DOCSLIB.ORG

Paul Jennings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paul Jennings Orange County Review inSIDEr, February 26, 2009 Orange County Review inSIDEr, February 26, 2009 continued from front page... A glimpse into slavery in Orange County owning founding fathers as tyrants. Madison knew it was wrong; he also felt powerless to You could make an argu- opening comment that during Montpelier's heyday, around excavated in the south yard. perhaps he had a son named Anthony and between that do anything about it. We must not lose sight ment that the first slaves in this the turn of the 18th and 19th century, 100 faces on this farm Matt would like to see this village eventually reconstructed, and these two, at least suspected of getting together in of the fact that he is still a great man, albeit area were the captives of although, to do that, they will have to cut down some DuPont- Philadelphia…So, these are the ways that we try to tease one with human flaws. would be black; only five would be white. native American Indian tribes. era trees. But these are the original home sites of the house- out relationships, and at least form hypotheses about them. Considerable credit must be given to Certainly, Montpelier wasn't the only game in town as far When the first white man, hold slaves. They were located inside a now reconstructed And then as more information comes up, see how it holds Montpelier, which instead of sweeping the as slavery in Orange County is concerned, but it provides a Governor Alexander picket fence that separated the working side of the plantation up." She smiles. "It's a satisfying kind of work. It is a puzzle ugly specter of slavery under a rug, has unique insight, through documents, artifacts, and excava- Spotswood settled here in from the formal side. These families would have been plain- and we're making progress with it." revealed it as a fascinating journey from tions, into what slave life was like. Years ago, a slave ceme- 1710, he most likely had ly visible to both visitors and the Madisons themselves…a What everybody wants to know is how could James bondage to emancipation to freedman to Jim tery was discovered on a wooded knoll across the road from African slaves. They had been daily reminder of this strange double stan- Crow to this past Constitution Day where a the new visitor's center. Thirty eight burial depressions have landing at Jamestown since been identified. Since then, the number of slave-related dard of liberty and bondage. collateral descendant of James Madison and 1619. Although field slaves were expected to a direct descendant of his personal manser- excavations and discoveries has blossomed, and with them, Spotswood also imported so has our knowledge of this dark corner of our history. work dawn to dusk in all weather conditions, vant read aloud the Preamble to the United white indentured servants household slaves came under a constant States Constitution… together. Plantations such as these were divided into "quarters," from Germany to work his iron each with its own overseer or foreman. The slaves who scrutiny that made their job not as cushy as To this day, even though we are three and mines at Germanna. This was some might think. They basically hung out in worked in a particular quarter lived in that quarter. Oftentimes, four generations removed from it, slavery common practice in those the cellar until called upstairs for duty.Visitor, that foreman was a slave himself, such as Moses who ran a conjures emotions ranging from sullen days, the difference being they Harriett Martineau writes in 1835, "During all blacksmith shop with several workers under him. resentment to bleeding heart guilt. But in the could work off their indenture. our conversations, one or another slave was Sawney was such a man, and his story is interesting words of Rebecca Gilmore Coleman, in the The vast majority of African perpetually coming to Mrs. Madison for the because he was born the same year as the future president. last Insider, "you have to move forward." And Americans were not as lucky. great bunch of keys; two or three more in order to "move forward," it is necessary to They and their children and He accompanied Madison to Princeton, served as foreman lounged about in the room leaning against on a quarter named for him, and ended his days as a totter- understand this complex issue. What fol- their children's children were Photo by Phil Audibert the doorposts or the corner of the sofa; and lows here is a brief and incomplete look at doomed to bondage in perpe- Descendents of Paul Jennings stroll up to the mansion on the property where their ing, white-haired companion to Madison's elderly mother, the attendance of others was no less inde- the practice of slavery in Orange County. We tuity. ancestor was born, worked most of his life and where he witnessed President James "the very picture of (father) Time with his scythe," according fatigable in my own apartment." also follow the life and times of one The first man to successful- Madison's death. to one visitor. Ailsey Payne served as a cook. She Montpelier slave who traveled that remark- ly patent land in what would Montpelier's director of archaeology, Matt Reeves, says describes, in a 1902 newspaper article, parallel lines with their owners. Montpelier's director of edu- able journey. become Orange County was Colonel James Taylor II. He slave quarters have been discovered in the fields below the preparations made at Montpelier for a visit by cation, Beth Taylor says, "The connections to the white com- But first, two stories: one about moving built the county's first permanent home, Bloomsbury, in 1722, visitor's center. A crafts area has been identified and protect- the Marquis de Lafayette in 1824. "I was a munity are of course echoed in the black community. There backwards; the other about moving forwards. and he undoubtedly worked the surrounding fertile soil with ed between the visitor's center and the mansion, and of house gal then, and how Miss Dolley did are incredible interconnections… among the whites and the About 15 years ago, my wife and I operat- the help of slaves. Taylor also most likely provided his son-in- course, a small village of slave duplexes and out buildings, dress us gals for the occasion… Before the blacks, and sometimes even between the whites and blacks." ed a bed-and-breakfast inn that specialized law, Ambrose Madison with slaves to go along with the land yielding a wealth of information, has already been partially company come there was stirrin' times at For instance, if a Taylor married a Courtesy of The Montpelier Foundation in weddings. A couple from Northern he carved out for him. In fact, Ambrose Madison, grandfather Montpelier…The silver had done been Madison, oftentimes, a Taylor A sample of some of the artifacts discovered during archaeological digs in Virginia toured our facility with the idea they to the future president, came up here in 1732 to check on the shined up, the glass and china was in order, slave would marry a Madison the south yard at Montpelier. The south yard contained a small village might be married here. They asked, "was this progress of a slave gang on this property which is today's and the whole house had been gone over to slave. But they couldn't live where household slaves lived. land owned by a slave owner in the past?" Montpelier. make it look fine as possible." together because they were Ambrose was here barely two months when he was mur- Beth Taylor has spent years researching I found it a puzzling question, and I bound to separate plantations! dered. A rented slave named Pompey was tried, convicted slave histories, in particular the story of Paul Jennings (see Madison reconcile his dreams of equality and liberty while answered as truthfully as I could. "Yes, I sup- They had to visit each other, and executed for the crime. Madison’s widow, Frances Taylor The All-American Man, back page). But when all you have surrounded by people in bondage? According to a document pose it was," I responded, adding, "as far as I sometimes surreptitiously. Madison, chose to remain here in the middle of nowhere, is a first name, the task can be daunting. She tells a story prepared by Montpelier's Peggy Vaughan and Beth Taylor, "at know, at one point or another, all the land Because slaves were considered despite the fact that she had three small children to rear, one about a slave named Billy, who accompanied Madison to the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Madison found the issue around here was owned by slave owners." chattels, whole families and their of them being the president's father. She even took back the the Constitutional Convention, where, Madison himself of slavery so contentious that he and others set it aside, real- They turned on their heels and stalked out, descendants were passed down two accomplices to the crime. We know this because their wrote, he was "tainted" by liberty. When it came time to izing that it would derail the effort to unify the states into a sin- muttering something about how they would from generation to generation like names appear on future Montpelier rolls. return to Montpelier, Madison sold Billy at a discount know- gle nation." never be married in a slave owner's house or heirlooms. The 1782 census of This is not the only example of a slave murdering a mas- ing full well that Pennsylvania law eventually would free him.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maddeson Generations
    Maddeson Lines - First Generation -------------------------------------------------- 1. Isaac Maddeson. Born in 1590 in London, England (historically Scotland). Isaac died in West Sherlow, Virginia, in 1624; he was 34. A descendant of Edward I of England. Encyclopedia of Virginia biography, under the editorial supervision of Lyon Tyler. (edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler) Isaac Maddeson, came to Virginia in 1608, only a year after the founding of Jamestown, and was employed in exploring the country and probably in making maps, etc. He went to England in 1620 and while there, on July 10, 1621, the Virginia Company, in recognition of his services in the colony, presented him with two shares in the company. He seems to have returned to Virginia shortly, for immediately after the massacre of 1622, we find him actively employed against the Indians and becoming one of the best known soldiers of the colony. About the first of July, 1622, the governor sent Capt. Isaac Maddeson with thirty odd men to the Patomac, where it was thought corn could be purchased from the friendly Indians and a possible alliance with them be formed against the hostile tribes. Maddeson conducted the affair very badly, and, notwithstanding orders to the contrary was soon at odds with the well-disposed savages. He was led into this by tales of a conspiracy on the part of the Indians, which though quite unfounded, moved him into an indefensible treachery against them whereby he captured the chief and his son and killed many of their unfortunate tribesmen. The captives were finally ransomed for a quantity of corn.
    [Show full text]
  • Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia Douglas B
    African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter Volume 9 Article 13 Issue 4 December 2006 12-1-2006 Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia Douglas B. Chambers Gloria Chuku Millersville University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/adan Recommended Citation Chambers, Douglas B. and Chuku, Gloria (2006) "Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia," African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter: Vol. 9 : Iss. 4 , Article 13. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/adan/vol9/iss4/13 This Book Reviews is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chambers and Chuku: Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia Book Review H-NET BOOK REVIEW Published by H-Atlantic, http://www.h-net.org/~atlantic/ (October 2006). Douglas B. Chambers. Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005. x + 325 pp., Illustrations, maps notes, bibliography, index. $45.00 (cloth), ISBN 1-57806-706-5. Reviewed for H-Atlantic by Gloria Chuku, Department of History, Millersville University of Pennsylvania. Enslaved Igbo and the Foundation of Afro-Virginia Slave Culture and Society Based largely on court and county documents as well as the recently published transatlantic slave database, Douglas Chambers uses the circumstances surrounding the 1732 death of Ambrose Madison, the paternal grandfather of President James Madison, to reconstruct the history of the Igbo slaves in Virginia. Thus, the book is primarily about the dominant role of enslaved Igbo in the formation of early Afro-Virginia slave culture and society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thomas Chew Family of Orange County and the Colonial Virginia Recessional
    Courses of Empire: The Thomas Chew Family of Orange County and the Colonial Virginia Recessional by Frederick Madison Smith, Secretary, NSMFD Despite the burgeoning prosperity of his young family in the emerging Virginia Piedmont, Ambrose Madison’s murder in the summer of 1732 left his widow Frances Tayl or Madison and his children in a somewhat precarious position legally and financially. Having divested himself of his holdings in the Ti dewater, Ambrose’s “Mount Pleasant” estate was his chief capital holding and income source. However, this planta tion, a joint patent to Ambrose and his brother-in-law Thomas Chew, husband of his wife’s younger and nearest- in-age sister Martha Taylor, had never been formally divided between them and, on Ambrose’s death, titl e to the 4,675 acre tract passed entirely to Chew. Whatever anxieties, if any, attended this legal fact for Frances Taylor Madison, they were resolved on May 26, 1737 when Chew deeded 2,850 acres of the original pa tent “to Frances Maddison, widow and James Maddison, son and heir of Ambrose Madison, deceased.” This deed, recorded in the Orange Coun ty Virginia Deed Book 2, pages 10-13, further recites that “Ambrose Maddison depart ed this life before any legal division of the land was made, by which the whole was vested in Thomas Chew as survivor.” Mirroring the provisions of Ambrose’s will, Chew’s deed gave Frances a life estate only with the ti tle passing unencumbered on her death to her son, James Madison Sr., the President’s father.
    [Show full text]
  • The-Life-Of-James-Madison
    American Statesmen JAMES MADISON SYDNEY HOWARD GAY BOSTON AND NEW TOEK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPAJiTY URIS LIBRARY EDITOE'S PREFACE Few men, so well equipped intellectually as was Madison, have, by reason of the characteristics of their equipment, been so dependent for success upon the conditions amid which they have been placed. Madison was preeminently what may be called a cabinet statesman. He was better as a thinker than as an actor. He had the constructive quality, and was a master of principles of govern- ment; but in the practical application of those principles which he himself had formulated and shaped, if not created, he was not fitted to excel, unless possibly when the current of events was running smoothly. His strength did not lie in the executive or administrative directions. Had he died before he was President, his fame would not have been less than it is to-day, when he is remembered and admired chiefly for his labors in connection with the creation of the Constitu- tion and the foundation of the government. He amply deserved the honor of the presidential office, though it added so little to his reputation ; but it really meant that because he had done one task exceedingly well, he was now appointed to do a vi EDITOR'S PREFACE very different task much less well. Never was a ruler less fitted to hold the helm in troubled times, and it was hard fortune for him to receive from his friend and predecessor the bequest of a war. Probably no man could have made the conflict of 1812 a success, but Madison hardly knew how even to try to make it so.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chapter in the History of Orange County, Virginia William Livingston Kirby
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 4-1-1949 A chapter in the history of Orange County, Virginia William Livingston Kirby Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Recommended Citation Kirby, William Livingston, "A chapter in the history of Orange County, Virginia" (1949). Master's Theses. Paper 43. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTENTS I. Orange County in 1753 1 II. The Migration of a Family 11 III. .'Oranse Between Wars 15 IV. .A Home Front in the Revolution 25 v. Settling Down to Independence 33 VI. Orange County Reaohes Maturity 46 Bibliography Llbh</\n'f' UN1VE"RSl1Y OF RICHMoiid VIRGINIA A OHAPTER IN THE H.ISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA I. ORANGE OOUNTY IN 1753 In 1753 Orange County could hardly have still been oalled a frontier region, but its sooiety remained like that of the more exposed communities to the west for some time. It was neither overpopulated nor was the land intensively cultivated. The flora and fauna had hardly been affected, and wolves frequently howling at night reminded the inhabitants that the job of .taming their environment was yet unfinished. These wolves were suffi­ ciently destruotive to demand bounties, and many farmers, planters and. gentlemen eked out their income by presenting the head of a wolf to the sheriff, who paid a hundred pounds 1 of tobaooo for the tropl1y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Writings of James Madison, Ed. Gaillard Hunt
    Library of Congress James Madison to James Madison, Sr., September 30, 1769. Transcription: The Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900-1910. TO JAMES MADISON.1 MAD. MSS. 1 Madison's father was, during the earlier part of his son's career, his chief correspondent. He was a planter of substantial estate without being wealthy. Although he is represented as not having received much education the few of his letters which are extant show that he wrote with tolerable correctness. He was County Lieutenant of Orange and wielded an influence in local affairs which was considerable. He inherited Montpelier from his father, Ambrose Madison. Nassau Hall, September 30th 69. Hond. Sir, —I received your letter by Mr. Rossekrans, and wrote an answer; but as it is probable this will arrive sooner which I now write by Doctor Witherspoon, I shall repeat some circumstances to avoid obscurity. On Wednesday last we had the usual commencement. Eighteen young Gentlemen took their Bachelor's degrees, and a considerable number their Master's Degrees. The degree of Doctor of Law was bestowed on Mr. Dickenson the Farmer and Mr. Galloway,2 the Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly, a distinguishing mark of Honour, as there never was any of that kind done before in America. The Commencement began at 10 O'Clock, when the President walked first into the Church, a board of James Madison to James Madison, Sr., September 30, 1769. Transcription: The Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900-1910.
    [Show full text]
  • Nathaniel Gordon and the Town of Gordonsville
    Nathaniel Gordon and The Town of Gordonsville From: Historian Ann Miller and her book Antebellum Orange: “The site of the present town of Gordonsville was originally part of a patent for 10,000 acres granted to Col Henry Willis of Fredericksburg in 1728. Later that same year, Col. Willis sold a portion of the land to Ambrose Madison, grandfather of the President. The property remained in the family until 1787, when Ambrose Madison’s granddaughter Ann Beale Willis, and her husband John Whittaker Willis (grandson of the original grantee), sold it to Nathaniel Gordon, son of Col. James Gordon of Lancaster County. “The 1,350 acres purchased by Gordon included the crossroads of the Fredericksburg Road and the Richmond Road; Gordon built his house at the crossroads, and, quick to sense an opportunity, was running a tavern there by 1794. HIs plantation/tavern complex soon became a stage stop as well, and Gordon’s business and his fortunes expanded. “Gordon had called his property Newville, but in 1813, when a Post Office was established there, with Gordon the first postmaster, it was being called Gordonsville. Following Gordon’s death in 1820, the tavern was leased for nearly a decade. It finally passed out of the Gordon ownership in 1830, when it ceased operation as a tavern and became a private residence. “In 1840, the Louisa Railroad (now the C&O) reached Gordonsville, making it the westernmost railhead in Virgina at that time, and beginning the town’s forty-year reign as the trade center for the area. A business and mercantile area, called Gordonsville Depot, grew up around the old Gordon Inn.
    [Show full text]
  • Slave Foodways at James Madison's Montpelier AD 1810-1836
    Labor, Status And Power: Slave Foodways At James Madison's Montpelier AD 1810-1836 Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Copperstone, Chance Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 15:01:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/339046 LABOR, STATUS AND POWER: SLAVE FOODWAYS AT JAMES MADISON’S MONTPELIER AD 1810- 1836 by Chance Copperstone ____________________________ A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2014 1 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by CLP Research 1600 1700 1750
    Copyright by CLP Research Partial Genealogy of the Madison Main Political Affiliation: Cpt. Isaac Madison (of Virginia & Kentucky) (1590-1624) 1763-83 Whig/Revolutionary (Emigrated from London, England to Virginia, 1608) 1789-1823 Republican (massacred Indians, 1622) 1824-33 1600 (VA gov council, 1624) 1834-53 = Mary Councilor 1854- (1605-25) 1 Other John Madison I (1625-83) = Maria Ambrose (1635-63) 1650 3 Others John Madison II (1663-1732) (King & Queen co. VA sheriff, 1685-1715) See Todd of KY = Isabella Minor Todd Genealogy (1670-1710) Part I Elizabeth Ann Catherine Madison Thomas Madison 5 Others Madison (1693-1760) (1694-1754) (1687-at least 1717) = Richard Gaines = Johanna ???? = George Penn (1670-1755) (1718-58?) Col. Ambrose Madison Henry Madison I 1700 (1700-32) (1701-57) (1690-1741) Cpt. John Madison See Gaines of VA See Taylor of VA = Frances Taylor = Elizabeth Polly See Penn of VA Genealogy Genealogy (1700-61) Pemberton or Coleman (1709-1784) Genealogy Part I (1705-at least 1743) (VA H of B, 1748-54 See Strother of VA = Agatha Strother Sarah Madison 9 Others James Madison I 1 Son Elizabeth Madison Frances Madison Genealogy (1728-1822) (1736-1801) (1722-1801) (1725-73) (1726-78) Part II = John Pendleton See Conway of VA = Eleanor Rose = Col. John Willis = Taverner Beale I 5 Others Henry Madison II (1719-99) Genealogy Conway (1730-1829) (1724-50) (1713-56) (1743-1811) (VA H of B, 1762-65; speaker, 1765) See Willis of VA See Beale of VA See White of VA = Martha White 1750See Pendleton of VA Genealogy Genealogy Genealogy (1744-1837)
    [Show full text]
  • Shadrach Born January 7, 1767
    A monthly newsletter sharing new information about the enslaved community of Belle Grove Plantation, Middletown, Virginia SHADRACH BORN JANUARY 7, 1767 January 2021 THE MEANING BEHIND In the Old Testament of the Bible, Shadrach is one of three THE NAME SHADRACH Jewish men living in exile in Babylon, who after first In the mid-century of the earning the trust of King 1700s, choosing names from Nebuchadnezzar, lost it by Shadrach an enslaved man was the Bible for enslaved babies insulting him while refusing to born at Montpelier, the Madison was popular. From around worship a giant gold idol, family plantation in Orange 1750, attempts to convert which he had built as a symbol County, VA. His mother, second generation African of his wealth and power. The Daphne, is found in five years of enslaved to Christianity were book of Daniel tells how an tax lists, in the grouping of at their peak. Just like today, enraged King ordered younger women. She was names had trends. Eleanor Shadrach, Meshach, and named for, and likely the Conway Madison, wife to Abednego to be thrown into a daughter of, the Daphne owned James Madison Sr., was by Ambrose Madison, the revered and renowned for her fiery furnace. original patriarch of Montpelier. This baby’s birth early in the piety and religious learning. God protected them from any new year, just after the end of Whether it was she who gave harm, and they emerged the Twelve Days of Christmas, the name, or the baby’s unsinged and well, to the celebrated in the quarter and mother, who had learned astonishment of the King and the big house alike, may have Biblical stories from working in his court.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pendleton Family of Hyde Park, New York
    THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF the M adison F amily Descendants 2013 Newsletter A Hudson River School: The Pendleton Family Of Hyde Park, New York “The tour I lately made with Mr. Jefferson of which I have given the outline to my brother was a very agreeable one, and carried us thro’ an interesting Country new to us both.” James Madison, Jr. to James Madison, Sr., July 2d, 1791 View of the Hudson River today looking west from above The Frederick Vanderbilt Estate, Dutchess County, New York. (Photograph by Katy Silberger) By Frederick Madison Smith, NSMFD President 1784 and, finally, with Jefferson in 1791. One of the chief attractions of the Hudson area to President Although President Madison’s extensive trip through the Madison – and to many of his generation – was the prospect of Hudson River Valley with Thomas Jefferson in the Spring of 1791 great profits by land speculation in the rich and fertile soils of parts was to take the pair through landscapes in the upper reaches which of the region. His inability to secure greater capital was to prevent were indeed “new to us both,” this was not Madison’s first venture the making of any great profits here, but a modest investment in up the Hudson but, in fact, his third. Mohawk Valley lands branching west from the Hudson in the His first, as a young man of in 1774, was taken largely by 1780s was to double during the decade he held it. boat and some of the weather encountered on his way was to try Not long after the end of the 1791 trip with Jefferson, James his notoriously delicate health and “nervous disposition” (if not his Madison, Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Was Buried in James Madison's Grave
    WHO WAS BURIED IN JAMES MADISON’S GRAVE? A study in contextual analysis C. Thomas Chapman The Montpelier Foundation 540-672-2728 x162 [email protected] WHO WAS BURIED IN JAMES MADISON’S GRAVE? A Study in Contextual Analysis _____________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _____________ by Charles Thomas Chapman 2005 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to all those who have come before us, who have created our ideas, our thoughts, our lives, our words, and our stories, and to all those who will follow and recreate what we have done. Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity. What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun? One generation passesth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing. The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun.
    [Show full text]