorthIt consists Mesopotamia,of a isquaren The Geographicalcomplex fromal-Farthe inHellenistic Northern Syria,to the iEarlyn JournalIslamic ofthePeriod David(Berliner Collection,Beitrage l, 2003, Journal, 30, 1907, p. 237-254, 384-398. zump. 99-109Vorderen; Id., Orient,Frühabbasidischer17), Berlin, Stuckdekor1996, p. 165-172; eines NischenraumesId., Une ville (3304. K.x Kohlmeyer330 m), withEuphrat-Survey,an attached, in Mitteilungenwalled, dealmostr Deutschentrapezoid Orient- desin Madinatdebuts de al-Far/HisnI'islam d'apres Maslamales fouilles und seineeffectuees östlichena Madinat und westlichenai-Far Gesellschaft, 116, 1984, p. 95-118; Id., Euphrat-Survey 1984, in Mit- (SyrieBezüge,du iNord).n M. Müller-WienerLes premieres, fondationsC. Kothe, K.-Hurbaines. Golzioumayyades,, J. Gierlichins teilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, 118, 1986, p. 51-65. Archeologie(eds.), Al-Andalusislamique, und Europa.11,2001. Zwischenp. 7-20; OrientId., unA dPreliminary Okzident, PetersbergReport, Berthold Einwag conducted a 'western JazTra survey' but focused on on2004Some, p. 49-58Objects; Id.Found, The ExcavationsDuring the aDanisht MadinatCampaign al-Fär/Hisnat MadinatMaslama 3. M.the Sykes,AncientJourneys Orient; Bin. EinwagNorth Mesopotamia,, Vorbericht überin Thedie archäologischeGeographical aI-Faron the Balikhin Northern Road, Syria,in H. Nin. JournalKennedyof (ed.)the David, MuslimCollection, Military1,2003, Archi- Journal,Geländebegehung30, 1907, ip.n de237-254,r WestgazTra,384-398. in Dam. Mitt., l, 1993, p. 23-43. p.tecture99-109; in GreaterId., Friihabbasidischer Syria. From theStuckdekor Corning of einesIslamNischenraumes to the Ottoman 4.5. K.K. Kohlmeyer,Bartl, FrühislamischeEuphrat-Survey, Besiedlungin Mitteilungen im BalTkh-Tal/Nordsyriender Deutschen (BerlineOrient­r inPeriodMadinat (Historal-Far/Hisny of WarfareMaslama, 35), Leidenund seine, 2006ostlichen, p. 54-60und. westlichen Gesellschaft,Beiträge zum116, Vorderen1984, p.Orient95-118;, 15),Id., BerlinEuphrat-Survey, 1994; Id., 1984,BalTkhin ValleyMit­ 12. Beziige,J.-W. Meyerin M., DiMuller-Wiener,e zweite GrabungskampagneC. Kothe, K.-H. in KharäbGolzio, Sayyär1. Gierlichs 1999, teilungenSurvey. Settlementsder Deutschen ofthe Orient-Gesellschaft,late Roman/Early Byzantine118, 1986, andp. Islamic51-65. (eds.),in MitteilungenAI-Andalus deundr DeutschenEuropa. Zwischen Orient-Gesellschaft,Orient und Okzident, 132, 2000Petersberg,, p. 297- BertholdPeriod, iEinwagn K. Bartconductedl - S. R. Hausea 'westernr (eds.)Jazira, Continuitysurvey' but andfocused Changeon in 2004,309; p.Id.,49-58; Die Id.,AusgrabungenThe Excavations im islamischenat Mad/nat al-Far//fi$nKharäb SayyärMaslama (1.- /Northernthe Ancient MesopotamiaOrient; B. Einwag,from the VorberichtHellenistic iiberto thedie Earlyarchiiologische Islamic Peri- on3. theKampagneBa/ikh Road, 1997-2000),in H. N. in KennedyZeitschrift (ed.),für GeschichteMuslim Mi/itary der arabisch-is-Archi­ Geliindebegehungod (Berliner Beiträgine derzumWestgazlra, Vorderen Orientin Dam., 17)Mitt.,, Berlin7,, 1993,1996, p.p. 23-43.333-348. tecturelamischenin Greater Wissenschaften,Syria. From 14, the2001Coming, p. 189-215ofIslam; J.-Wto. theMeyeOttomanr et al., 5. K.JodBartl,i MagnesFriihislamisches brought toBesiedlung light such improblemBa/lkh-Tal/Nordsyriens of settlement survey(Berliners in PeriodDie dritte(History GrabungskampagneofWarfare, 35), in Leiden,Kharäb Sayyär2006, p. 2000,54-60. in Mitteilungen Beitragezumgeneral and countinVordereng ofOrient, sites peIS),r perioBerlin,d in particula1994; Id.,r iBa/lkhn the casValleye of a 12. 1.-W.der DeutschenMeyer, Die Orient-Gesellschaft,zweite Grabungskampagne 133, 2001, inp. Kharab199-223;Sayyar J.-W. Meyer1999,, Survey.region iSettlementsn historical Palestineofthe late: therRoman/Earlye are questionByzantines of continuouand Islamics use of inDieMitteilungen Ergebnisse derder DeutschenAusgrabungenOrient-Gesellschaft, im frühislamischen132,2000, Kharäbp. Sayyär297­ Period,pottery typesin K. , Bartl-and communaS. R. Hauserl installation(eds.),s Continuitywithout alterationand Changes äs welinl 309;(2. KampagneId., Die Ausgrabungen1999), in M. Müller-Wienerim islamischen, C. KharabKothe, K.-HSayyar. Golzi(I.­o Northernäs historicaMesopotamiafroml preconceptions; theJ. MagnessHellenistic, Thtoe theArchaeologyEarly Islamic of Peri­Early 3.andKampagne J. Gierlich1997-2000),s (eds.), Al-Andalusin ZeitschrififUr und Europa.Geschichte Zwischender arabisch-is­ Orient und odIslamic(Berliner SettlementBeitrage zumin Palestine,Vorderen Orient,Winona17), LakeBerlin,, 20031996,, espp.. 333-348.p. 72-74, lamischenOkzident, PetersbergWissenschaflen,, 2004, 14,2001,p. 59-66; Id.p. ,189-215; Recent Excavations1.-W. Meyer inet EarlyaI., Jodi195-199Magness. brought to light such problems of settlement surveys in Dieanddritte 'AbbäsidGrabungskampagne Kharäb Sayyär,in iKharabn H. KennedSayyary (ed.2000,) Muslimin Mitteilungen Military 6. generalT. J. Wilkinsonand counting, Waterof ansitesd Humanper period Settlementin particular in thein Balikhthe case Valley,ofa derArchitectureDeutschen Orient-Gesellschcifi,in Greater Syria. From133,2001, the Corningp. 199-223; of 1.-W.IslamMeyer, to the regionSyria, inin historicalJournal ofFieldPalestine: Archeology,there are questions 25, 1998of, continuousp. 63-87; seusee alsofo DieOttomanErgebnisse Periodder (HistorAusgrabungeny of Warfareimfriihislamischen, 35), Leiden, Kharab2006, pSayyar. 45-53; potteryW. Schirmetypes,r Landschaftsgeschichteand communal installations um Tall withoutBia amalterations syrischen Euphrat,as well (2.andKampagne S. Heidemann1999),, Diine FundmünzenM. Muller-Wiener, von HaräbC. Kothe, SayyärK.-H. im VerhältnisGolzio asin Mitteilungenhistorical preconceptions; der Deutschen J.Orient-Gesellschaft,Magness, The Archaeology 119, 1987, ofp. 57-71Early. andzur J.lokalenGierlichs Geschichte,(eds.), AI-Andalus in Mitteilungenund Europa.der DeutschenZwischen Orient-Gesell-Orient und 7. IslamicJ.-W. MeyerSettlement, Wadiin Hamar-SurveyPalestine, Winona - FrühislamischeLake, 2003, esp. Periodenp. 72-74, - Okzident,schaft, 135,2003Petersberg,, p. 2004,103-112p. 59-66;. Id., Recent Excavations in Early 195-199.Kartierung der Siedlungen' (1997-2000), to be published. 13. andC.-P.'Abbiisid Haase, MadinatKharab al-Fär/HisnSayyar, in Maslama,H. Kennedy cit. (n(ed.). 11)Muslim, p. 207, Militaryidentified 6.8. T.Se1.e SWilkinson,. HeidemanWatern - Aand. BeckeHumanr (eds.)Settlement, Raqqa inIIthe - DiBalikhe islamischeValley, Architecturethe site. Karinin BartGreaterl studiedSyria. the potteryFrom; Kthe. BartlComing, Frühislamischeof Islam Besied-to the Syria,Stadt, inMainzJournal, 2003ofField; V. DaibeArcheology,r - A. 25,Becke1998,r (eds.)p. 63-87;, Raqqasee IIalsoI - Ottomanlung, cit. (nPeriod. 5), p. (History215-217, of255-256Warfare,; Id., 35),Teil SheikhLeiden, Hasan.2006, A p.45-53;Settlement W.BaudenkmälerSchirmer Landschaftsgeschichte und Paläste I, Mainzurn, 2004Tall Bfa. am syrischen Euphrat, andoftheS. Roman-ParthianHeidemann, Die toFundmiinzen the Islamic vonPeriodIjarab in theSayyar BalTkhim Valley/North-Verhiiltnis 9. inS. MitteilungenHeidemann, derDie DeutschenFundmünzenOrient-Gesellschaft, vom Tall al-BT'a be119,i ar-Raqqa1987, p. un57-71.d ihr zurernlokalen Syria, iGeschichte,n Archeologiein Mitteilungenislamique, 4, der1994Deutschen, p. 5-17; Orient-Gesell­Id., Teil Sheikh 7. J.-W.VerhältnisMeyer, zur Wadilokalen/fa Geschichte,mar-Survey in- ZeitschriftFruhislamische für die PeriodenArchäologie­ schaft,Hassan.135, Funde2003, ausp. römisch-parthischer,103-112. spätrömischer-frühbyzantinischer Kartierungdes Orients,der l, p.Siedlungen 330-368.(1997-2000), to be published. 13. c.-P.und islamischerHaase, Mad/nat Zeit,al-Far/lfi$n in Archiv fürMaslama, Orient-forschung,cit. (n. 11), 46-47p. 207,, 1999-2000identified , 108.. SeeD. SS.. RiceHeidemann, Medieval- Harrän,A. Becker Studies(eds.), onRaqqa its TopographyII - Die islamischeand Monu- thep. 447-489site. Karin. MurhaBartl studiedf al-Khalathe pottery;f and LidewijdK. Bartl,eFriihislamische de Jong are currentl Besied­y Stadt,ments, Mainz,I, in Anatolian2003; V.Studies,Daiber 2, -1952A. ,Becker p. 36-84(eds.),; S. HeidemannRaqqa III, Di­e lung,explorincit. g(n. thi5),s sitep. 215-217,; L. De Jon255-256;g and AId.,. KanedaTell Sheikh, Al-TanqTbßHasan. A TallSettlement Shaykh BaudenkmiilerFundmünzen vonund HarränPaliiste undI, Mainz, ihr Verhältnis2004. zur lokalen Geschichte, ofHasan,the Roman-Parthian WädT BalTkh, al-'imärato the Islamic wal-fakhkhärPeriod inß themawsimBa/lkh al-'amalValleylNorth­ li-'äm 9. S.in Heidemann,Bulletin oftheDie SchoolFundmiinzen of Orientalvom Tall andal-Bta Africanbei Studies,ar-Raqqa 65und, 2002ihr, ern2005,Syria, in Leins ArcheologieAnnales archeologiquesislamique, 4,arabes1994, syriennes.p. 5-17; RevueId., Tell d'archeo-Sheikh Verhiiltnisp. 267-299zur. lokalen Geschichte, in Zeitschrift fUr die Archiiologie Hassan.logie et Funded'histoireaus syriennes,romisch-parthischer, 47-48, 2004-2005spiitromischer-friihbyzantinischer, p. 179-190. des Orients, 1, p. 330-368. und islamischer Zeit, in ArchivfUr Orient-forschung, 46-47, 1999-2000, 10. D. S. Rice, Medieval Harran, Studies on its Topography and Monu­ p.447-489. Murhaf aI-Khalaf and Lidewijde de long are currently ments, I, in Anatolian Studies, 2, 1952, p. 36-84; S. Heidemann, Die exploring this site; L. De Jong and A. Kaneda, AI-Tanqlbfi Tall Shaykh Fundmiinzen von /farran und ihr Verhiiltnis zur lokalen Geschichte, /fasan, Wad/ Ba/lkh, al- 'imara wal-fakhkharfi maw$im al- 'amal /i- 'am in Bulletin ofthe School ofOriental and African Studies, 65, 2002, 2005, in Les Annales archeologiques arabes syriennes. Revue d'archeo­ p.267-299. logie et d'histoire syriennes, 47-48, 2004-2005, p. 179-190. 4646 STEFANSTEFAN HEIDEMANNHEIDEMANN

InIn thethe northnorth thesethese areare thethe majormajor urbanurban centrecentre al-Ruha'al-RuhäV/ empireempire and,and, accordingaccording toto thethe historianhistorian ProcopiuProcopiuss (d(d.. 555555 EdessalUrfaEdessa/Urfa andand thethe smallersmaller citycity SariijSarüj (present(present dayday SiiriiSürüc)v),, AD),AD), BatnaeBatnae (Sariij),(Sarüj), EdessaEdessa (al-Ruha'),(al-Ruhä'), CarrhaCarrhaee (Harrän(l:larran)) bothboth inin modernmodern Turkey.Turkey. TwoTwo otherother placesplaces areare mentionedmentioned andand KallinikosKallinikos (al-Raqqa(al-Raqqa al-Baidä'al-Bai<;la')) werweree restorerestoredd anandd inin thethe sources,sources, butbut needneed moremore archaeologicalarchaeological investiga­investiga- fortified.1199 InIn thethe DiyarDiyär MUQar,Mudar, thithiss perioperiodd lefleftt ververyy fefeww tion:tion: Bajadda,Bäjaddä, presumablypresumably present-daypresent-day KhirbatKhirbat al-Anbaral-Anbär1l44 archaeologicalarchaeological traces.2200 LiteraryLiterary sourcessources,, archaeologicaarchaeologicall (figure(figure 7),7), a fewfew kilometreskilometres southsouth ofof I:Ii~nHisn Maslama,Maslama, andand evidenceevidence and coincoin finds suggestsuggest a steadsteadyy risrisee of thithiss region.region. Bajarwan,Bäjarwän, whichwhich waswas identifiedidentified byby KarinKarin BartlBartl withwith TalTalll TheThe sixthsixth centuryCentury isis wellwell representedrepresented bbyy coicoinn findsfinds fromfrom DamirDämir al-SharqIal-SharqT andand al-GharbIal-GharbT onon oppositeopposite banksbanks ofof thethe I:Iarran,21Harrän,21 al-Raqqa2222 andand TallTall al-Bl'a.al-BT'a.23 AlsoAlso,, iiff wwee loolookk toto BalIkhBalTkh river.river.1155 A fifthfifth sitesite onon thethe westernwestern sideside ofof thethe vallevalleyy the southsouth of the EuphratesEuphrates to al-Ru~afa24al-Rusäfa24 and to the weswestt of betweenbetween MadinatMadTnat aI-Faral-Fär andand I:IarranHarrän alsoalso requiresrequires closercloser it to Balis,25Bälis,25 coincoin finds givegive the impressioimpressionn of a flourishing archaeologicalarchaeological attention.attention. 'Ayn'Ayn al-al-'Arüs'Ariis1l66 hashas soso farfar yieldedyielded ByzantineByzantine landscape. Kari Karinn Bartl identifieidentifiedd 37 sitesitess datindatingg a hexagonalhexagonal geometricalgeometrical mosaicmosaic ofof 9292 m2,, presumablypresumably toto thethe Roman-ByzantineRoman-Byzantine period, 2323 ofof whicwhichh could safelysafely belongingbelonging toto a latelate RomanRoman bathhouse.bathhouse. TheThe settlementsettlement probablyprobably bebe ascribedascribed toto thethe latelate Roman/ByzantineRoman/Byzantine era.2266 OnlOnlyy ththee continuedcontinued inin thethe earlyearly IslamicIslamic period.1I?7 mountainousmountainous northernnorthern DiyarDiyär MudarMUQar,, jusjustt nortnorthh ooff ththee EuphratesEuphrates atat Samosata,Samosata, however,however, seemseemss ttoo havhavee sufferesufferedd a III.III. THETHE BYZANTINEBYZANTINE PERIODPERIOD declinedecline fromfrom thethe ByzantineByzantine toto thethe earlyearly IslamiIslamicc period.periodY27 ANDAND THETHE EARLYEARLY DECADESDECADES OFOF ARABARAB RULERULE PriorPrior toto thethe foundationfoundation ofof al-Rafiqaal-Räfiqa iinn 155/772,155/772, thethe centrecentre of growthgrowth laylay in the northernnorthern fertilefertile plaiplainn witwithh al-Ruhäal-Ruha'and' and DuringDuring thethe RomanRoman andand ByzantineByzantine periodperiod thethe DiyarDiyär I:IarranHarrän asäs majormajor cities.cities. UntilUntil ththee IslamiIslamicc conquestconquest,, EdessaEdessa// Mu<;larMudar waswas calledcalled Osrhoene.1Osrhoene.18 TheThe emperoremperor JustinianJustinian I al-Ruha'al-Ruhä5 remainedremained thethe capitalcapital ofof thethe provincprovincee ooff Mesopotamia.2288 (r.(r. 527-565527-565 AD)AD) rebuiltrebuilt thethe easterneastern borderborder defencesdefences ofof thethe TheThe SasanianSasanian warswars andand occupationoccupation ofof thethe OsrhoeneOsrhoene betweenbetween 60617606/7 andand 628628 andand laterlater thethe IslamicIslamic conquesconquestt iinn 18/63918/639 leftleft nono archaeologicalarchaeological remains:remains: thertheree araree nnoo destructiodestructionn layers2299 oorr

14.14. YaqutYäqüt al-l;Iamawlal-HamawT (d.(d. 626/1229),626/1229), KitiibKitäb Mu'jam al-buldiin,al-buldän, ed.ed. F.F. Wustenfeld,Wüstenfeld,Jacut:s Jacut's geographisches Worterbuch,Wörterbuch, 6 vols.,vols., LeipzigLeipzig,, 1866-1870,1866-1870, herehere vol.vol. 1,l, p.p. 453;453; K.K. Bartl, FruhislamischeFrühislamische Besiedlung,Besiedlung, cit.cit. (n.(n. 5),5), p. 219,219, 255.255. 19.19. Procopius,Procopius, DeDe Aedificii, ed.ed. J.J. HauryHaury,, GG.. WirthWirth,, LeipzigLeipzig,, 1964,1964, 15.15. IbnIbn KhurradadhbihKhurradädhbih (d.(d. aboutabout 244/848),244/848), KitiibKitäb al-al-MasälikMasiilik wal-mamiilik,wal-mamälik, ed.ed. chapterchapter II.VII.I-18,II.VII. l -18, p.p. 67-68.67-68. M. J.J. de Goeje,Goeje, KitabKitäb al-Masalikal-Masälik wa'I-Mamiilikwa 'l-Mamälik (Liber Viarum et Reg-Reg­ 20.20. T.T. Uibert,Ulbert, Procopius, DDee Adificiis. Einige UberlegungenÜberlegungen zzuu Buch HII,, norum) (Bibliotheca(Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum,Arabicorum, VI),VI), Leiden,Leiden, 1889,1889, Syrien, inin Ant. Tard., 8,8, 2000,2000, pp.. 137-147.137-147. reprintreprint 1967,1967, p.p. 97;97; Yaqut,Yäqüt, BuldiinBuldän I,I, ed.ed. F.F. Wustenfeld,Wüstenfeld, cit.cit. (n.(n. 14),14), 21.21. S.S. Heidemann,Heidemann, DieDie FundmunzenFundmünzen vonvon HarränIfarran unundd ihihrr VerhaltnisVerhältnis zurzur p.p. 454.454. K.K. Bartl,Bartl, FruhislamischeFrühislamische Besiedlung, cit.cit. (n.(n. 5),5), p.p. 209-210,256.209-210,256. lokalen Geschichte, inin Bulletin ofofthethe School ofOrientalofOriental anandd AfricanAfrican 16.16. K.K. Regling,Regung, ZurZur historischen Geographie desdes mesopotamischenmesopotamischen Studies, 65, 2002,2002, p. 267-299,267-299, no. Il and a secondsecond amonamongg the coicoinn Parallelogramms, inin Klio, 1,l, 1901,1901, p.p. 443-476,443-476, herehere p.p. 461-462.461-462. findsfinds preservedpreserved inin thethe ArchaeologicalArchaeological MuseuMuseumm inin IstanbulIstanbul.. R.R. Gografe,Gogräfe, DieDie GrabtilrmeGrabtürme vonvon Sirrin (Osroene),(Osroene), inin Dam. Mitt., 9,1995,1995, 22.22. S.S. Heidemann,Heidemann, Katalog derder FundmiinzenFundmünzen auauss ar-Raqqa/ar-Räfiqa,ar-Raqqa/ar-Riifiqa, iinn p.p. 165-201,165-201, pI.pl. 21-28,21-28, esp.esp. 179179 (extensive(extensive discussiondiscussion ofof thethe literature),literature), S.S. HeidemannHeidemann - A.A. BeckerBecker (eds.),(eds.), Raqqa IIII - DiDiee islamische Stadt, andand T.T.Weber, Weber, Kallinikos - Leontupolis - al-Raqqa: griechische unundd Mainz,Mainz, 2003,2003, pp.. 169-196,169-196, nosnqs.. 20-2620-26.. SS.. HeidemannHeidemann,, DeDerr MiinzumlaufMünzumlauf lateinischelateinische Schriftquellen,Schriftquellen, inin S.S. HeidemannHeidemann --AA.. BeckerBecker (eds.),(eds.), Raqqa IIII undund diedie Lokalgeschichte vonvon ar-Raqqa/ar-Riifiqa,ar-Raqqa/ar-Räfiqa, iinn SS.. HeidemanHeidemannn ­- -- DieDie islamischeislamische Stadt,Stadt, Mainz,Mainz, 2003,2003, p.p. 65-79,65-79, suggestsuggest thatthat 'Ayn'Ayn A.A. BeckerBecker (eds.),(eds.), Raqqa IIII - DieDie islamische Stadt, MainzMainz,, 20032003,, al-'al-'ArüArnss mightmight bebe identifiedidentified withwith thethe latelate RomanRoman DavanaDavana atat thethe sprinspringg p.p. 163-167,163-167, herehere p.p. 163.163. ofof thethe Balikh.BalTkh. IbnIbn KhurradadhbihKhurradädhbih (Masalik(Masälik [no[n. 15],15], p.p. 175)175) andand YaqutYäqüt 23.23. S.S. Heidemann,Heidemann,Die Die FundmiinzenFundmünzenvom vom TallTall al-Bta,al-BT'a,cit. cit.(n. (n. 9),9), nos.nos. 21-29.21 -29. (Buldan(Buldän II,II, ed.ed. WustenfeldWüstenfeld [no[n. 14],14], p.p. 725)725) mentionmention al-Dhahbanaal-Dhahbäna oror 24.24. L.L. Ilisch,Ilisch, DieDie islamischen Fundmünzen,Fundmiinzen, iinn DD.. Sack,Sack, Resafa IVIV.. DiDiee al-Dhahbaniyyaal-Dhahbäniyya indeedindeed asäs aa sourcesource ofof thethe Balikh.BalTkh. Yaqut,Yäqüt, BuldanBuldän I Groj3eGroße Moschee vonvon Resafa - RU$afatRusäfat Hisiim,Hisäm, Mainz,Mainz, 1996,1996, pp.. 110­110- [no[n. 14],14], p.p. 734-735734-735 (lemma(lemma Batikh),BalTkh), however,however, mentionsmentions thatthat itit waswas 132;132; L.L. Kom,Köm, Resafa: FundmunzenFundmünzen derder Stadtgrabungen 1997-1999, closeclose toto l;IarranHarrän andand thatthat l;Ii~nHisn MaslamaMaslama isis locatedlocated 5 milesmiles (8(8 km)km) inin Dam. Mitt., 14,2004,14, 2004, p.p. 197-206,197-206, plpI.. 30-3130-31.. downstream.downstream. ThisThis referencereference waswas notnot usedused byby thethe aforementionedaforementioned authorsauthors 25. G. HennequinHennequin - M. al-al-'Ush'Ush,, Les monnaies de Bälis,Balis, Damascus,Damascus, 1978.1978. andand makesmakes anan identificationidentification ofof DavanaDavana withwith 'Ayn'Ayn al-'Arnsal-'Arüs unlikelyunlikely.. 26.26. K.K. Bartl, BallkhBalTkh Valley Survey, cit.cit. (n.(n. 5),5), pp.. 334.334. TheThe firstfirst mentionmention ofof 'Ayn'Ayn al-'Arnsal-'Arüs inin thethe historicalhistorical recordsrecords is,is, accordinaccordingg 27.27. T.T. J.J. Wilkinson,Wilkinson, Town andand Country inin Southeastern Anatolia (Univer(Univer­- toto thethe presentpresent author'sauthor's knowledge,knowledge, inin connectionconnection withwith a skirmishskirmish whichwhich sitysity ofof Chicago.Chicago. OrientalOriental InstituteInstitute Publications,Publications, 109),109), 2 vols.vols.,, Chicago,Chicago, occurredoccurred inin 497/1104;497/1104; S.S. Heidemann,Heidemann, DieDie Renaissance derder StadteStädte 1990,1990, herehere vol.vol. I,I, p.p. 126-129.126-129. inin Nordsyrien undund Nordmesopotamien. StadtischeStädtische Entwicklung und 28.28. SeeSee O.O. Schmitt,Schmitt, Untersuchungen zurzur Organisation unundd zuzurr militari­militäri- wirtschaftliche•wirtschaftliche Bedingungen inin ar-Raqqa und IfarriinHarrän von der Zeit schen StarkeStärke ostromischeroströmischer Herrschaft im Vorderen Orient zwischen derder beduinischen VorherrschaftVorherrschaft bisbis zuzu denden Seldschuken (Islamic(Islamic HistoryHistory 628628 und 633, inin ByzZ, 94,2001,94, 2001, p.p. 197-229,197-229, herehere p.p. 204-206;204-206; C.C. Foss,Foss, andand Civilization.Civilization. StudiesStudies andand Texts,Texts, 40),40), Leiden,Leiden, 2002,2002, p.p. 193-194.193-194. TheThe Persians inin thethe Roman Near East, inin Journal ofofthethe Royal Asiatic 17.17. M.M. al-ijalaf,al-Halaf, T.T. Weber,Weber,Spatantiker Spätantiker Badeluxus anan derder Quelle desdes Balicha. Society, 3rdrd series,series, 13,2003,13, 2003, p.p. 149-170,149-170, herehere p.p. 156;156; S.S. HeidemannHeidemann,, EinEin unveroffentlichtesunveröffentlichtes Mosaik ausaus 'Ain'Ain al-al-'Arüs'Ams inin Nordsyrien, inin Antike DieDie Geschichte vonvon ar-Raqqa/ar-Rafiqaar-Raqqa/ar-Räfiqa - einein Uberblick,Überblick, inin S.S. Heide­Heide- Welt,Welt, 26,26, 1995,1995, p.p. 273-277;273-277; T.T. Weber,Weber, Kallinikos,cit. cit. (n.(n. 16),16), p.p. 72.72. A con­con- mann - A.A. BeckerBecker (eds.),(eds.), Raqqa IIII - DiDiee islamische Stadt, Mainz,Mainz, tinuationtinuation ofof thisthis towntown intointo thethe UmayyadUmayyad periodperiod shouldshould bebe investigated.investigated. 2003,2003, p.p. 9-56,9-56, herehere p.p. 1313.. 18.18. ForFor ByzantineByzantine OsrhoeneOsrhoene seesee L.L. Dillemann,Dillemann, Haute Mesopotamie orientaleOrientale 29.29. GaborGabor Kalla,Kalla, however,however, suspectedsuspected a destructiondestruction ofof partsparts ofofththee monastermonasteryy etet pays ac!facents.adjacents. Contribution a lala geographie historique de lala onon TallTall aI-Braal-BT'a duringduring thethe middlemiddle ofof ththee 7tthh Centurycentury,, ththee perioperiodd ofof thethe region,region, dudu V's.V s. avantavant ['erel'ere chretienne auau vl's.vf s. dede cette ere (Bibliotheque(Bibliotheque SasanianSasanian warswars andand thethe ArabArab conquest;conquest; GG.. KallaKalla,, DaDass RefektoriumRefektorium archeologiquearcheologique etet historique,historique, 72),72), Paris,Paris, 1962,1962, p.p. 104-110;104-110; R.R. Gografe,Gogräfe, undund diedie KucheKüche desdes byzantinischen Klosters inin Tall Bi'aBfa (Syrien), iinn Grabtürme, cit. (n. 16), p. 173-179. Grabtilrme, cit. (n. 16), p. 173-179. LaszIovszkyLaszlovszky J6zsefJözsefetal.et al. (eds.),(eds.), "quasi liber etetpicturapictura ".n. Tanulmanyok

J SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR 47

any significant strata of coins;30 nor do the literary sources while he was residing in al-Rusäfa. Irrigation canals were mention any destruction in this region.31 The Immigration constructed for adjacent estates (day'a), for example al-Hanl SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYAR MUOAR 47 of the Arab Mudar tribe into the BalTkh valley went without wal-Marl, äs well äs a manor (qatTd) south of al-Raqqa, any detectable interruption in the settlements, and they Wäsit al-Raqqa; in al-Raqqa a bridge and a market were seem to have taken over the pastures of the Ghassanid built; in the northern part of the valley Hisn Maslama and its any significant strata of coins;30 nor do the literary sources while he was residing in al-Ru~afa. Irrigation canals were tribes which moved to Byzantine territory.32 nearby villages such äs Bäjaddä were founded or developed. mention any destruction in this region.3! The immigration constructed for adjacent estates (r;lay'a), for example al-HanI Other villages and estates are known from the sources but ofthe Arab Mu<;lar tribe into the BalIkh valley went without wal-MarI, as well as a manor (qa{ta) south of al-Raqqa, IV. FROM UMAYYAD LANDED GENTRY not yet located.35 any detectable interruption in the settlements, and they Wasit al-Raqqa; in al-Raqqa a bridge and a market were TO EARLY 'ABBÄSID RURAL TOWNS At that time, al-Raqqa/Kallinikos remained a provincial seem to have taken over the pastures of the Ghassanid built; in the northern part ofthe valley l:Ii~n Maslama and its rural town, probably still retaining certain Hellenistic features tribes which moved to Byzantine territory.J2 nearby villages such as Bajadda were founded or developed. Faced with vested interests in taxation and redistribution such äs the almost rectangular city wall. The population Other villages and estates are known from the sources but in the provinces, the Umayyad caliph Hishäm ibn 'Abd was probably Christian and Jewish in its majority with few IV. FROM UMAYYAD LANDED GENTRY not yet located.35 al-Malik (r. 105-125/724-743) initiated a policy of devel- Muslims. The chronicle of Dionysius of Tall Mahrä (d. 230/ TO EARLY'ABBA-SID RURAL TOWNS At that time, al-Raqqa/Kallinikos remained a provincial opment of rural estates in the Diyär Mudar. The provinces 845) mentions Jacobite monasteries around Kallinikos/ rural town, probably still retaining certain Hellenistic features were reluctant to share the tax proceeds, booty and the tribute al-Raqqa, among which the Zacchäus monastery or Dayr Faced with vested interests in taxation and redistribution such as the almost rectangular city wall. The population with the central government. Hugh Kennedy suggested that al-Zakkä was the most important.36 In the north around in the provinces, the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn ,Abd was probably Christian and Jewish in its majority with few the Umayyad investments in agriculture were induced by al-Ruhä', Jacobite monasticism - usually connected with aI-Malik (r. 105-1251724-743) initiated a policy of devel­ Muslims. The chronicle of Dionysius of Tall Ma1)ra (d. 230/ the necessity to finance their regime to a great extent by agriculture — was also flourishing.37 opment of rural estates in th~ Diyar Mu<;lar. The provinces 845) mentions Jacobite monasteries around Kallinikos/ their own means.33 Members of the Umayyad ruling house In the 70s/690s Umayyad Harrän and the old provincial were reluctant to share the tax proceeds, booty and the tribute al-Raqqa, among which the Zacchaus monastery or Dayr and their retainers founded estates in the Diyär Mudar äs capital al-Ruhä' occasionally issued copper coins, evidence with the central government. Hugh Kennedy suggested that al-Zakka was the most important.36 In the north around elsewhere. They invested in irrigation, following the Sasa- of their importance äs major regional urban markets. In the Umayyad investments in agriculture were induced by al-Ruha', Jacobite monasticism - usually connected with nian pattern, thus laying the foundations for the economic the last decades of Umayyad rule Harrän surpassed al-Ruhä' the necessity to finance their regime to a great extent by agriculture - was also flourishing. 37 blossoming of the region.34 The chronicles mention much in importance.38 Harrän became the capital of the Umayyad their own means. 33 Members ofthe Umayyad ruling house In the 70s/690s Umayyad l:Iarran and the old provincial building activity, especially during the reign of Hishäm super-province of the north, which extended from the and their retainers founded estates in the Diyar MUQar as capital al-Ruha' occasionally issued copper coins, evidence Euphrates to the Caucasus and was called al-JazTra.39 In elsewhere. They invested in irrigation, following the Sasa­ of their importance as major regional urban markets. In 127/ 744, Harrän even became the caliphal residence of nian pattern, thus laying the foundations for the economic the last decades ofUmayyad rule l:Iarran surpassed al-Ruha' Kubinyi Andräs hetvenedik születesnapjära. Studies in Honour of Marwän II (r. 127-132/744-750) and possessed a dirham mint, blossoming of the region. 34 The chronicles mention much in importance. 38 l:Iarran became the capital ofthe Umayyad Andräs Kubinyi on his Seventieth Birthday, Budapest, 2004, p. 257- thus adding to the growing political and economic impor- 264, here p. 263 n. 36. But on the contrary, Umayyad coins of the building activity, especially during the reign of Hisham super-provincetance of this regioofnthe whicnorth,h waswhich at the extendedcrossroadsfrom betweethen 2nd/8'h Century are well represented on the site; see S. Heidemann, Tau Euphrates to the Caucasus and was called al-Jazlra. 39 In al-Bi'a, cit. (n. 9). Kalla's supposition would weaken the identifi- Syria, Iraq, Palestine, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.40 cation of this monastery with Dayr al-Zakkä mentioned in the sources 127/ 744, l:Iarran even became the caliphal residence of Kubinyiuntil theAndras 10th Centuryhetvenedik. K. Kreberniksziiletesnapjara., SchriftfundeStudies inausHonour Tall Bi'aof Marwan II (r. 127-1321744-750) and possessed a dirham mint, Andras1990, iKubinyin Mitteilungenon his deSeventiethr DeutschenBirthday, Orient-Gesellschaft,Budapest, 2004, 123p., 257­1991, thus adding to the growing political and economic impor­ 264,p. 41-70here. p. 263 n. 36. But on the contrary, Umayyad coins of the 30. 2Thnd/8eth Museucenturymare inwell al-Raqqarepresented, howeveron the, preservesite; seesS. aHeidemann, hoard of abouTall t tanceM.of G. thisMoronyregion, Economicwhich Boundaries?was at Latethe Antiquitycrossroads and Earlybetween Islam, al-Bta,20 Byzantincit. (n.e gol9).d Kalla'scoins frosuppositionm the 7th Century,would mainlweakeny frorthen thidentifi­e period Syria,in JournalIraq, Palestine,ofthe EconomicAsia andMinor Social Historyand the oftheCaucasus. Orient, 47,40 2004, cationof Heracliusofthis ,monastery which neewithd furtheDayrr attentional-Zakka. mentionedIt was brieflinythe studiesourcesd by p. 166-194. untilthe authothe r10 inth 1991century.; S. HeidemannK. Krebernik,, Katalog,Schriftfunde cit. (n. 22)aus, p. Tall170. Bta 35. J. L. Bacharach, Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities. Specula- 31. 1990,For thine historMitteilungeny of this perioder Deutschend see C. FossOrient-GesellschaJt,, Syria in Transition123, A.D.1991, 550- tions on Patronage, in Muqarnas, 13, 1996, p. 27-44, here p. 30-31; p.41-70.650: An Archeological Approach, in DOP, 51, 1997, p. 189-269; S. Heidemann, Geschichte, cit. (n. 28), p. 18, 20-22. 30. TheC. FossMuseum, Persians,in al-Raqqa, cit. (n. 28).however, For al-Raqqpreservesa see S. Heidemanna hoard of, Geschi-about 36. M.K.G. KrebernikMorany,, EconomicSchriftfunde,Boundaries? cit. (n. 29)Late; SAntiquity. Heidemannand,Early Geschichte,Islam, 20chte,Byzantine cit. (n. 28)gold, pcoins. 12-14from. the 7th century, mainly from the period incitJournal. (n. 28)of, 15-17the Economic. and Social History ofthe Orient, 47, 2004, 32. ofAsmä'Heraclius,T (d. 217/833)which ,need Tärlkhfurther al-'Arabattention. qabla al-islämIt was briefly 'an nuskhastudied kutibatby 37. p.W166-194.. Hage, Die syrisch-jakobitische Kirche in frühislamischer Zeit, the'amauthor 243 inh. 1991;bi-khättS. Heidemann, Ya'qüb ibnKatalog, al-Sukayt,cit. (n.ed. 22),M. p.H. 170.AI Yäsm, 35. J.WiesbadenL. Bacharach,, 1966,Marwanid p. 60-61, 106-109Umayyad. FoBuildingr the agriculturaActivities.l developmenSpecula­t 31. ForBaghdäd,the history 1379/1959ofthis period, p. 111-112see C.. NFoss,. F. PosnerSyria in, ThTransitione MuslimA.D. Conquest550­ tionsof Christiaon Patronage,n monasteriein Muqarnas,s see in the13, cas1996,e of anp. endowmen27-44, heret ip.n NasTb30-31;m 650:of NorthernAn Archeological Mesopotamia.Approach, An Introductoryin DOP, Essay51, 1997, into itsp. Historical189-269; S.thHeidemann,e early 2nd/8'Geschichte,h Century J. cit.Pahlitzsch(n. 28),,p. Christian18,20-22. Pious Foundations C.BackgroundFoss, Persians, and Historiography,cit. (n. 28). For al-RaqqaPhD Diss.see, NeS.wHeidemann, York, 1985Geschi­, p. 328- 36. K.äs Krebemik,an ElementSchriftfunde, of Continuitycit. Between(n. 29); S.LateHeidemann, Antiquity Geschichte,and Islam, chte,329; cit.N. (n.F. Posner28), p., 12-14.Whence the Conquest of Northern Mesopotamia! cit.in (n.M. 28),Frenke15-17.l - Y. Lev (eds.), Charity and Giving in Monotheistic 32. A~ma'Iin: F. Kazem(d. 217/833),i - R. DTarlkh. McChesneyal-'Arab (eds.)qabla, Aai-islam Way Prepared.'an nuskha Essayskutibat on 37. W.ReligionsHage, Die(Studiesyrisch-jakobitischen zur Geschichte unKirched Kultuinr defriihislamischers islamischen OrientsZeit,, 'iimIslamic243 Cultureh. bi-khaN in HonorYa'qub of Richardibn al-Sukayt, Bayly Winder,ed. M.I:I. New YorkAl YasIn,, 1988, Wiesbaden,N.F., 22), Wiesbaden1966, p. 60-61,, 2009, 106-109.p. 125-151For. the agricultural development Baghdad,p. 27-52;S1379/l959,. Heidemann,p.Geschichte111-112., N.cit.F. (n.Posner, 28),p. 13-14andKhThe Muslim. 'AthaminaConquest, 38. ofFoChristianr the dirhamonasteriesm mint of Harräsee inn thesee caseM. Batesof an, Thendowmente Dirham inMintNasIbIn ofthe ofArabNorthern SettlementMesopotamia. during theAn UmayyadIntroductory Caliphate,Essay ininto Jerusalemits Historical Studies theNorthernearly 2Provincesnd/8 th century oftheJ. UmayyadPahlitzsch, Caliphate,Christian in YPious. T. NercessiaFoundaiionsn (ed.), Backgroundin Arabic anandd Islam,Historiography, 8, 1986, p. 185-207PhD Diss.,, hereNew p. 199York,. 1985, p. 328­ asEssaysan Element Dedicatedof inContinuity Honor ofDr.Between Paul Z.Late BedoukianAntiquity on andthe FortiethIslam, 33. 329;H. NN.. KennedyF. Posner,, ThWhencee Financingthe Conquest of the Militaryof Northern in theMesopotamia? Early Islamic inYearM. oFrenkel-f His ContributionsY. Lev (eds.), (ArmeniaCharityn Numismatiand Givingc Journalin Monotheistic, 15), Los in:State,F. Kazemi in A. Camero- R. D. nMcChesney (ed.), The (eds.),ByzantineA Way andPrepared. Early IslamicEssays Nearon ReligionsAngeles, (Studien1989, p. 89-111zur Geschichte; S. Heidemannund Kultur, Fundmünzendes islamischen von Harrän,Orients, cit. IslamicEast IICultureI - States,in HonorResources,ofRichard and ArmiesBayly (StudieWinder,s Newin LatYork,e Antiquit1988,y N.F.,(n. 21)22),, pWiesbaden,. 271. For th2009,e lessep. r125-151. importance ofthe Kallinikos/ar-Raqqa p.an27-52;S.d Early Heidema.nn,Geschichte,Islam, 1), Princeton, 1995cit.(n., p28),p.. 361-37813-14andKh., here p. 'Athamina,372-373. 38. Forat thatthe timdirhame seemint S. Heidemannofijarran,see Geschichte,M. Bates, citThe. (nDirham. 28), p. Mint11-23of. the 34. ArabComparSettlemente H. N. duringKennedythe, ThUmayyade ImpactCaliphate, of Muslimin RuleJerusalem on the StudiesPattern 39. NorthernKh. Y. BlankinshipProvinces of, Ththee UmayyadEndof theCaliphate, Jihäd State.in Y. ThT.e NercessianReign of Hishäm(ed.), inofArabic Rural andSettlementIslam, 8,on1986, Syria,p. in185-207, P. Canivethere - J.-Pp. 199.. Rey-Coquais (eds.), Essaysibn 'AbdDedicated al-Malikin anHonord the CollapseofDr. Paul oftheZ. BedoukianUmayyads,on Albanythe Fortieth, 1994, 33. H.LaN. SyrieKennedy, de ByzanceThe Financing a l 'Islam vif-vnfofthe siede.Military Actesin the du EarlycolloqueIslamic inter- Yearp. 50-57ofHis. Contributions (Annenian Numismatic Journal, 15), Los State,nationalin A. LyonCameron - Maison(ed.), de l The'OrientByzantine Mediterraneenand Early ParisIslamic - InstitutNear du 40. Angeles,For the 1989,numismatip. 89-111;c evidencS. Heidemann,e of theseFundmiinzen interregionavonl exchangeljarriin,s cit.see EastMondeIII -ArabeStates, 11-15Resources, Septembreand 1990,Armies Damascus(Studies, in1992Late, pAntiquity. 291-297; (n.S. 21),Heidemannp. 271., ForSettlementthe lesser Patterns,importance cit. (nof. 1)the. Kallinikos/ar-Raqqa and Early Islam, 1), Princeton, 1995, p. 361-378, here p. 372-373. at that time see S. Heidemann, Geschichte, cit. (n. 28), p. 11-23. 34. Compare H. N. Kennedy, The Impact ofMuslim Rule on the Pattern 39. Kh. Y. Blankinship, The End ofthe Jihad State. The Reign ofHishiim ofRural Settlement on Syria, in P. Canivet - J.-P. Rey-Coquais (eds.), ibn 'Abd ai-Malik and the Collapse ofthe Umayyads, Albany, 1994, La Syrie de Byzance a I 'Islam Vlf-VI/f siecle. Actes du colloque inter­ p.50-57. national Lyon - Maison de I 'Orient Mediterraneen Paris - Institut du 40. For the numismatic evidence of these interregional exchanges see Monde Arabe 11-15 Septembre 1990, Damascus, 1992, p. 291-297; S. Heidemann, Settlement Patterns, cit. (n. 1). 4848 STEFANSTEFANHEIDEMANN HEIDEMANN

InInthe theearly early'Abbasid 'Abbasidperiod periodthe thecentre centre ofofgrowth growthin inthe the administrativeadministrative centrecentre ofof Maslama'sMaslama's ruralrural estatesestates inin thethe DiyarDiyärMu<;lar Mudar laylay stillstillin inthe thefertile fertile northernnorthern part.part.Until Until thethe northernnorthernDiyar DiyärMu<;lar. Mudar.The Thecoin coinfinds findsthen thensuggest suggest thatthat- - atat constructionconstruction ofof al-Rafiqaal-Räfiqa inin 155/772,155/772, I:IarranHarrän remainedremained leastleastduring duringthe thefirst firsttwo twoor orthree three decadesdecades- - I:Ii~nHisn MaslamaMaslama thethemost mostimportant importanttown townin inthe theDiyar DiyärMu<;lar. Mudar.It Itwas wasthe theseat seat existedexisted asäsan anoikos oikos ininthe the GreekGreek sense.sense.Large Large ruralruralestates estates ofof al-'Abbasal-'Abbäs ibnibn Mul).ammad,Muhammad, governorgovernor ofof thethe northern,northern, tendtendto tobe beself-sufficient self-sufficient andandhad hadless lessneed needfor forlocal localmarkets markets nownow 'Abbasid,'Abbasid, super-provincesuper-province al-Jazlraal-JazIra betweenbetween 142/759142/759 andand theirtheirassociated associated pettypettycoinage. coinage. ThisThismight mightexplain explainthe the andand155/772. 155/772.He Hewas wasthe thefirst firstpowerful powerful governorgovernorin inthe thearea area almostalmost totaltotal lacklack ofof coinscoins dateabledateable toto Maslama'sMaslama's lifetime.lifetime. afterafter aaperiod period ofoftunnoil turmoil causedcaused byby thethe 'Abbasid'Abbäsid usurpationUsurpation TheThe originoriginof ofI:Ii~n Hisn MaslamaMaslama asäsan anagricultural agriculturalresidence residence andand thethe warswars ofofsuccession succession thatthatfollowed followedthe the deathdeath ofofthe the fitsfits intointo thethe patternpattern ofof latelate RomanRoman andand UmayyadUmayyad estatesestates firstfirst 'AbbasidcAbbäsid caliphcaliph AbuAbu l-'Abbasl-cAbbäs (r.(r. 132-136/749-754).132-136/749-754). (qu#ir).44(qusür).™ WithWiththe thebeginning beginningof of'Abbasid 'Abbäsidrule, rule,the the charac­charac- InIn hishis capitalcapital I:Iarran,Harrän, al-'al-'AbbäAbbass ibnibn Mul).ammadMuhammad struckstruck terter ofofthe the largelargeestate estate mightmighthave havechanged. changed. I:Ii~nHisn MaslamaMaslama coppercopper coins,coins,which whichremained remainedthe themain, main,abundantly abundantlyavail­ avail- becamebecame urbanurbanand and developeddeveloped intointoa a smallsmallrural ruraltown townwith with ableable pettypetty coinagecoinage ofofthe the areaarea untiluntil thethe importimport ofof coppercopper coin-basedcoin-based marketmarketactivities. activities.Probably Probably thethe largelarge trapezoid,trapezoid, coinscoinsfrom from IraqIraqin inthe the 160s/780s,160s/780s,thus thuscovering coveringthe theperiod period hithertohithertoalmost almostunexplored unexploredsouthern southemurban urbanextension extension- - aboutabout beforebeforeal-Raqqa al-Raqqabecame becamethe theresidence residenceof ofthe theimperial imperialcourt. court. 1l 000000x x1 l000 000m m - - waswasbuilt builtup upthen then (figure(figure4). 4).From From thatthat TheThefrequent frequentarchaeological archaeological survivalsurvivalof ofcoins coinsof ofal- al-'Abbä'Abbass timetime onwardsonwards thethe sequencesequenceof of coinscoins isis almostalmost continuouscontinuous ibnibnMu1:)ammad Muhammadis ismost mostsignificant significantfor forthe thesites sitesin inI:Iarran's Harrän's untiluntilthe the3 3rdrd/9/9ththcentury, Century,parallel parallelto tothe thecoin coinfinds findsin inI:Iarran. Harrän. vicinity,vicinity,and andthe theDiyar DiyärMu<;lar Mudarin ingeneral. general. TheThe transfonnationtransformation ofof agriculturalagricultural estatesestates ofof thethe landedlanded v.V. IMPACTSIMPACTSOF OFTHE THEURBAN URBANAGGLOMERA AGGLOMERATIONnONS, , UmayyadUmayyad eliteselites intointo earlyearly 'Abbasid'Abbäsid ruralrural townstowns cancan bebe BAGHDAD,BAGHDÄD,AL- AL-RAQQRAQQAA ANDANDSAMARRA) SÄMARRÄ' demonstrateddemonstrated ininthe the casecase ofofI:Ii~n HisnMaslama Maslama (figure(figure 4).4). InIn thethe literaryliterary sourcessources thethe foundationfoundation ofof I:Ii~nHisn MaslamaMaslama isis TheThe strategicStrategie importanceimportance ofof northernnorthern MesopotamiaMesopotamia inin connectedconnectedwith withthe thefamous famouscommander commanderMaslama Maslamaibn ibn'Abd 'Abd general,general,and andthat thatof ofthe the DiyarDiyärMu<;lar Mudarin inparticular, particular, andand itsits aI-Malikal-Malik(d. (d.121/738). 121/738).In In114/732, 114/732,he heresigned resignedfrom frommilitary military growinggrowingprosperity prosperityduring duringthe the'Abbasid 'Abbäsidperiod, period, isisevidenced evidenced serviceservice andand retiredretired toto hishis estatesestates inin thethe DiyarDiyär Mu<;lar,Mudar, byby thethe numerousnumerousnewly newly plannedplannedcities, cities, enlargedenlarged villages,villages, probablyprobably totoI:Ii~n HisnMaslama. Maslama.4141 PartPart ofofhis his estates,estates, Bajadda,Bäjaddä, andand otherotherconstruction constructionworks works andand buildingbuildingactivities. activities.The The hehegave gaveto toa aretainer retainerfor forfurther furthercultivation. cultivation. TheThefoundation foundation growthgrowth ofofurban urban populationpopulation ininIraq, Iraq, especiallyespecially sincesince thethe ofofthe theI:Ii~n Hisnby byMaslama Maslamacan canbe beidentified identified withwiththe the squaresquare foundationfoundation ofofthe the imperialimperialcentre centre inin BaghdadBaghdäd inin 145/762,145/762, northernnorthernenclosure enclosurein inthe thebuilt-up built-uparea areaof ofabout about330 330x x330 330m. m. stimulatedstimulated agriculturalagriculturalproduction production inin thethe DiyarDiyär Mu<;lar.Mudar. Surprisingly,Surprisingly,in inMadlnat MadlnataI-Far al-Färno noUmayyad Umayyadcoin coinfinds findscan can TheseThese largelargeurban urban agglomerationsagglomerationssuch such asäs BaghdadBaghdäd andand bebeassociated associated withwithMaslama's Maslama's lifetime.lifetime.4242The The sequencesequence ofof al-Kufaal-Küfa onon thethe Euphrates,Euphrates, al-Ba~raal-Basra atat thethe Gulf,Gulf, andand laterlater coincoin findsfinds beginsbegins afterafter hishis death,death, inin 121/738,121/738, withwith aboutabout Samarra'Sämarrä' ononthe theTigris Tigris couldcouldno nolonger longerfeed feed theirtheirgrowing growing 44coins coinsdatable datableto tothe the120s/740s. 120s/740s.The Thefollowing followingissue issueof of populationpopulationsolely solelyon onthe thebasis basisof ofregional regionalproduction. production.Their Their al-al-'Abbä'Abbassibn ibnMu1:)ammad Muhammad isissurprisingly surprisinglyabundant, abundant, withwith rapidrapid growthgrowth dependeddepended onon aa numbernumber ofof exceptionalexceptional eco­eco- 99examples. examples. ThisThisissue issue formedformed thethemost mostnumerous numerous groupgroup nomicnomic factors.factors.As As imperialimperialcentres centres andand mainmain garrisonsgarrisons ofof amongamongthe thecoin coinfinds findsof ofI:Ii~n HisnMaslama, Maslama,thereby therebymaking makingit it thethe caliphalcaliphal army,army,they theywere were supportedsupported byby transfertransferof oftax tax thethemost mostcommon commoncoin cointype typein inarchaeological archaeological excavationsexcavations moniesmoniesfrom fromthe theentire entireempire, empire,from fromNorth NorthAfrica Africa totoCentral Central ininthe theregion. region. Asia.Asia.Their Theirurban urbanpopulation populationhad hadthus thussuperior superiorspending spending HowHow cancanthis this bebeexplained?43 explained?43 ThereThere areare atat leastleasttwo two power,power, makingmaking large-scalelarge-scaleinvestments investments ininfood-production food-production possibilities.possibilities.First, First,the thebuilding buildingcomplex complexmight mighthave haveserved served andand expensiveexpensive transportationtransportation fromfrom distantdistant regionsregions attrac­attrac- asäsmilitary militarypost postwith withthe thecharacter characterof ofa aprincely princelyresidence. residence. tive.tive.4545The TheEuphrates, Euphrates,the theTigris Tigrisand andthe theNahr Nährelsa 'Tsäprovided provided ThisThisseems seemsunlikely unlikelyand andcan canbe berejected rejected becausebecause garrisongarrison sitessitesusually usuallyyield yieldan anabundance abundanceof ofsmall smallcoins coinswhich whichwere were usedusedas äsa ameans meansof ofexchange exchangefor forthe thedaily dailyneeds needsof ofthe therank rank 44.44. CompareCompare H.H.N. N.Kennedy, Kennedy, Impact,Impacl, cit.cit. (n.(n.34), 34), esp.esp. p.p.293, 293, 294,294, andand file.file.Secondly, Secondly,I:Ii~n HisnMaslama Maslama couldcould havehave beenbeen thethe 296;296;M. M.G. G.Morony, Morony,Economic EconomicBoundaries?, Boundaries?,cit. cit(n.. (n.34), 34),esp. esp.p. p.168­ 168- 170.170.For Forthe thedevelopment developmentof ofthat thattype typeof ofbuildings buildingsfrom fromlate lateRoman Roman originsorigins seesee D.D. Genequand,Genequand, UmayyadUmayyad Castles:Castles: TheThe ShiftShifi fromfrom LateLate AntiqueAntiqueMilitary MilitaryArchitecture Architecture totoEarly EarlyIslamic Islamic PalatialPalatial Building,Building, inin 41.41. MaslamaMaslamapossessed possessed aahomonymous homonymousestate estateclose closeto toBalis, Baus,currently currently H.H.Kennedy Kennedy (ed.),(ed.), MuslimMuslim MilitaryMilitary ArchitectureArchitecture inin GreaterGreater Syria.Syria. excavatedexcavatedby byThomas ThomasLeisten, Leisten,Princeton PrincetonUniversity. University. FromFromthe theComing Corningof ofIslam Islamto tothe theOttoman OttomanPeriod Period(History (Historyof ofWarfare, Warfare, 42.42. ThereThereare areyet yetnot notfound foundany anycoins coinsof ofthe thel;Iarran-type Harrän-typefrom fromthe the90s/708s 90s/708s 35),35),Leiden, Leiden,2006, 2006,p. p.3-25. 3-25.For Forthe theterm termsee seeL. L.I. I.Conrad, Conrad,The TheQU~iir Qusür nornorregular regulärissues issuesofl;larran of Harränand andaI-RuM' al-Ruhä'from fromthe the116/734-5 116/734-5reform reform ofofMedieval MedievalIslam, Islam,in inal-Abbath, al-Abhäth,29, 29,1981, 1981,p. p.7-23. 7-23. ororany anyother othertype. type. 45.45. A.A.Northedge, Northedge,Remarks Remarkson onSamarra Samarraand andthe theArchaeology Archaeology ofofLarge Large 43.43. TheThefollowing followingfacts factsare aretaken takenfor forgranted: granted:the thefoundation foundationof ofl;Ii~n Hisn Cities,Cities,in inAntiquity, Antiquity,79, 79,no. no.303, 303,2005, 2005,p. p.119-129, 119-129,esp. esp. p.p.120-121. 120-121. MaslamaMaslama bybyMaslama Maslama ibnibn'Abd 'AbdaI-Malik al-Malikaccording according totothe thereports reports ForForsome someestimates estimatesabout aboutthe thesize sizeof ofthe thenew newlarge largeagglomerations agglomerationssee see ofofIbn Ibnl;Iawqal Hawqaland andYaqiit Yäqütand andClaus-Peter Claus-PeterHaase's Haase'sidentification identification H.H.N. N.Kennedy, Kennedy, MilitaryMilitaryPay Payand andthe theEconomy Economy ofofthe theEarly EarlyIslamic Islamic ofoflayer layer1 las ästhe theUmayyad Umayyadfoundation. foundation. State,State,in inHistorical HistoricalResearch, Research,75, 75,2002, 2002,p. p.155-169. 155-169. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR 49 a comparatively cheap and easy access to the Iraqi markets 'the companion' to the city Kallinikos/al-Raqqa with an for products coming from Syria and Northern Mesopota- indigenous population.51 At first the local people resisted SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYAR MUI;>AR 49 mia. This System of provisioning more than one huge urban the new foundation. They were afraid that the new settlement agglomeration was only feasible in a highly-developed might spoil their markets; they feared for their sustenance monetary economy, which did exist. and the restrictions on their living space.52 They probably a comparatively cheap and easy access to the Iraqi markets 'the companion' to the city Kallinikos/al-Raqqa with an The port of al-Raqqa46 (figure 3) probably served äs expected that the huge additional demand for foodstuffs for products coming from Syria and Northern Mesopota­ indigenous population.51 At first the local people resisted the main hüb for agricultural and industrial products from would raise their cost of living. Contrary to these expectations, mia. This system ofprovisioning more than one huge urban the new foundation. They were afraid that the new settlement northern Syria and the Diyär Mudar, from which foodstuffs the foundation of al-Räfiqa fostered rapid agricultural and agglomeration was only feasible in a highly-developed might spoil their markets; they feared for their sustenance and goods were shipped downstream to Baghdäd and Iraq.47 industrial growth in the Diyär Mudar. monetary economy, which did exist. and the restrictions on their living space.52 They probably Al-Raqqa was the most suitable port situated at the junction The centre of economic activity shifted from the pro- The port of al-Raqqa46 (figure 3) probably served as expected that the huge additional demand for foodstuffs of the rivers al-BalTkh and Euphrates. Ya'qübT (d. 284/987) vincial capital Harrän in the north, to al-Raqqa in the south, the main hub for agricultural and industrial products from would raise their cost ofliving. Contrary to these expectations, describes it äs being ice-free during the whole year, and al- which now became the capital of the Jazlra province. After northern Syria and the Diyar Mu<;lar, from which foodstuffs the foundation of al-Rafiqa fostered rapid agricultural and DimashqT (d. 727/1327) adds that the Euphrates sometimes the foundation of the garrison al-Räfiqa, al-Raqqa became and goods were shipped downstream to Baghdad and Iraq.47 industrial growth in the Diyar Mu<;lar. froze upstream beyond al-Raqqa.48 Tanükhl reports that a one of the fastest-growing urban settlements in the 'Abbäsid AI-Raqqa was the most suitable port situated at the junction The centre ofeconomic activity shifted from the pro­ merchant from Baghdäd named al-MarzawT (d. 297/909-910) empire.53 Al-Raqqa was composed of the cities of al-Raqqa/ ofthe rivers al-BalIkh and Euphrates. Ya'qubi (d. 284/987) vincial capital I:Iarran in the north, to al-Raqqa in the south, speculated in olive oil prices in al-Raqqa.49 Ibn al-'AdTm Kallinikos and al-Räfiqa. Twenty-five years later, in 180/ describes it as being ice-free during the whole year, and al­ which now became the capital ofthe JazTra province. After adds that oil arriving from northern Syria was traded in 796-7, the speed of urban development further accelerated DimashqT (d. 727/1327) adds that the Euphrates sometimes the foundation of the garrison al-Rafiqa, al-Raqqa became al-Raqqa to be shipped to Iraq and the Gulf.50 when Harun al-RashTd (r. 170-193/786-809) added a vast froze upstream beyond al-Raqqa.48 Tanukhi reports that a one of the fastest-growing urban settlements in the 'Abbasid Although the foundation of Baghdäd already had a strong palace area to the north of the twin cities, which comprised merchant from Baghdad named al-MarzawT (d. 297/909-910) empire.53 AI-Raqqa was composed of the cities of al-Raqqal economic impact on the Diyär Mudar, the most important about twenty major building complexes. He invested speculated in olive oil prices in al-Raqqa.49 Ibn al-'Adim Kallinikos and al-Rafiqa. Twenty-five years later, in 180/ change in the life of the region came in 155/772 with the in additional water-supply and irrigation. Canals were dug adds that oil arriving from northern Syria was traded in 796-7, the speed of urban development further accelerated decision of the second c Abbäsid caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansür along the Euphrates, the Nähr al-Nll, and also along the al-Raqqa to be shipped to Iraq and the Gulf. 50 when Harun aI-RashId (r. 170-193/786-809) added a vast (r. 136-158/754-774) to build a fortified garrison city west BalTkh to the north in order to transport water from the Although the foundation ofBaghdad already had a strong palace area to the north ofthe twin cities, which comprised of al-Raqqa (figure 3) in order to stabilise the fragile 'Abbäsid vicinity of Sarüj to the bustling agglomeration of al-Raqqa economic impact on the Diyar Mu<;lar, the most important about twenty major building complexes. He invested power in northern Syria, Cilicia and northern Mesopotamia, and the palace gardens.54 In the north, Ismä'Tl ibn Subayh, a change in the life of the region came in 155/772 with the in additional water-supply and irrigation. Canals were dug to reorganise the border defences and to establish a base for high-ranking secretary at the time of al-Mahdl and Harun decision ofthe second 'Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al-Ma~ur along the Euphrates, the Nahr aI-NIl, and also along the assaults against Byzantium. An eastern Iranian detachment al-RashTd, is known to have commissioned an irrigation (r. 136-158/754-774) to build a fortified garrison city west BalIkh to the north in order to transport water from the from Khuräsän, loyal to the 'Abbäsid cause, was settled canal (qanäf) for Harrän which was about 10 miles (16 km) ofal-Raqqa (figure 3) in order to stabilise the fragile 'Abbasid vicinity ofSaruj to the bustling agglomeration ofal-Raqqa here. The caliph named the new city al-Räfiqa, literally long.55 power in northern Syria, Cilicia and northern Mesopotamia, and the palace gardens.54 In the north, Isma'Il ibn Subayl:I, a to reorganise the border defences and to establish a base for high-ranking secretary at the time of al-MahdI and Harun assaults against Byzantium. An eastern Iranian detachment aI-RashId, is known to have commissioned an irrigation from46. ThKhurasan,e port of al-Raqqloyala is tonotthe yet located'Abbasid, see Scause,. Heidemannwas , settledHistory canal (qaniit) for I:Iarran which was about 10 miles (16 km) of the Industrial and Commercial Area of 'Abbäsid al-Raqqa Called 55 here.al-RaqqaThe caliph al-Muhtariqa,named inthe Bulletinnew ofcity the Schoolal-Rafiqa, of Orientalliterally and 51long.. S. Heidemann, Geschichte, cit. (n. 28), p. 24-25. African Studies, 69, 2006, p. 32-52, here p. 37. 52. TabarT (d. 310/923), Tarikh al-Rusul wal-mulük, ed. M. J. De Goeje, 47. I. M. Lapidus, Arab Settlement and Economic Development of Iraq 3 parts in 15 vols., Leiden, 1879-1901, here vol. III, p. 372-373; trans. and Iran in the Age ofthe Umayyad and Early Abbäsid Caliphs, H. Kennedy, Al-Mansür and al-Mahdl (The History of al-Tabarl, 29), 46. Thein A.port L. Udovitcof al-Raqqah (ed.)is, notThe yetIslamiclocated, Middlesee East,S. Heidemann, 700-1900. HistoryStudies Albany, 1990, p. 67-69. ofin Economicthe Industrial and andSocialCommercial History, PrincetonArea of, 1981'Abbiisid, p. 177-208al-Raqqa, herCallede esp. 53. For an outline ofthe urban development of al-Raqqa see S. Heidemann, al-Raqqap. 181; H. Nal-Mufztariqa,. Kennedy, Militaryin Bulletin Pay, citof. (nthe. 47)School, p. 159-167ofOriental; S. Heideand- 51. al-Muhtariqa,S. Heidemann, citGeschichte,. (n. 46), ancit.d Id.(n., 28),Definingp. 24-25. an Imperial Metropolis: Africanmann, Geschichte,Studies, 69, cit2006,. (n. p.28)32-52,, p. 20-21here, p.2937.. Compare E. Ashtor, A 52. TabariThe Palace(d. 310/923), Area of al-Raqqa.Tarfkh al-Rusul From Madinatwal-muluk, al-Saläm/Baghdäded. M. J. De Goeje, and 47. SocialI. M. Lapidus, and EconomicArab Settlement History oftheand EconomicNear East Developmentin the Middleof Ages,Iraq Qasr3 parts al-Saläm/'Isäbädhin 15 vols., Leiden, to1879-1901, al-Räfiqa/al-Raqqa,here vol. III,in p.N.372-373; Rabbat (ed.)trans., andBerkeleyIran, inLothes AngelesAge of, theLondonUmayyad, 1976,and p. 42Early. Abbasid Caliphs, TheH. Kennedy, Islamic CityAI-Man.~ur in the Classicalandal-Mahdf Age, Leide(ThenHistory (forthcoming)ofal-Tabar!,. 29), 48. Ya'qübin A. L.T Udovitch(d. 284/897)(ed.),, KitäbThe Islamic al-Buldän,Middle ed.East, M. J.700-1900. de Goeje,Studies Kitäb 54. KAlbany,. Toueir1990,, Le Nährp. 67-69. el-Nil entre Raqqa et Heraqlah, in B. Geyer (ed.), al-Buldänin Economic (Bibliothecand Sociala GeographoruHistory, Princeton,m Arabicoru1981,mp. VII)177-208,, Leidenhere, 1892esp., 53. TechniquesFor an outline et ofpratiquesthe urban hydro-agricolesdevelopment of traditionnellesal-Raqqa see S. enHeidemann, domaine reprinp. 181;t H.LeidenN. Kennedy,, 1967, pMilitary. 231-373Pay,, hercit.e p(n.. 25047),. p.DimashqT159-167;, S.NukhbatHeide­ irrigue.al-Mufztariqa, Approchecit. (n.pluridisciplinaire46), and Id., Defining des modesan Imperialde cultureMetropolis: avant la al-dahrßmann, Geschichte, 'ajä'ib al-barrcit. (n. wal-bahr,28), p. 20-21,29.ed. A. F.M MehrenCompare, CosmographieE. Ashtor, A motorisationThe Palace Area en Syrie.ofal-Raqqa. Actes duFrom colloqueMadfnat de Damasal-Salam/Baghdiid 27' juin-I"juilletand dSociale Chems-ed-Dinand Economic AbouHistory Abdallahof Mohammedthe Near East ed-Dimichqui,in the Middle St. PetersAges,- 1987Qa$r (Bibliothequal-Saliim/'lsiibiidhe Archeologiquto al-Rafiqalal-Raqqa,e et Historique,in 136)N. , RabbatParis, 1990(ed.),, Berkeley,burg, 1865-6Los, reprinAngeles,t OsnabrückLondon,, 19821976,, pp.. 42.93-94. volThe. Islamicl, p. 217-227City in; theW. SchirmerClassical, Age,Landschaftsgeschichte,Leiden (forthcoming). cit. (n. 6), 48.49. Ya'qubiTanükhT (d(d.. 384/994)284/897),, NishwärKitiib al-muhädaraal-Buldiin, ed. wa-akhbärM. J. de al-mudhäkara,Goeje, Kitdb 54. pK.. 68Toueir,; T. J. LeWilkinsonNahr el-Nil, Sabientre Abyad:Raqqa Theet GeoarcheologyHeraqlah, in B. ofGeyera Complex(ed.), al-Bulddned. 'Abbüd(Bibliotheca al-ShälikhlGeographorum, The Table-TalkArabicorum of a MesopotamianVII), Leiden, Judge,1892, Landscape,Techniques ietn Ppratiques. M. M. Ghydro-agricoles. Akkermans (ed.)traditionnelles, Teil Sabi Abyad,en domainethe Late 8reprint vols., Leiden,w/o place1967,, 1972-1973p. 231-373,, here volhere. IIIp., p.250. 79-82Dimashqi,; about al-MarwazTNukhbat, Neolithicirrigue. Approche Settlement,pluridisciplinaire Istanbul, 1996des, modesp. 1-24,de herculturee p. avant17, 23la; seal-dahre vol.fi I, p'aja'ib. 78 n.aI-barr 3. wal-bafzr, ed. A. EM Mehren, Cosmographie Tmotorisation. J. Wilkinsonen, Syrie.Water Actesand Humandu colloque Settlement,de Damas cit. 27(n.juin-Ier 6), p. 67-69juillet, 50. IbdenChems-ed-Din al-'AdTm (d. Abou660/1262)Abdallah, BughyatMohammed al-Talabßed-Dimichqui, tarikh Halab,St. Peters­ ed. 82-831987;(Bibliotheque S. HeidemannArcheologique, Geschichte, citet. (nHistorique,. 28), p. 35136),. Paris, 1990, Sburg,. Zakkär1865-6,, 12reprint vols., DamascusOsnabrock,, 1982,1988, p.her93-94.e vol. I, p. 60. For other 55. Yäqütvol. 1,, Buldänp. 217-227; II, ed.W. F. WüstenfeldSchirmer, Landschaftsgeschichte,, cit. (n. 14), p. 96 (lemmcit.a Julläb);(n.6), 49. referenceTaniikhi (d.s o384/994),f this texNishwiirt see S.al-mufziidara Heidemann, wa-akhbiirGeschichte,al-mudhiikara, cit. (n. 28), Dp.. 68;SourdelT. J., Wilkinson,Nouvelles recherchesSabi Abyad: sur Thela deuxiemeGeoarcheology partie dofu «a LivreComplex des ped.. 29'Abbiid n. 224. al-Shiilikhi,The economicThe risTable-Talke of Diyäofr Mudaa Mesopotamianr can be paralleleJudge,d Landscape,Vizirs », in Melangesin P. M. M.LouisG. AkkermansMassignon III(ed.),, DamascusTell Sabi, Abyad,1956-7, thep. 271Late- 8witvols.,h thawlot ofthplace,e Thughü1972-1973,r provincheree invol. Cilicialll, p., startin79-82;g aboutwith Khuräsäniaal-Marwazi,n 299Neolithic, here p.Settlement, 277. The timIstanbul,e ofthe constructio1996, p.n 1-24,work ishere not determinedp. 17, 23;. seemilitarvol.y I,settlementp. 78 n. 3.; P. v. Sivers, Taxes and Trade in the 'Abbäsid TabarT. J. Wilkinson,T reports thaWatert Ismä'Tandl ibnHuman SubayhSettlement, was in 170/786-cit. (n.6),7 äs officiap.67-69,l in 50. IbnThughür,al-'Adim in Journal(d. 660/1262), of the BughyatEconomical-Talab and Socialfi tarikh History8alab, of thed.e Harrän82-83;;S. TabarTHeidemann,, Tarikh,Geschichte, ed. M. J. cit.De(n. Goeje28),, p.cit35.. (n. 52), vol. III, S.Orient,Zakkar, 25, 198212 vols.,, p. 71-99Damascus,. 1988, here vol. I, p. 60. For other 55. pYaqut,. 572. Buldan II, ed. F. Wustenfeld, cit. (n. 14), p. 96 (lemmaJullab); references of this text see S. Heidemann, Geschichte, cit. (n. 28), D. Sourdel, Nouvelles recherches sur la deuxieme partie du« Livre des p. 29 n. 224. The economic rise of Diyar MUQar can be paralleled Vizirs », in Melanges Louis Massignon III, Damascus, 1956-7, p. 271­ with that ofthe Thughiir province in Cilicia, starting with Khurasanian 299, here p. 277. The time ofthe construction work is not determined. military settlement; P. v. Sivers, Taxes and Trade in the 'Abbasid Tabari reports that Ismii'll ibn Subayl}. was in 170/786-7 as official in Thughur, in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the I:Iarran; Tabari, Tiirfkh, ed. M. J. De Goeje, cit. (n.52), vol. III, Orient, 25,1982, p. 71-99. p.572. 5050 STEFANSTEFANHEIDEMANN HEIDEMANN

\,

\

~~-—U/ ™®¥T^^- e/r,. d \HK \>

.... - ...., ////~aYr al-Zakka \ ", (Tall Bi'a) " \ , : / <)1 ,/

'...... -~I Cc::;;:-- 2 ~~~!

10 "'" 15

6 AI-Rafiqa

~~\ 32

Kallinikos

a 500 1000 m

FigureFigure 33 - -AgglomeratioAgglomerationn al-Raqqaal-Raqqa.. (German(German ArchaeologicaArchaeologicall InstitutInstitutee -- JenJenaa UniversityUniversity)) SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUPAR 51

The army, the administration and the court of the caliph a quadriburgium of unknown function and an almost Harun al-Rashld created a vast demand for foodstuffs, rectangular 'Abbäsid city wall, about 450 x 450 m, with SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYAR MUl)AR 51 industrial products, and Services. The demand resulted in projecting half-towers (figure 6). Tall Mahrä constituted an increase in industrial and agricultural production which the largest and most important rural town between Hisn in turn led to an increase in the number of villages and Maslama and al-Raqqa.57 The small early Islamic town of The army, the administration and the court ofthe caliph a quadriburgium of unknown function and an almost small rural towns. In 200/815-6 the industrial facilities Bäjarwän, situated between al-Raqqa and Tall Mahrä was Harlin aI-RashId created a vast demand for foodstuffs, rectangular 'Abbasid city wall, about 450 x 450 m, with were enclosed by a wall and formed an urban entity of their identified by Karin Bartl with present-day Tall Dämir al- industrial products, and services. The demand resulted in projecting half-towers (figure 6). Tall Mal)ra constituted own. It was later called al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa. The name GharbT and Tall Dämir al-SharqT on opposite banks of the an increase in industrial and agricultural production which the largest and most important rural town between I:Ii~n means "the burning al-Raqqa", probably an allusion to BalTkh river. In the literary sources its existence is attested in tum led to an increase in the number of villages and Maslama and al-RaqqaY The small early Islamic town of the industrial glass and ceramic furnaces, which let out from the Umayyad period to the 4th/10th Century.58 small rural towns. In 200/815-6 the industrial facilities Bajarwan, situated between al-Raqqa and Tall Mal)ra was thick smoke. This agglomeration was the largest city west Present-day Khirbat al-Anbär, identified by Karin Bartl were enclosed by a wall and formed an urban entity oftheir identified by Karin Bartl with present-day Tall Damir al­ of Baghdäd until the foundation of Sämarrä'. with Bäjaddä, lies to the south of Hisn Maslama.59 The name own. It was later called al-Raqqa al-Mul)tariqa. The name GharbT and Tall Damir al-SharqI on opposite banks of the In 221/836 the next boost in agricultural development is of Aramaic origin thus probably reflecting an indigenous means "the burning al-Raqqa", probably an allusion to BalTkh river. In the literary sources its existence is attested came with the foundation of the new imperial centre Syriac-speaking population. It appears to be almost square, the industrial glass and ceramic furnaces, which let out from the Umayyad period to the 4th/lOth century.58 Sämarrä' on the Tigris in northern Iraq. The extended mili- 800 x 700 m, consisting of a low mound with a flat top, thick smoke. This agglomeration was the largest city west Present-day Khirbat al-Anbar, identified by Karin Bartl tary and administrative agglomeration stretched about 40 km suggesting one main building-phase. Its most significant and of Baghdad until the foundation of Samarra'. with Bajadda, lies to the south ofI:Ii~n Maslama.59 The name from the north to the south and 20 km from the east to currently only visible monument is a large dorne seemingly In 221/836 the next boost in agricultural development is ofAramaic origin thus probably reflecting an indigenous the west in its final stage. This rapid urbanization created covering an Underground cistern or well (figure 7). It was came with the foundation of the new imperial centre Syriac-speaking population. It appears to be almost square, an enormous new demand for foodstuffs.56 In the Diyär first discovered and photographed by Mark Sykes in 1907.60 Samarra' on the Tigris in northern Iraq. The extended mili­ 800 x 700 m, consisting of a low mound with a flat top, Mudar this is visible in increased building activity in the Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-SarakhsT (d. 286/899)61 who tra- tary and administrative agglomeration stretched about 40 km suggesting one main building-phase. Its most significant and countryside. The different phases of this growth cannot al- versed the BalTkh valley in 271/884-5 reports that the small from the north to the south and 20 km from the east to currently only visible monument is a large dome seemingly ways be archaeologically distinguished or precisely dated. town had been given to a retainer of Maslama ibn 'Abd the west in its final stage. This rapid urbanization created covering an underground cistern or well (figure 7). It was The economic effects of the large urban agglomerations al-Malik, named Usayd al-SulamT: "He built the city and an enormous new demand for foodstuffs. 56 In the Diyar first discovered and photographed by Mark Sykes in 1907.60 were probably feit at all sites in the Diyär Mudar. For surrounded it with a wall. In it, there are gardens (basätiri) Mu<;lar this is visible in increased building activity in the Al)mad ibn al-Tayyib al-SarakhsI (d. 286/899)61 who tra­ the 2nd/8th and 3rd/9th centuries, settlement expansion can irrigated by a well ('ayri) which springs up in the midst countryside. The different phases ofthis growth cannot al­ versed the BalTkh valley in 271/884-5 reports that the small be archaeologically traced at Hisn Maslama (figure 4), (wasatuhä) of the town. People drink from that fountain. ways be archaeologically distinguished or precisely dated. town had been given to a retainer of Maslama ibn 'Abd al-Järüd (figure 5), Tall Mahrä (figure 6) and Bäjaddä With the surplus water, the grain fields are irrigated".62 This The economic effects of the large urban agglomerations aI-Malik, named Usayd al-SulamI: "He built the city and (figure 7). These small towns share an almost rectangular spring might be located under the dorne. Tall A'far, an were probably felt at all sites in the Diyar Mu<;iar. For surrounded it with a wall. In it, there are gardens (basii{in) layout and have distinct city walls. Excavations at the first 'Abbäsid village also mentioned by al-SarakhsT äs having the 2 nd/8 th and yd/9th centuries, settlement expansion can irrigated by a well ('ayn) which springs up in the midst three sites have revealed projecting half-towers, similar to gardens and vineyards, lay close to Hisn Maslama on the be archaeologically traced at I:Ii~n Maslama (figure 4), (wasatuhii) of the town. People drink from that fountain. those of the city walls of al-Räfiqa. These walls served way to al-Raqqa, but it has not yet been located.63 al-Jarlid (figure 5), Tall Mal)ra (figure 6) and Bajadda With the surplus water, the grain fields are irrigated".62 This almost no defence purposes. They seem to be Symbols of (figure 7). These small towns share an almost rectangular spring might be located under the dome. Tall A'far, an urban pride and wealth in small rural towns. The above- layout and have distinct city walls. Excavations at the first 'Abbasid village also mentioned by al-SarakhsT as having mentioned villages, Bäjaddä and Bäjarwän, have not yet three sites have revealed projecting half-towers, similar to gardens and vineyards, lay close to I:Ii~n Maslama on the been archaeologically explored. The impact of the founda- those of the city walls of al-Rafiqa. These walls served way57. M.to Deal-Raqqa, Jong-A. Kanedabut it ,has Teil Sheikhnot yet Hasan,been citlocated.. (n. 13); 63K. Bartl, Teil tion of Sämarrä' is evident in the blossoming of al-Järüd Sheikh Hassan, cit. (n. 13), offers a different picture of Tall Mahrä. almost no defence purposes. They seem to be symbols of in the WädT Hamar, and very probably in the case of Hisn Based on the pottery collected mostly from the top of the ancient urban pride and wealth in small rural towns. The above­ settlement mount, Karin Bartl suggested an end the occupation after Maslama and Bäjaddä. All three sites lay in the north of the mentioned villages, Bajadda and Bajarwan, have not yet the beginning of the 2nd/8* Century. In comparison, the settlement Ballkh valley and the adjoining WädT Hamar. mount in 'Abbäsid al-Järüd has almost no traces of an early Islamic been archaeologically explored. The impact of the founda­ Tall Mahrä, although a Byzantine Christian settlement, 57. M.occupationDe Jong-A.. Kaneda, Tell Sheikh Hasan, cit. (n. 13); K. Bartl, Tell tion of Samarra' is evident in the blossoming of al-Jarlid 58. SheikhIbn KhurradädhbihHassan, cit., (n.Masälik,13), offers cit. (na. 15)different, p. 97.picture of Tall Mabra. became a thriving rural small town in the 'Abbäsid period. in the WadI I:Iamar, and very probably in the case of I:Ii~n 59. BasedK. Bartlon, Frühislamischethe pottery collected Besiedlung,mostly cit.from (n. 5)the, p. top219,of 255the. Kancient. Bartl It is best known from Dionysios of Tall Mahrä, the 3rd/9th- settlementdid not describmount,e thKarine dornBartle ansuggestedd did not anmentioend then 12occupationth-13th Centuraftery Maslama and Bajadda. All three sites lay in the north ofthe nd th century chronicler and Jacobite patriarch of Antioch, whose thepotterybeginning. In Septembeof ther 22005/8 ,century. during aIn visicomparison,t of the authorthe ,settlement however, BalTkh valley and the adjoining WadI I:Iamar. mountsome blue-glazein 'Abbasidd medievaal-Jariidl haspotteralmosty lay noon tracesthe surfaceof an. earlyBäjaddIslamicä was seat was in Kallinikos/al-Raqqa. An ancient settlement Tall Mal)ra, although a Byzantine Christian settlement, occupation.probably inhabited in the 6th/12th and early 7th/13th centuries. It was mound is located in the centre of the urban precinct of Tall 58. Ibnthe Khurradadhbih,origin of the famouMasalik,s familcit.y (n.of th15),e Hanbalp. 97. T scholars, the Banü became a thriving rural small town in the 'Abbasid period. 59. K.TaymiyyaBartl, Friihislamische, Yäqüt, BuldänHesiedlung, I, ed. F. Wüstenfeldcit. (n. 5),, citp.. 219,(n. 14) 255., p. K.453Bartl. Mahrä. The town has an impressive church, a small mosqueth , It is best known from Dionysios of Tall Mal)ra, the }fd/9 _ 60. didM. Sykesnot describe, Journeys,the citdome. (n. 3),and p. 240did, senote thmentione photo of12 ththe_13 dornth ecentury p. 243. century chronicler and Jacobite patriarch ofAntioch, whose pottery.He identifieIn Septemberd this site wit2005,h Hisduringn Maslamaa visit. Thofe mathep author,at the enhowever,d of the somearticleblue-glazed makes it obvioumedievals that hpotterye did nolayt seone Madlhathe surface.t al-FäBajaddar but Khirbawast seat was in Kallinikos/al-Raqqa. An ancient settlement probablyal-Anbär. inhabited in the 6th/12th and early 7th/13 th centuries. It was mound56. Ya'qübTis ,located Buldän, citin .the (n. 48)centre, 262-26of4the (transporurbant routeprecincts to Samarra')ofTall; 61. theF. Rosenthalorigin of, theAhmadfamous b. at-Tayyibfamily of theas-SarahslI:IanbaII (Americascholars,n theOrientaBanul Mal)ra.TabariThe, Tärlkh,town hascit. an(n. impressive52), vol. III,church, p. 2110 a(pricsmalle increasmosque,e in Taymiyya,Series, 26),Yaqut, New HavenHu/diin, 1943I, ed.. F. Wiistenfeld, cit. (n. 14), p. 453. Baghdäd because of Sämarrän demand). A. Northedge, Remarks on 60.62. M.Al-SarakhsSykes, Journeys,! in Yäqütcit., Buldän(n. 3), Ip., ed240,. F.see Wüstenfeldthe photo, ofcitthe. (n.dome 14), pp.. 243.453; Samarra (n. 45), p. 121. J. Johns, Feeding the Army, in C. F. Robin- HeIransidentified. F. Rosenthalthis site, as-Sarahslwith I:Ii~n (nMaslama.. 61), p. 73The. map at the end ofthe son (ed.), A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered. An Interdisciplinary 63. articleAl-SarakhsmakesT init Yäqütobvious, Buldänthat he I,did ed. notF. Wüstenfeldsee Maomat, citai-Far. (n. 14)but, Khirbatp. 864; Approach to Samarra (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, 14), Oxford, 2001, al-Anbar.trans. F. Rosenthal, as-Sarahsi, cit. (n. 61), p. 73. This reference 56. Ya'qubI,p. 183-190Hu/dan,. cit. (n. 48), 262-264 (transport routes to Samarra'); 61. F.dateRosenthal,s the site tA/:zmado at leasb.t tha!-Tayyibe second halas-Sarabslf of the 3^/9(American* Century.Oriental Tabar!, Tarlkh, cit. (n. 52), vol. III, p. 2110 (price increase in Series, 26), New Haven, 1943. Baghdad because of Samarran demand). A. Northedge, Remarks on 62. AI-Sarakhsi in Yaqut, Huldan I, ed. F. Wiistenfeld, cit. (n. 14), p. 453; Samarra (n. 45), p. 121. J. Johns, Feeding the Army, in C. F. Robin­ trans. F. Rosenthal, as-Sarabsl (n. 61), p. 73. son (ed.), A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered. An InterdisCiplinary 63. Al-SarakhsI in Yaqut, Hu/dan I, ed. F. Wiistenfeld, cit. (n. 14), p. 864; Approach to Samarra (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, 14), Oxford, 2001, trans. F. Rosenthal, as-Sarabsl, cit. (n. 61), p. 73. This reference p. 183-190. dates the site to at least the second half ofthe 3rd/9th century. 5252 STEFANSTEFANHEIDEMANN HEIDEMANN

. ~",.': ,,", .~.::;~~..'-**' ;;;~-,:~~':J~~::~ ~~~~~;tl\. .l.,./ /'. + ~\\, t~;;:*":.~k!.,, ,~7f:t )!Ir,~;I{ ! --:e# (\ \. t •• ,; 1 ! ;"'--'" , I\...... ,_. " ~i.i:n s'j,{~·,~.!..~ )':.{.:~\ ".~;';"··{~J-:'~,i!i(t~, '., I l ./ '_J ,\/\( ~ ,.):::~ \.~' ~ ·~.l"",ll· .. _.... .-' '\ "'...... ; .... ;...... '. ....:. ;f:1.i-J ,.- , \\ \: ," \L~~;~.:C:S~1:i~~~~i7'~~~ri~~~'):.~:;~'~.;; l .:-~~;~ ~!~~/., &~;.I>'l..:::·,~:.·~.!;.·. ~ ··~.:~.~-:::!t~::.... L··~.. \.....j ~. f 1 \' ,.+ I I + i_.. :;.q-.. .Jr'. 0\'/ .. + of \...... \ r ~: ~ W~" ~\ I ,.)) I• 11,/ Y,G,,1 " -- i {.:::..," j'" "",LPN: . '-t·. "'o2!i,'" va,....-. J 'I .: •. I'cd ...' "~'-' ...", Il~ .... , ...... , ..;.•.•• ./. • 4.... ~..Jt:."".f, ~'_I ""

.'• '•-. : .'•.V.JV--~<^.i; f...,»"--'..* Ws>\+ .... \(. · ;t'~~tb(t1i.f~~~1i;~~~·~)t.:~.~'j .:,~<~~i~:~~~;~~~~v^->*»».-.,•.: xV.-v i./ /• .'-..r...... _~""'~., ) ~\( -)~....,. .;... k'· , !. '. i;'" !,.,' ."'''~', iI'.'.\ .'., L· • c-·~;; ('(r;.~cz ,?,.~\,C).~ .... t.-.:,:.:'~~\~~k' '~;~\~:> \ :,'!' ,\/»";:11/ <>:.) _. Si'b '---. \.,./:tll'~1\-:.._1l j,..::-.~,~.:<.,·/~llft ..;;a;;J>I{1~~,o .../D ..:.•!f")i)·~\a DO;, 0 .. 'b'· ....•,1 .., 9, . .. I : .--.,.. 't1' ,\ •\ •.,. ~ .., .... "t•• ' .• ' a.'i . t!j'o.: . " .' (-.l \ I· \ I' ~I .; 4 \ '- . J '-.. '''M'.:' / -d- ...o(."~,, { '. ~.-' ....'. " -...... / ,..~ '\ ,;+

.'. ~{

...... ( ~ . il\,~·'J I\~ ~ ,~\ ~ (:5,;,~.r:~~)(1~~i~:':~\:.~~~:'~' /~~ •; I ".'. \ • [" 0 . i\ :

{ws.... ;~:.') :..I.~· \.: /' o ~ a +) .0...... l;. • .. , ~ : i : 1""--' I' : _. /! .j '. .!.1"",'i! ~., - j { .\ ..... "'f ~ .' '... .. + " ("j "~".! ',_:' '. s-·· • "'-7 / \.- ,~C"C>:,,,'~-etr '\ ~\ \ D (,' \. f\ I R •.:.; 0 :.\ C:\. D iT.:' .+ \~~,\\~;,>:::;.~: .....'.. ~.. rt'o'~··, • (\ . [' ~~~. \ '.- . "', 'q;q, i'\ \ .... ~~,~.).. 1 J ! 'rls:'" '.~ ...--. ".. "". ..,...... - /('1~:.:~/ ~,J··:~)!,li;~:.:= ~) ~~'f~<:~),~~;~, '~~'J"~ (~.' ~ .. :. ... '. c.. • + + ! ./; !ijr ';:::~"" ..,~" \ ..K-lSi iii.' ...... (o~. \,_... ( ~ ~/I! \...' (' , "'\,':l ~ \.: .fl ti~l~P 0 of. 0 f~ -l [_··'o..···J .. /) ,,.:\:+ '\:~~ ... :...:.~:: _.i.·~t. ~, :...... ".7 '''''.J' :,/''\).Q"_.... .••• -.-&lII ') ji' \...../ +(•• ~ :~ ~\i))- (~ + (' D -t ..'., 0" ./, (oJ..········:; D D oj. + oI~1/ ~.r ·~.:---~·.,/.·.·.i. • ,._...... ••••...._} ,.'.• •.. ") . . [ii ) ! ..... :~:~:~.;~::<' .. FigurFiguree 4 4- -HisnI:Ii~n MaslamMaslamaa (Madina(MadTnatt al-Far)aI-Far),, (Drawing(Drawing:: NorberNorbertt HagenHagen,, byby courtesycourtesy ofof Claus-PeteClaus-Peterr HaaseHaase)) SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR 53

2400— SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIY AR MUOAR 53 N(m)

2400­ N(m)

2200

/ ./ 2200

2000

2000

1800—

180

1600—

1200 1400 1600 1800 E(m)

160 '. ~"".-~"- ",",;-",...:.,... Figure 5 - Al-Järud (Kharab Sayyar). (By courtesy of Jan-Waalke Meyer) I I I 1200 1400 1600 1800 E(m) For al-Järüd Jan-Waalke Meyer had previously suggest- period, but based on otherFigure archaeologica5 - Al-Jariidl evidence(Kharab. ThSayyar).e main ed the existence ofan Umayyad and early 'Abbäsid phase.64 settlement phase of al-Järüd(By ,courtesy corroborateof Jan-Waalked by Sämarrä'-Meyer) In al-Järüd, however, no regulär dated coin issues of the style stucco, can thus be dated to the middle of the 3rd/ neighbouring mint of al-Räfiqa or any other 'significant' 9lh Century. It is the period when Sämarrä' was the imperial capital and its demand for agricultural products was at its coppeForr al-Jarildcoins froJan-m stratifieWaalked Meyercontexthads priopreviouslyr to the 240s/850suggest­s period, but based on other archaeological evidence. The main peak. Al-Järüd itself was a centre of a flourishing agricul- edwerthee foundexistence. Accordinofan Umayyadg to the coiandn earlyfinds,'Abbasid the settlemenphase.t ob4f settlement phase of al-Jarud, corroborated by Samarra'­ tural landscape. Within a ränge of about 13 km there were Inal-Järüal-Jarild,d seemhowever,s only tono havregulare beendated built,coin to anissuesy significanof thet styIe stucco, can thus be dated to the middle of the 3'd/ at least 60 medieval Islamic rural settlements.66 The north neighbouringextent, after aboumintt thofe al-Rafiqa230s/840s.or65 Jan-Waalkany other'esignificant' Meyer now 9th century. It is the period when Samarra' was the imperial also excludes settlement in the Umayyad and early 'Abbäsid of the Diyär Mudar, especially the rain-fed and extremely copper coins from stratified contexts prior to the 240s/850s capitalfertile andWädlits Hamardemand, wafors welagriculturall connecteproductsd with wasthe Tigriat itss were found. According to the coin finds, the settlement of peak. Al-Jarild itself was a centre of a flourishing agricul­ al-Jarild seems only to have been built, to any significant tural landscape. Within a range of about 13 km there were 65 66 extent,64. In previouafter sabout publicationthe s230s/840s. Jan-Waalke MeyeJan-Waalker had favoureMeyerd an Umayyanowd at least 60 medieval Islamic rural settlements. The north also phaseexcludes; see thsettlemente publicationins theof J.-WUmayyad. Meyer iandn n. early12, and'Abbasid recently in of the Diyar Mu<;\ar, especially the rain-fed and extremely J.-W. Meyer, Recent Excavations, cit. (n. 12), p. 48. fertile WadT I:Iamar, was well connected with the Tigris 65. S. Heidemann, Fundmünzen von Haräb Sayyar, cit. (n. 12). 66. Wädl Hamar Survey, cit. (n. 7).

64. In previous publications Jan-Waalke Meyer had favoured an Umayyad phase; see the publications of J.-W. Meyer in n. 12, and recently in J.-W. Meyer, Recent Excavations, cit. (n. 12), p. 48. 65. S. Heidemann, Fundmiinzen von fjariib Sayyiir, cit. (n. 12). 66. Wiidllfamar Survey, cit. (n. 7). 54 STEFAN HEIDEMANN

•• •• Om, t 200m, •. ELEVATED AREA •• Legend • AREA OF EXTENSIVE ROBBING • - C1TYWALL •• •• CITYWALL (proposed) _ walls discovered in 1980s survey

Figure 6 - Tall Mal:rra (Tall Shaykh Ijasan). (By courtesy of Lidewijde de Jong)

MODERN ROAD

Figure 7 - Dome in Bajadda (Khirbat aI-Anbar). (Photographs: author, Sept. 2005) r---~..,.,._------""'-~-----__"""_"""-_"'" SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR 55

region via Ra's al-'Ayn and Mosul.67 Hisn Maslama was The coin finds of Hisn Maslama and al-Järüd can also an agricultural centre between al-Järüd and Harrän. provide an approximate date for the end of the circulation SETTLEMENT PATTERNS TN THE DIYAR MUOAR 55 Stuccos of the first two Sämarrä'-styles have been found, of the cast and octagonal coppers in this region and thus while the later, 'bevelled' style remains yet to be discovered.68 for the end of the occupation of these settlements. In Hisn A hoard of two gold dinärs might be connected with the Maslama71 and al-Järüd,72 the latest dated evidence are coin region via Ra's al-'Ayn and Mosu1. 67 Bi$n Maslama was The coin finds of Bi$n Maslama and al-Jarud can Provision of food for Sämarrä', although two coins are not fragments of the 270s and 280s/880s to 900s. Literary also an agricultural centre between al-Jarud and Barran. provide an approximate date for the end of the circulation hard evidence. Surprisingly, both dinärs came from distant evidence corroborates the existence of Hisn Maslama at Stuccos of the first two Samarra'-styles have been found, of the cast and octagonal coppers in this region and thus places, Egypt (dated 229/843-4) and the North African mint this time. In the year 271/884-5, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib while the later, 'bevelled' style remains yet to be discovered.68 for the end of the occupation of these settlements. In Bi$n of Ifriqiyya (dated 234/848-9), suggesting that they arrived al-SarakhsT had visited the city of Hisn Maslama and left A hoard of two gold dinars might be connected with the Maslama7\ and al-Jariid,72 the latest dated evidence are coin äs tax money first to Sämarrä' before they went to the rural a short note about it in his report.73 It corresponds to the provision of food for Samarra', although two coins are not fragments of the 270s and 280s/880s to 900s. Literary area.69 In this period Bäjaddä, described by al-SarakhsT in period immediately after the Sämarrä1-style stucco which hard evidence. Surprisingly, both dinars came from distant evidence corroborates the existence of Bi~n Maslama at 271/884-5, probably also thrived. was found here.74 places, Egypt (dated 229/843-4) and the North African mint this time. In the year 271/884-5, Abmad ibn al-Tayyib Karin Bartl counted nearly 80 early Islamic settlements ofIfrlqiyya (dated 234/848-9), suggesting that they arrived al-SarakhsI had visited the city ofBi$n Maslama and left VI. THE DECLINE OF THE URBAN CENTRES in the Syrian part of the Ballkh valley. The dating of 25 of as tax money first to Samarra' before they went to the rural a short note about it in his report. 73 It corresponds to the AND THEIR RURAL HINTERLAND these to the early Islamic period is uncertain.75 This figure area.69 In this period Bajadda, described by al-SarakhsI in period immediately after the Samarra'-style stucco which nevertheless indicates a significant increase from the late 271/884-5, probably also thrived. was found here.74 Defining the decline and abandonment of most settle- Roman/Byzantine period and Stands in sharp contrast to the Karin Bartl counted nearly 80 early Islamic settlements ments in the Diyär Mudar raises certain methodological 4 settlements detected for the following 5"V11th Century. VI. THE DECLINE OF THE URBAN CENTRES in the Syrian part of the BalIkh valley. The dating of 25 of Problems in terms of both numismatics and archaeology. The Karin Bartl coined the word 'Siedlungslücke', the 'lack of AND THEIR RURAL HINTERLAND these to the early Islamic period is uncertain. 75 This figure case studies of al-Järüd and Hisn Maslama are illustrative. settlements'.76 How can this evidence for the decline or the nevertheless indicates a significant increase from the late Regulär copper coins had ceased to be struck in the core end of settlement in Hisn Maslama, al-Järüd, al-Raqqa al- Defining the decline and abandonment of most settle­ Roman/Byzantine period and stands in sharp contrast to the lands of the ' Abbäsid empire by the middle decades of the Muhtariqa, Bäjaddä and several other places thbe explained? ments in the Diyar Mu<;lar raises certain methodological 4 settlements detected for the following 5 /II th century. 3rd/9th Century. It seems that petty-coin circulation - at least First, systematic errors should be considered because the problems in terms ofboth numismatics and archaeology. The Karin Bartl coined the word 'Siediungsiticke', the 'lack of in the first half of the 3rd/9th Century - was still dominated by cast coppers and cut sheet-metal coins cannot be dated case studies of al-Ja'riid and Bi$n Maslama are illustrative. settlements'.76 How can this evidence for the decline or the cast copper coins whose prototypes are barely recognisable, precisely. Secondly, fragments of silver and gold coins have Regular copper coins had ceased to be struck in the core end of settlement in I:Ii$n Maslama, al-Jariid, al-Raqqa al­ and by roughly octagonal-shaped coins made of cut sheet- usually been systematically overlooked in archaeological lands of the 'Abbasid empire by the middle decades ofthe Mubtariqa, Bajadda and several other places be explained? metal. These coins are associated with the last occupation excavations. Thirdly, the sequence of pottery is still not 3rd/9th century. It seems that petty-coin circulation - at least First, systematic errors should be considered because the phase of the industrial and commercial quarters of al-Raqqa well established for the period between the 3rd/9th and the in the first halfofthe 3rd/9th century - was still dominated by cast coppers and cut sheet-metal coins cannot be dated and Hisn Maslama; they are also known for Harrän. 6th/12thcenturies.77 cast copper coins whose prototypes are barely recognisable, precisely. Secondly, fragments of silver and gold coins have The use and production70 of any form of copper coinage and by roughly octagonal-shaped coins made of cut sheet­ usually been systematically overlooked in archaeological was widely abandoned in the central Islamic lands about metal. These coins are associated with the last occupation excavations. Thirdly, the sequence of pottery is still not the last third of the 3rd/9th Century to be replaced to some phase ofthe industrial and commercial quarters ofal-Raqqa well established for the period between the yd/9 th and the extent by fragments of precious metal coins. We know from and Bi~n Maslama; they are also known for Barran. 6th/12th centuries.77 coin hoards and single finds that, from the last quarter of 71. A fragment of a contemporary forgery of a dirham of NasTbin, year The use and production70 ofany form ofcopper coinage 273/886-7. Madmat al-Fär, inv. no. MF99-29. the 3rd/9th Century onwards, fragments of silver and gold was widely abandoned in the central Islamic lands about 72. S. Heidemann, Fundmünzen von Haräb Sayyär, cit. (n. 12), no. 4, coins were used äs small change for daily expenses. These dirham fragment of al-Mu'tadid billäh dated 2[79-89] h. the last third of the 3rd/9th century to be replaced to some fragments usually remain undetected in excavations, even by 73. Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-SarakhsT passed Hisn Maslama in the year extent by fragments ofprecious metal coins. We know from 271/884-5; in Yäqüt, Buldän II, ed. F. Wüstenfeld, cit. (n. 14), p. 287. an experienced eye, because they are almost indistinguish- coin hoards and single finds that, from the last quarter of 71.74. AJ.-Wfragment. Meyerof eat contemporaryal., Die dritteforgery Grabungskampagne,of a dirham of Na1?Thln, cit. (n. year12); able from any irregulär piece of dirt. Thus whole strata of 273/886-7.S. HeidemannMadlnat, FundmünzenaI-Far, inv. vonno. HaräbMF99-29. Sayyär, cit. (n. 12). In 2006 the 3rd/9th century onwards, fragments of silver and gold coins are potentially lost for archaeological, numismatic 72. S.a seconHeidemann,d dirhamFundmunzen fragment wavons foundfjariib, minteSayyiir,d betweecit. n(n. 133/74\2), no.9 an4,d coins were used as small change for daily expenses. These dirham206/821-2fragment. ofal-Mu'ta<.iid billiih dated 2[79-89] h. and historical research alike. fragments usually remain undetected in excavations, even by 73.75. A1:)madK. Bartlibn, Frühislamischeal-Tayyib a1-Sarakhsl Besiedlung,passed cit1:Ii~n. (n. Maslama5), p. 186-187in the; yearId., 271/884-5;Ballkh Valleyin Yiiqiit,Survey,Buldiin cit. (nII,. 5)ed., F.p. Wlistenfeld,335. Comparcit.e H(n.. N14),. Kennedy,p. 287. an experienced eye, because they are almost indistinguish­ 74. J.-W.Impact,Meyer cit. (net. 34)ai.,, pDie. 297dritte; M. GGrabungskampagne,. Morony, Economic cit.Boundaries?,(n. 12); able from any irregular piece of dirt. Thus whole strata of S.cit.Heidemann, (n. 34), p. 173Fundmunzen. von fjariib Sayyiir, cit. (n. 12). In 2006 coins are potentially lost for archaeological, numismatic 76. aKsecond. Bartl, dirhamFrühislamischefragment Besiedlung,was found, citminted. (n. 5)between, p. 116, 133/749187; Id., andTeil 67. This argument is partly based on coin evidence, see S. Heidemann, 206/82\-2.Sheikh Hassan, cit. (n. 13), p. 477-478. The term refers to the al- and Fundmünzenhistorical voresearchn tfaräb Sayyär,alike. cit. (n. 12), no. 2 (Mosul). Id., Die Fund- 75. K.mosBartl,t completFruhislamischee lack of datablBesiedlung,e artefactscit. and(n.5), architecturap. 186-187;l structureId.,s münzen von Harrän, cit. (n. 10), nos. 23 (Ra's al-'Ayn), 29 (Mosul). Ballkhfor the Valleyperiod Survey,of Bedouicit.n (n.domination5), p. 335., thaComparet is betweeH. N.n Kennedy,the early Hisn Maslama, inv. nos. MF89-42 (Ra's al-'Ayn), MF93-97 (Mosul). Impact,Islamic ancit.d th(n.34),e ZangTd/Ayyübip.297; M.dG. periodMorony,. Economic Boundaries?, 68. C.-P. Haase, Preliminary Report, cit. (n. 11), p. 102; Id., Excavations, 77. cit.See(n. K.34), Bartlp., 173.Frühislamische Besiedlung, cit. (n. 5); C. Tonghini, A cit. (n. 11), p. 58; Id., Stuckdekor, cit. (n. 11), p. 49. 76. K.NewBartl, IslamicFruhislamische Pottery PhaseBesiedlung, in Syria: Teilcit. Shahin,(n. 5), p. in116, Levant,187; 27rd.,, 1995Tell, 67.69. ThisInv. nosargument. MFO l-9.7.0is partly1 a anbasedd MF01-9.7.01bon coin evidence,. Cf. C.-R seeHaaseS. Heidemann,, Preliminary Sheikhp. 197-207Hassan,; C. Tonghinicit. (n. ,13), Qal'atp. 477-478. Ja'bar Pottery.The term A Studyrefers ofto a theSyrianal­ FundmunzenReport, cit. (nvon. 11)fjariib, p. 101Sawiir,. The cit.two(n. gol12),d coinsno. 2 wer(Mosul).e founId.,d inDie theFund­ same mostFortifiedcomplete Site ofthelack Lateof datable ll'h-14'artefactsh Centuriesand (Britisarchitecturalh Academstructuresy Mono- miinzenroom äsvon the !farriin,Sämarrä'-stylcit. (n.e stucco10), nos.. 23 (Ra's al-'Ayn), 29 (Mosul). forgraphthes iperiodn Archeologyof Bedouin, 11), Oxforddomination,, 1998; thatC. Tonghinis betweeni - J. Hendersonthe early, 70. l:li1?nBy thMaslama,e middle oinv.f thnos.e 3rdMF89-42/9lh Century(Ra's, reguläal-r'Ayn), coppeMF93-97r coins ha(Mosul).d ceased IslamicAn Eleventh-Centuryand the Zangld/ PotteryAyyiibid Productionperiod. Workshop at al-Raqqa, 68. c.-P.to beHaase, struck iPreliminaryn the core landReport,s of thcit.e 'Abbäsi(n. II),d empirep. 102;. Id.,For Excavations,example, the 77. SeePreliminaryK. Bartl, Report,Friihislamische in Levant,Besiedlung, 30, 1998, pcit.. 113-127(n. 5);, anc.dTonghini, M. JenkinsA, cit.last(n. known1\), p., extremel58; Id., Stuckdekor,y rare, datecit.d coppe(n. 1\),r issup. 49.e for al-Raqqa was NewEarlyIslamic MedievalPottery IslamicPhase Pottery:in Syria: The TellEleventhShahin, Centuryin Levant, Reconsidered,27, 1995, 69. Inv.strucnos.k inMFOI-9.7.0Ia 279/892 but itand has MFOI-9.7.0Ib.never surfaced Cf.in anC.-P.y controlleHaase,dPreliminary excavation. p.in 197-207;Muqarnas,C. 9Tonghini,, 1992, p. Qal'at56-66. Ja'bar Pottery. A Study ofa Syrian Report, cit. (n. 11), p. 10\. The two gold coins were found in the same Fortified Site ofthe Late 11 th_14th Centuries (British Academy Mono­ room as the Siimarrii'-style stucco. graphs in Archeology, II), Oxford, 1998; C. Tonghini - J. Henderson, 70. By the middle of the 3'd/9th century, regular copper coins had ceased An Eleventh-Century Pottery Production Workshop at al-Raqqa, to be struck in the core lands ofthe 'Abbiisid empire. For example, the Preliminary Report, in Levant, 30, 1998, p. 113-127, and M. Jenkins, last known, extremely rare, dated copper issue for al-Raqqa was Early Medieval Islamic Pottery: The Eleventh Century Reconsidered, struck in 279/892 but it has never surfaced in any controlled excavation. in Muqarnas, 9, 1992, p. 56-66. 5656 STEFANSTEFANHEIDEMANN HEIDEMANN

TheThe narrativenarrative sourcessources explainexplain thethe economic,economic, politicalpolitical 44thth/!/10Oththcentury. Century.One Onefactor, factor,among amongothers, others,might mighthave havebeen been andand militarymilitaryreasons reasons forforthe thedecline declineof ofcities, cities,towns townsand and thethelack lackof ofsufficient sufficient foodfood supply.supply. rdrd thth thth th villagesvillages duringduring thethe latelate 33/9/9 century. Century. TheThe returnreturn ofof thethe TheThefirst firsthalf halfof ofthe the4 4 /1/10Oth century Centurysaw sawa anew newmigration migration caliphalcaliphalcourt courtfrom fromSamarra' Sämarrä'to toBaghdad Baghdädin in279/892 279/892resulted resulted ofof nomadnomadtribes tribes fromfrom thetheArabian Arabian peninsulapeninsula toto thethe DiyarDiyär inina asteady steadydecline declineof ofthe thepopulation populationin inthe theformer formerimperial imperial Mu<,larMudarat atthe theexpense expenseofthe of thesedentary sedentarypopulation. population.Since Since the the centrecentreand andthus thusa adecline decline ofoftheir their demanddemand forforfood. food. ThisThis 380s/990s380s/990s thethe BedouinBedouin amlrsamlrs hadhad beenbeen inin controlcontrolof of thethe mustmusthave havebeen beenfelt feitimmediately immediatelyin inthe theagricultural agriculturalcentres centres land,land,cities citiesand andtowns townsin inthe theDiyar DiyärMu<;lar Mudarand andthe theMiddle Middle inin thethenorthern northern DiyarDiyär Mu<;larMudar suchsuch asäs al-Jariidal-Järüd andand Bi~nHisn EuphratesEuphratesarea. area.As Asa arule, rule,the theBedouin Bedouinamlrs amlrshad hadno nointerest interest MaslamaMaslamaand andmost mostprobably probablyalso alsoin inBarran. Harrän.Markets Marketswith witha a inin urbanurban life.life. TheirTheir powerpower basebase waswas inin thethe pasturepasture landland highhighpurchasing-power purchasing-powerdisappeared disappeared andandmade madeinvestments Investments andand theytheyusually usuallyresided resided inintheir their campcamp (!:zilla)(hilla) outsideoutsidethe the ininextensive extensiveagriculture agricultureless lessprofitable. profitable.The Theregion regionof ofthe the cities.cities.8282 JudgingJudging fromfrom thethe sporadicsporadic mintmint activity,activity, andand thethe southernsouthernDiyar DiyärMu<;lar Mudarsuffered suffered fromfromthe the'Abbasid- 'Abbäsid-TülüniTiiliinidd relativerelativefrequency frequencyof ofreferences references ininthe the literaryliterarysources, sources, inin warswars ininthe the270s/880s 270s/880sand andthe thefollowing followingdestructive destructivewars wars thethesecond second halfhalfof ofthe the4 4thth/1/10Oththcentury, Century,Barran Harrän ininthe the fertilefertile againstagainst thethe ShiiteShiite QarmatianQarmatian groupsgroups whichwhich ravagedravaged thethe northernnorthernplain plainonce onceagain againbecame becamemore moreimportant importantthan thanal­ al- region.region.7878During Duringthose thosewars, wars,nevertheless, nevertheless,al-Raqqa al-Raqqaretained retained Raqqa.Raqqa.The TheBanii BanüNumayr, Numayr,who whowere werein incontrol controlofthe of theDiyar Diyär itsits positionposition asäs aa fortifiedfortified garrisongarrison citycity betweenbetween Egypt,Egypt, Mu<;larMudarduring duringmost mostof ofthe the5 5thth/11/l lththcentury, Century,usually usuallyhad hadtheir their ByzantiumByzantiumand andIraq. Iraq.Yet Yetfor forthe theyear year271/884-5, 271/884-5,Abmad Ahmadibn ibn mainmain!:zilla hillain inthe thenorthern northernplain, plain,in inthe thevicinity vicinityof ofI:Iarran. Harrän. al-al-TayyiTayyibbal-SarakhsI al-SarakhsTreports reportsthat that al-Raqqaal-Raqqawas was alsoalso inin DuringDuringthe the5 5thth/ll'h/11thcentury, Century,al-Ruha', al-Ruhä',Barran Harrän andandal-Raqqa al-Raqqa decline,decline, eveneven thoughthough al-Raqqa'sal-Raqqa's andand Barran'sHarrän's continuedcontinued remainedremained urbanurban centrescentres andand werewere stillstillmentioned mentionedin inthe the importanceimportanceis isshown shown bybya aperiod period ofofalmost almost uninterrupteduninterrupted literaryliterary sources.sources.But Butdecline decline wentwenton. on.In In423/1 423/1030322 oror424/ 424/ mintingmintingof ofgold goldand andsilver silvercoins coinsuntil untilthe theyear year323/934-5. 323/934-5. 1033,1033,the thepagan pagan templetemple ininBarran Harrän waswasfinally finallydestroyed destroyed AfterAfterthis thisdate, date,only onlysporadic sporadicissues issuesoccur. occur.The Theconquest conquestof of andand thethe paganpagan SabianSäbian communityCommunity waswas exterminatedexterminated byby al-Raqqaal-Raqqaby bythe theBamdanids Hamdänidsin in330/942 330/942marked markedthe theend endof of impoverishedimpoverishedShiite Shiitegroups.83 groups.83The Thecongregational congregationalmosque mosque al-Raqqaal-Raqqaas äsa amilitary militarygarrison. garrison.Economically, Economicallythis, thismeant meantan an ofofal-Rafiqa al-Räfiqafell feilinto intoruins. ruins.8484 endendto tothe thetransfer transferof ofmilitary militaryincome incomefrom fromIraq Iraqto toal-Raqqa al-Raqqa forforthe themaintenance maintenanceof ofa agarrison. garrison.The Thepurchasing purchasingpower power VII.VII. SUMMARYSUMMARY ofofthe thecitizens, citizens,and andtherefore thereforethe theincome incomeopportunities opportunitiesfor for craftsmencraftsmenand andartisans artisansin inthe thecity citymust musthave havedecreased. decreased.This This DuringDuring thethe 66ththcentury Century severalseveral fortifiedfortified cities,cities,Edessa/ Edessa/ waswasfollowed followedby bythe thedevastating devastatingreign reignof ofthe theBamdanid Hamdänid al-Ruha',al-Ruhä3,CarrhaelBarran Carrhae/Harränand andKallinikos/al-Raqqa, Kallinikos/al-Raqqa,marked marked rulerrulerSayf Sayfal-Dawla al-Dawla'AlI 'All(r. (r.333-356/945-967). 333-356/945-967).In In351/962 351/962 thetheByzantine Byzantineborder border withwiththe the SasanianSasanian empire.empire. EdessaEdessa hehedeported deported thethe ShiiteShiitepopulation populationof ofBarran Harränin inorder order toto remainedremained thethe capitalcapital ofofOsrhoene Osrhoene andand housedhoused itsitsmilitary military re-populatere-populateAleppo Aleppo afterafter thethemassacre massacre ininthis this citycitycarried carried headquartersheadquartersduring duringthe theSasanian Sasanianoccupation occupationand andafterwards. afterwards. outoutby bythe theByzantines. Byzantines.7979In Inthe theyear year353/964 353/964he hedismantled dismantled NumerousNumerous monasteriesmonasteries werewere builtbuilt andandprospered prospered duringduring thetheiron iron gatesgatesof ofal-Raqqa. al-Raqqa.8o80The Thecontemporary contemporarychronicler chronicler thatthatperiod. period. IbnIbnBawqal Hawqal (d.(d.after after 378/988)378/988) waswas veryvery outspokenoutspoken aboutabout TheThefirst firstphase, phase,spanning spanningfrom from ByzantineByzantine rulerule totothe the thethedeliberate deliberatedevastation devastationin inhis hishome homeregion. region.8181Conversely, Conversely, earlyearly 'Abbasids,'Abbäsids, isisthat that ofofsteady steady agriculturalagricultural investmentinvestment thisthis devastationdevastation ofofa aformerly formerlyagriculturally agriculturallyproductive productive andanddevelopment: development:life lifewent wenton onduring duringthe thetransition transitionperiod, period, regionregionmust musthave havebeen beenfelt feitin inits itsformer formermarkets. markets.Baghdad, Baghdäd, throughthroughthe theSasanian Sasanianoccupation occupationand andthe theArab Arabconquests conquestsin in dependentdependent ononthe theimport importof offoodstuffs foodstuffs fromfrom northernnorthernSyria Syria thethefirst firsthalf halfof ofthe thesyventh seventhcentury, Century,without withoutany anydisruption disruption andand thethe DiyarDiyärMu<;lar, Mudar,declined declinedconsiderably considerablyduring duringthe the detectabledetectableso sofar. far.In Inthe theearly earlyUmayyad Umayyadperiod periodthe thetwo twocities citiesof of thethe northernnorthern plain,plain, al-Ruha'al-Ruhä' andand Barran,Harrän, remainedremained thethe dominantdominanteconomic economicand andadministrative administrativecentres. centres.Barran Harräntook took overoverfrom from al-Ruha'al-Ruhä'as ästhe theprovincial provincialcentre centreand andcapital capitalof of the Umayyad super-province in the norm and later even äs 78.78. ForForal-Raqqa al-Raqqasee seeS. S.Heidemann, HeidemannGeschichte,, Geschichte,cit. cit.(n. (n28),. 28),p. p41-46.. 41-46.AI­ Al- the Umayyad super-province in the north and later even as Ru~iifaRusäfa waswas ravagedravaged ininthe the yearyear289/901-2; 289/901-2;B. B. Kellner-Heinkele,Kellner-Heinkele, thetheresidence residenceof ofan anUmayyad Umayyadcaliph. caliph.During Duringthe theUmayyad Umayyad Rusäfa in den arabischen Quellen, in D. Sack (ed.), Resafa IV. Die RU$aja in den arabischen Quellen, in D. Sack (ed.), Resaja IV. Die periodperiod thethe rulingruling familyfamily hadhad acquiredacquired landland inin thethe DiyarDiyär Groj3eGroßeMoschee Moscheevon vonResaja Resafa - ~RU$ajat Rusäfat Hisam,Hisäm,Mainz, Mainz,1996, 1996,p. p.141. 141. 79.79. R.R.J. J.Bikhazi, Bikhazi, TheTheljamdanid Hamdänid DynastyDynasty ojof MesopotamiaMesopotamia andand NorthNorth SyriaSyria254-404/868-10/4, 254-404/868-1014, PhD.PhD.Diss., Diss.,Ann AnnArbor, Arbor,1981, 1981,p. p.867-868; 867-868; Th. Bianquis, Pouvoirs arabes äAlep aux x* et xf siecles, in Revue du Th. Bianquis, Pouvoirs arabes aAlep aux X" et d siixles, in Revue du mondemondemusulman musulmanet etde dela laMediterranee, Mediterranee,62, 62,1991-94, 1991-94,p. p49-59,. 49-59,here here p.p.54; 54;S. SHeidemann,. HeidemannRenaissance,, Renaissance,cit. cit(n.. (n.16), 16),p. p.54-56. 54-56. 82.82. ForForthe thedecline declineand andits itsreasons reasonssee seein indetail detailS. S.Heidemann, HeidemannRenaissance,, Renaissance, 80.80. R.RJ.. J.Bikhazi, Bikhazi,ljamdanid HamdänidDynasty, Dynasty,cit. cit.(n. (n.79), 79),p. p.899-902; 899-902;S. S.Heide­ Heide- cit.cit.(n. (n.16), 16),p. p.29-60. 29-60. mann,mannRenaissance,, Renaissance,cit. cit(n.. (n.16), 16)p., p.51. 51. 83.83. S.S.Heidemann, Heidemann,Renaissance, Renaissance,cit. cit.(n. (n.16), 16),p. p.91-93. 91-93. 81.81. IbnIbnl;Iawqal Hawqal(d. (d.after after378/988): 378/988):Kitab KitäbSurat Süratai-art;!, al-ard,ed. ed.J. J.H. H.Kramers, Kramers, 84.84. S.S.Heidemann, Heidemann,Ein EinSchatz Schatzfundfund ausausdem demRaqqa Raqqader derNumairidenzeit, Numairidenzeit, OpusOpusgeographicum, geographicum,Liber Liberlmaginis ImaginisTerrae Terrae(Bibliotheca (BibliothecaGeographo­ Geographo- die"die „SiedlungslUcke" Siedlungslücke in" inNordmesopotamien Nordmesopotamienund undeine eineWerkstatt Werkstattin inder der rumrumArabicorum, ArabicorumII),, II),Leiden, Leiden,1938; 1938;reprint reprintLeiden, Leiden,1967, 1967,p. p225-226.. 225-226. Groj3enGroßenMoschee, Moschee,in inDam. Dam.Mitt., Min.,11, 11,1999, 1999,p. p.227-242. 227-242. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE DIYÄR MUDAR 57

Mudar and invested in its cultivation and Irrigation, thus empire and a garrison city. In 221/836 the foundation of further stimulating the prosperous agriculture, äs witnessed Sämarrä'SETTLEMENT on the bankPATTERNSs of thINeTHE TigriDIYs ARandMUI;>AR the new, increasing by the numerous estates, among which Hisn Maslama and demand of this urban agglomeration for foodstuffs gave 57the Bäjaddä. In the early 'Abbäsid period Hisn Maslama may northern plain around Harrän and the WädT Hamar with have changed its character from a self-sufficient rural estate, the rural centres al-Järüd and Hisn Maslama an economic Mu<;lar and invested in its cultivation and irrigation, thus empire and a garrison city. In 221/836 the foundation of owned by a leading member of the Umayyad family, to a advantage and made agricultural production there highly further stimulating the prosperous agriculture, as witnessed Samarra' on the banks ofthe Tigris and the new, increasing small rural town with a local market using petty coinage for profitable. Sämarrä'-style stuccos from al-Järüd, Hisn Masla- by the numerous estates, among which I:Ii~n Maslama and demand ofthis urban agglomeration for foodstuffs gave the day-to-day transactions. ma, al-Räfiqa and al-Raqqa al-Muhtariqa are witnesses of a Bajadda. In the early 'Abbasid period I:Ii~n Maslama may northern plain around I:Iarran and the WadI I:Iamar with The second phase saw the economic impact from the flourishing region in the middle of the 3rd/9th Century. have changed its character from a self-sufficient rural estate, f:li~n demand of large metropoles such äs Baghdad, founded the Thrurale lascentrest datedal-JaIi1d coins froandm Hisn MaslamaMaslama anandeconomic al-Järüd owned by a leading member of the Umayyad family, to a advantage and made agricultural production there highly 145/762, and al-Räfiqa, founded 155/772. In 180/796-7 the from the last third of the 3rd/9th Century indicate a decline small rural town with a local market using petty coinage for profitable. Samarra'-style stuccos from al-JaIi1d, f:li~n Masla­ caliph Harun al-Rashld transferred his court and govemment beginning with the decreasing demand of Sämarrä' and the day-to-day transactions. rna, al-Rafiqa and al-Raqqa al-Mu1)tariqa are witnesses ofa to al-Raqqa. This shifted the centre of economic growth Tülünid and Qarmatian wars, which affected the region. The second phase saw the economic impact from the flourishing region in the middle ofthe 3rd/9th century. from the fertile northern plain to the delta of the Ballkh in The final blow for the smaller rural towns and villages may demand of large metropoles such as Baghdad, founded The last dated coins from f:li~n Maslama and al-JaIi1d the south. The demand of the new metropoles for Services and have occurred during the devastating rule of the Hamdänids 145/762, and al-Rafiqa, founded 155/772. In 180/796-7 the from the last third of the 3rd/9th century indicate a decline industrial products thus stimulated industry and provid- and the immigration of superficially Islamicised Arab caliph Hamn aI-Rashid transferred his court and government beginning with the decreasing demand ofSamarra' and the ed a growing population with income. Their need to be fed, nomads, namely the Banü Numayr, in the middle of the to al-Raqqa. This shifted the centre of economic growth Tiililnid and Qarmatian wars, which affected the region. in turn, fostered the growth of agricultural settlements. 4th/10th Century. In what was one of the richest agricultural from the fertile northern plain to the delta of the Balikh in The final blow for the smaller rural towns and villages may Even after the return of the court in 193/809 to Baghdad, areas of the empire, with an extensive System of irrigation the south. The demand ofthe new metropoles for services and have occurred during the devastating rule ofthe I:Iamdanids al-Raqqa remained the capital of the western half of the canals, nomadic pastoral life now prevailed. industrial products thus stimulated industry and provid­ and the immigration of superficially Islamicised Arab ed a growing population with income. Their need to be fed, nomads, namely the Banil Numayr, in the middle of the in turn, fostered the growth of agricultural settlements. 4th/10th century. In what was one of the richest agricultural Even after the return of the court in 193/809 to Baghdad, areas of the empire, with an extensive system of irrigation al-Raqqa remained the capital of the western half of the canals, nomadic pastoral life now prevailed.