Abbreviations, Symbols, Units

A-1. Names and Locations

CCF DMD depression FSD Fan shaped deposits GLF -like features FT LDA LobateDebrisApron LVF MAAT Mean annual air temperature MST Mean annual surface temperature NWT North-West Territories, Canada SPLD Polar Layered Deposits SPP South Polar Polygons SPT South Polar Trough TT VFF Viscous flow features

A-2. Institutes and Organizations

ASU Arizona State University AWI Alfred Institut Potsdam DLR German Aerospace Center DeutschesZentrumfürLuft-undRaumfahrte.V. ESA European Space Agency FUB Freie Universität Berlin FSU Former Soviet Union GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center GSL Geological Society of London continued on next page

255 256 Abbreviations, Symbols, Units

IAPWS International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam IAU International Astronomical Union IPA International Permafrost Association JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory MIPL Multimission Image Processing Lab MSSS Malin Space Science Systems NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration PDS Planetary Data System, JPL-NASA, USA PSA Planetary Science Archive, ESA PSI Planetary Science Institute SI Système international d’unités UNIS University Centre, Svalbard USGS United States Geological Survey

A-3. Missions, Instruments, Software

CRU TS Climate Database, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich (Mitchell and , 2005) DEM/DTM Digital Elevation Model/Digital Terrain Model ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper GCM General Circulation Model GIS Geographic Information System, here: ArcGIS by ESRI (http://www.esri.com) GMT Generic Mapping Tools, by Wessel and (1991, 1995, 1998) IDL Integrated Development Language, by RSI Software ISIS Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers, by USGS MDIM Digital Image Mosaic, (v. 1.0-2.1) MEGDR MOLA Mission Experiment Gridded Data Record MER Mars Exploration Rovers MEX (since 2004) MEX-HRSC High Resolution Stereo Camera MGS (since 1997) MGS-TES Thermal Emission Spectrometer MGS-MOLA Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter MGS-MOC (WA/NA) (Wide Angle/Narrow Angle) MGS-MOC cPROTO compensated Pitch and Roll Targeted Observation MO Mars Odyssey (since 2001) MO-THEMIS (VIS/IR) Thermal Emission and Imaging Spectrometer (Visible/Infrared) MO-HEND High Energy Neutron Detector continued on next page Abbreviations, Symbols, Units 257

MO-GRS Gamma-Ray Spectrometer MO-NS Neutron Spectrometer MRO-HiRISE High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment MRO Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005-today) NSSDC National Space Science Data Catalogue PEDR MOLA Precision Experiment Data Record TAE Transportable Application Environment TM Thematic Mapper VASClimO Variability Analysis of Surface Climate Observations Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) and J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt on VICAR Visual Image and Communication Retrieval, by JPL/MIPL VIS-A/B Viking Imaging Subsystem A and B VO-1/2 Viking Orbiter 1/2(1976-1981)

A-4. Physical Units

px pixel (k)m (kilo-)meter (k)Pa (kilo-)Pascal (= 10−5 bar) KKelvin JJoule WWatt ssecond (G)a (Giga)year

A-5. Symbols

A, B, n temperature-dependent parameters C specific heat capacity [J⋅kg−1⋅K−1] g acceleration due to gravity [m⋅s−2] h height of mixed atmospheric water [km] I thermalinertia,[J⋅m−2⋅s−1/2⋅K−1] or [IU] K decay constant [-] k thermal conductivity [W⋅m−1⋅K−1] L length [km] ○ Ls solar longitude [ ] M normalized mass of water in the atmosphere [pr μm] P dynamic viscosity [Poise = 0.1 Pa⋅s] continued on next page 258 Abbreviations, Symbols, Units

Q activation energy [kJ⋅mol−1] −2 Qg geothermal heat flux [Wm ] R universal gas constant, 8.314 J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 T temperature [K] Tmp melting-point temperature [K] T¯S mean annual surface temperature [K], see MST V volume [m3] z depth [km] or height [km] α angle [○], chapter 3 α coefficient of linear thermal expansion− [K 1], chapter 4 β coefficient of cubic thermal expansion [K−1] ε, ε˙ strain, strain rate [a−1] η¯ viscoelastic parameter, chapter 4 η dynamic viscosity [Pa⋅s]] Φ porosity [%] ρ density [kg⋅m−3] τ shear stress [Pa, bar] τ0 yieldstress[Pa,bar] INDEX

A sublimationcycles...... 118–126 AcidaliaPlanitia...... 36 CaviAngusti...... 72 activelayer...... 14,65 CentauriMontes...... 131–153 thickness...... 14 CerberusPlains...... 82 alas...... 80 chronologymodel(Mars)...... 105 Alaska...... 10,75 chronostratigraphicmethods...... 104–106 Healy,AlaskaRange...... 26 ChrysePlanitia...... 37,81 WrangellMountains...... 26 chrystocrenes...... 27 ...... 40,106 chutes...... 29 Antarctica...... 28 circum-mesa apron ...... 41 DryValleys...... 16,54 clathrates...... 52 ArabiaTerra...... 34 climate Arctic...... 28,79 classification ...... 9–11 ArgyrePlanitia...... 36,37 highlandszone...... 9 ArsiaMons...... 34,56 localclimate...... 9 AthabascaValles...... 69,81,82 micro-climate ...... 9 avalanches...... 29,33 middle-latitude lowlands zone ...... 9 B periglacial...... 12 polarlowlandszone...... 9 bodyreferences...... 87–88 subpolarlowlandszone...... 9 Bol’shoyLyakhovskyIsland,Siberia...... 200 zonalclimate...... 9 BrooksRange...... 32 zones...... 9–11, 15 bulgunnyakh...... 75 climatechange...... 36 C coefficient of thermal expansion ...... 62–63 Canada...... 28,75,79 linearexpansion...... 62–63,122, 125 CanadianArctic...... 10,16 volumeexpansion...... 62–63 Mackenzie delta ...... 76 cold-based ...... 48 Meckenzie delta...... 78 concentriccraterfill(CCF)...... 33–44, 180–182 Tuktoyaktuk...... 76,81 aeoliandeposition...... 40 Yukon...... 10 crater-size frequency distribution ...... 105 carbon dioxide ...... 16 creepregimes...... 30 gaseoushydrate...... 16 crevasses...... 179–180 liquid...... 16 cryogenic processes ...... 8

259 260 Index cryolithosphere...... 16,17 permanentlyfrozenground...... 12 cryology...... 8 cryosphere...... 8,11,16 G cryoticground...... 8,12 Gamma-RaySpectrometer...... 98–99 non-cryotic ground ...... 12 Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, British Columbia, Canada cryosphericsystems...... 11 190 ...... 81 gelifluction...... 8,19,21,36,42,54 geocryology...... 8 D geologicmapping...... 102–103 DaoVallis...... 40 geomorphologicmapping...... 102–103 dataprocessing...... 90–93 geomorphometry...... 103–104 methods...... 101–106 geothermalheatflux...... 13,17 de-noising ...... 92 GIS...... 87,100–103 de-speckling ...... 93 glacial...... 11–12 debrisavalanche...... 131–153 ablation...... 11 desiccation ...... 66 accumulation...... 11 DeuteronilusMensae...... 36,39,159,168, 171–182 extraglacial...... 7 dichotomyboundary...... 35,37,155–169, 171–182 meltwater...... 11 disintegration...... 36 proglacial...... 7 formation...... 35 subglacial...... 7 E thermalregime...... 12 eccentricity cycles ...... 45 glacialenvironments...... 11–12 ElysiumPlanitia...... 37,81 glacialkarst...... 178 englacialdebris...... 57 glacier cirque...... 12 F cold-based ...... 12 fan-shapeddeposits(FSD)...... 33,55–57 debris-covered ...... 12,24,26 flowfeatures...... 35 icecap...... 12 freeze-thaw cycles ...... 42 icemargins...... 7 fretted terrain (FT) ...... 35,38,155–169, 171–172 icesheets...... 7 age...... 45 polar glacier ...... 11 headward erosion ...... 39 polythermal glacier ...... 11 MareotisFossae...... 45 temperate glacier ...... 11 planationprocesses...... 39 granularflows...... 29 sapping...... 39 Greenland...... 28,75 frostaction...... 8 groundice...... 7,16,18,19,45 frostblisters...... 76 distribution...... 16 frostcreep...... 36 Mars...... 15–19,73–74 frostheaving...... 8,14,66 stability...... 16,19,36 frostmounds...... 19,75–84 ...... 80,81 frostweathering...... 8 frostwedging...... 8 H frozen ground HadriacaPatera...... 40 perennially frozen ground ...... 12 HellasMontes...... 131–153 Index 261

HellasPlanitia...... 36,37,40,44,45,73,131 Llangorse Volcanic Field, British Columbia, Canada ...... 37,40,106 190 hillslope destabilization ...... 14 Llullaillaco,Argentina...... 141 Holocene...... 209 lobatedebrisaprons...... 173 hydro-lakkolith...... 75 lobatedebrisaprons(LDA).....21,33–53, 131–153, 155–169, 183–194 I ages...... 45–47, 149–150, 169, 188, 189 IAU...... 87,102 apronformation...... 47 icemargins...... 7 bedrockpediments...... 41 icesheets...... 7 debrisaccumulation...... 47 icevein...... 65 disintegration...... 46,160–163 ice wedges distribution...... 35 epigenetic...... 61,66 landslides ...... 47 formation...... 65–66 mantlingdeposit...... 160 growthrate...... 65 morphometry...... 163–165 networkdevelopment...... 66–67 pediments...... 41 hexagonal...... 66–67 rheology...... 41,165–167 orientedorthogonal...... 66–67 slopeangles...... 42 randomorthogonal...... 66–67 sourceofdebrisandice...... 47–48 polygons...... 66–67 sublimation...... 45 high-center...... 67 thermokarst...... 45,46 low-center ...... 67 M raisedrims,ramparts...... 67 syngenetic...... 61,66 Malaspina glacier ...... 34 ice-cored mounds ...... 75–84 mantlingdeposit...... 197–211 ice-wedge pseudomorphs ...... 65 MareotisFossae...... 36,45,155–169 icings ...... 27 ...... 35,37,91 IDL...... 89 Mars Express injectionice...... 8,76,78 HRSC ...... 87–89, 99 ...... 37 MarsGlobalSurveyor...... 37,40,93–97 ISIS...... 88,92,102 MarsOrbiterCamera...... 69,71 MOC...... 87,89,90,94–95, 114–115 K MOLA...... 87,89,95–96 KaseiValles...... 183–194 TES...... 87,96–97, 115–116 MarsOdyssey...... 97–99 L Gamma-RaySpectrometer...... 98–99 laminarflow...... 141 HighEnergyNeutronDetector...... 99 LandsatEnhancedThematicMapper...... 100 NeutronSpectrometer...... 73,74,98 landslides ...... 26,29,33,38,47 THEMIS ...... 87,97–98, 115–116 levees...... 29 MarsOrbiterCamera(MOC)...... 40 lineatedvalleyfill ...... 171–182 MarsOrbiterLaserAltimeter(MOLA)...... 37,41 lineatedvalleyfill(LVF)...... 33–44, 155–169 MarsReconnaissanceOrbiter...... 84 directionofflow...... 42 HiRISE ...... 87 longitudinal striae ...... 38 MDIM...... 87,89,103 262 Index

MOLAPEDR...... 102 aggradation...... 77 MOLA Precision Experiment Data Records . . . 173 alpinepermafrost...... 8,14 moraines...... 54 continuouspermafrost...... 15 ice-cored moraines ...... 24 definition ...... 12 Mount Rainier, Washington ...... 190 degradation...... 13 Mt.Shasta,California...... 141 discontinuouspermafrost...... 15 Mt.Taranaki,NewZealand...... 141 distribution...... 14–15 drypermafrost...... 13 N ice-rich permafrost ...... 13 needle-ice ...... 19 isolatedpermafrost...... 15 neutronalbedo...... 99 Mars...... 15–19 NigerVallis...... 40 masswasting...... 14 ...... 34,36,45,159 mountainpermafrost...... 19,23 ...... 37,40,106 nomenclature...... 14 O plateaupermafrost...... 14 obliquitycycles...... 16,36,45,169 polarpermafrost...... 14 OlympusMons...... 34,36 relictpermafrost...... 14 orbitaloscillations...... 16,169 talik...... 14 OygosskyYar,Siberia...... 200 terrestrialpermafrost...... 12–15 thickness...... 13–14 P PhlegraMontes...... 36 palsas...... 75 piedmontapron...... 34 patternedground...... 66 PIGWAD...... 87 PavonMons...... 56 pingos...... 75–84 perennially cryotic ground ...... 12 age...... 82 perennially frozen ground ...... 8,61 artesian...... 75 pergelisol...... 12 artesianpingos...... 75 periglacial...... 8,11 bell-shapedpingos...... 78 climatezones...... 9 closed-system pingos ...... 75 controllingfactors...... 8–9 cryostatic...... 75 dependentfactors...... 8–9 cryostaticpingos...... 75 independentfactors...... 8–11 degradation...... 79 climate...... 9 disk-shapedpingos...... 78 rockmaterial...... 9 East-Greenland-type...... 75–77 topography...... 9 injectionice...... 75–78 morphogeneticregion...... 9 Mackenzie-type...... 77–78 periglaciallandforms...... 19 Mars...... 79–84 terrestrialenvironments...... 7–8 distribution...... 79 thermalregime...... 12 morphometry...... 80 weathering phases...... 80 chemical ...... 8 shape...... 80 physical ...... 8 morphology...... 79 zones...... 8 occurrence...... 75 permafrost...... 7,8,12–19 open-system pingos ...... 75 Index 263

segregationice...... 75–78 climato-dynamic...... 25 size ...... 75 inheritedpaleoclimate...... 25 polarcaps(Mars)...... 16 latitudinal-altitudinal ...... 25 polygonallyfracturedground ...... 197 static...... 25 polygons creep Mars...... 67–74,197–211 icecore...... 30 ages...... 70 interstitialice...... 30 characteristics...... 68–69 debris rock glaciers...... 24,27 giantpolygons...... 67–68 definitions ...... 21–26 globaldistribution...... 69–72 distribution...... 28 mid-latitudes ...... 69–70 dynamic inactive rock glaciers ...... 24 seasonalvariations...... 109–128 fossil...... 22,168 southpolararea...... 70–72, 109–128 fossil rock glaciers ...... 22 thermalcontractionpolygons...... 61–74 gelifluction rock glaciers ...... 24 precessioncycles...... 45 geomorphometry...... 32 PrometheiTerra...... 131–153 glaciogenic ...... 23 protaluslandforms...... 22 ice-cemented ...... 22 protaluslobes...... 21,44 ice-cored ...... 22 protalusramparts...... 44,54 inactive rock glaciers ...... 22,24 ProtonilusMensae...... 34,36,45,159,168 lobate...... 22 microrelief...... 31–32 Q conicalpits...... 31 Qinghai-Xizang,Tibet...... 10 crevasses...... 31 lobes...... 31 R tension cracks ...... 31 regolith...... 16 transverseridges...... 31 megaregolith...... 17 movement...... 28–30 porosity...... 17 nomenclature...... 21–26 decayconstant...... 17 origin...... 26–28 self-compaction depth ...... 17 relict...... 168 strength...... 74 relict rock glaciers...... 24 thermalconductivity...... 17 rheology...... 30 verticalprofile...... 17 ridgesandfurrows...... 22 ReullVallis...... 46 size ...... 32 rill erosion ...... 66 talus rock glaciers ...... 24,27 rockfall...... 8,29,33 taxonomy...... 23 rock glacier ...... 12 texture...... 31–32 rock glaciers ...... 19,21–59,155–169 tongue-shaped rock glaciers ...... 22 active rock glaciers ...... 24 transport avalanche-debris ...... 24 creep...... 28 basalstress...... 30 hydrostaticflow...... 29 cohesiveflow...... 23 slabmechanism...... 29 composition...... 26–28 slide mechanism ...... 29 controlling factors valley-floor rock glaciers ...... 22 264 Index

valley-wall rock glaciers ...... 21,22 frost cracking ...... 61 rootlessdebriscones...... 82 re-activation...... 65,67 thermalcontractionpolygons...... 19,61–74 S Mars sandwedges...... 65–66 southpolararea...... 109–128 segregationice...... 8,77,78 terrestrial...... 61–67 Siberia...... 10,75,209 thermaliceveins...... 61 SiberianIceComplex...... 197 thermalstress...... 74 slopemovement...... 19 thermokarst...... 8,14,169, 197–211 slumps...... 8 thermokarstdegradation...... 171–182 Socompa,Chile...... 141 thermokarstdepression...... 197 software...... 88–90 thufurs...... 75 soilcreeping...... 8 ThyrrenaPatera...... 40 soilwedges...... 65–66 Tibet...... 79 solifluction...... 8 tongue-shaped lobes ...... 54 stonesorting...... 66 tundrapolygons...... 66 strainregimes...... 30 turbulentflow...... 141 stratigraphy(Mars)...... 106 U sublimation...... 45 supraglacialdebris...... 57 UtopiaPlanitia....34,36,37,68,69,73,81,197–211 Svalbard...... 10 V swiss-cheeseterrain...... 118 valley glacier ...... 175–177 T VastitasBorealis...... 199 VICAR...... 88,89,93,102 TAE...... 88 Viking...... 33,37,87,91 talik...... 14,15 Orbiterdata...... 91–93 TempeTerra...... 155–169 MDIM...... 91–93 temperature VikingLander...... 36,37,67,74 frost-pointtemperature...... 18 VikingOrbiter...... 36,67,93 albedo...... 18 VIS...... 91–93 thermalinertia...... 18 viscoelasticparameter...... 63 mean annual air temperature (MAAT) . . 11, 14 viscous flow features (VFF) ...... 33,53–55 mean annual surface temperature...... 17,18 melting-pointtemperature...... 17 Y surface-air temperature ...... 62 Yana-IndigirkaLowland,Siberia...... 200 ...... 44 Yedoma...... 197,209 ...... 36,38,199 TES...... 102 ...... 37 thermalconductivity...... 13,18 thermalcontraction...... 8 thermal contraction fractures depth...... 61 diameter...... 61