DOCSLIB.ORG

Variation in the Canadian Provincial and Territorial Responses to COVID-19

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Variation in the Canadian Provincial and Territorial Responses to COVID-19 BSG Working Paper Series Providing access to the latest policy-relevant research Variation in the Canadian provincial and territorial responses to COVID-19 BSG-WP-2021/039 March 2021 Emily Cameron-Blake, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Charles Breton, Centre of Excellence on the Canadian Federation, IRPP Paisley Sim, Centre of Excellence on the Canadian Federation, IRPP Helen Tatlow, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Thomas Hale, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Andrew Wood, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Jonathan Smith, unaffiliated Julia Sawatsky, unaffiliated Zachary Parsons, unaffiliated Katherine Tyson, unaffiliated Copyright for all BSG Working Papers remains with the authors. Variation in the Canadian provincial and territorial responses to COVID-19 BSG-WP-2021/039 March 2021 Emily Cameron-Blake, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Charles Breton, Executive Director, Centre of Excellence on the Canadian Federation, IRPP Paisley Sim, Policy Scholar, Centre of Excellence on the Canadian Federation, IRPP Helen Tatlow, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Thomas Hale, Associate Professor, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Andrew Wood, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Jonathan Smith, unaffiliated Julia Sawatsky, unaffiliated Zachary Parsons, unaffiliated Katherine Tyson, unaffiliated This working paper is updated frequently. Check for most recent version here: www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/covidtracker The most up-to-date version of technical documentation will always be found on the project’s GitHub repo: www.github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-tracker Abstract Canadian provinces and territories took highly divergent approaches to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker indicators and aggregate stringency indices, this paper explores variation in the timing and relative stringency of government responses across 13 Canadian provinces and territories. Canada is a decentralized federation where provinces and territories develop policies to fit local epidemiological and political contexts. The authors find that many smaller, less populous provinces and territories created the conditions for greater freedom of movement and ‘normalcy’ as compared to larger provinces. With the creation of regional zones and tiered policy triggers, most regions have adopted reactive policies and restrictions, often too late, and not without unintended confusion. To date, the authors find that the benefits of federalism have been unevenly leveraged, a lack of coordination in planning and communication between the provinces and territories is an area of opportunity for improved future pandemic planning. Recommended citation for this paper: Emily Cameron-Blake, Charles Breton, Paisley Sim, Helen Tatlow, Thomas Hale, Andrew Wood, Jonathan Smith, Julia Sawatsky, Zachary Parsons, Katherine Tyson (2021). “Variation in the Canadian Provincial and Territorial responses to COVID- 19”. Blavatnik School of Government Working Paper. Available: www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/covidtracker Recommended citation for the dataset: Thomas Hale , Noam Angrist , Rafael Goldszmidt, Beatriz Kira, Anna Petherick , Toby Phillips, Samuel Webster, Emily Cameron-Blake , Laura Hallas, Saptarshi Majumdar, and Helen Tatlow (2021). “A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker).” Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8 Acknowledgements: The authors thank the OxCGRT Canada Subnational Contributors for their tremendous, ongoing efforts. We are grateful to the strong support from students, staff, and alumni of the Blavatnik School of Government, colleagues across the University of Oxford, and partners around the world for contributing time and energy to data collection and the broader development of Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. We welcome further feedback on this project as it evolves. We would also like to thank The University of Toronto team behind the CAN-NPI dataset1 for their initial efforts in collecting the following data. We have incorporated and merged the data from the CAN-NPI2 and integrated it into our systematic coding scheme. OxCGRT contributors to the Canadian sub-national dataset: Adil Sayeed Charles Breton Christopher Yoannou Emily Cameron-Blake Helen Tatlow Henry Annan Jonathan Smith Julia Sawatzky Katherine Tyson Michelle Sharma Miriam Pittalis Paisley Sim Rushay Naik Seung Eun Yi Tina Chim Zachary Parsons 1 http://cmajopen.ca/content/8/3/E545.full 2 https://github.com/jajsmith/COVID19NonPharmaceuticalInterventions 1. Introduction and summary The COVID-19 pandemic has taken an outsized human and social toll on Canada, and has been enormously challenging for all levels of government. Many Canadians confronted the reality of COVID-19 when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s wife, Sophie Grégoire-Trudeau, tested positive for the virus on March 12, 2020.3 Beginning March 14, 2020 provinces began to declare public health emergencies and enter a period of lockdown with residents mandated to stay home. The relative severity of the 2020 Spring lockdowns were not that different across the country, but the post-lockdown period has been marked by a panoply of dissimilar policy approaches. This paper provides an overview of the 13 Canadian provinces and territories and the key policy decisions taken to curtail the transmission of COVID-19 and protect public health. This paper additionally looks in detail at policies related to facial coverings in public, stay at home requirements, economic support, and school closures. OxCGRT data is complemented by data from the Institute for Research on Public Policy, a Montreal-based think tank, which captures policies related to facial coverings in schools, restaurants and dining, cultural services, and provincially imposed curfews. The epidemic curve shows a first-wave of cases concentrated between March and May 2020, a slackening during the summer months, and a much more severe second-wave beginning mid-September 2020. Growing cases of the more transmissible B.1.1.7 variant are partially responsible for the long-tail of the second-wave that has yet to flatten in densely populated areas of Ontario and Quebec. At the same time, case numbers have slowed to a crawl, or stopped entirely, in northern territories, the Atlantic provinces, and are declining on the prairies. Starkly different provincial approaches may be attributed to who is at the forefront of public messaging - public health officials or partisan Premiers and members of the executive branch. For many Canadians, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a crash-course on the workings of a highly decentralized federation. Federalism - shared rule between federal and sub-national governments - has distinct advantages, such as coordinated policy implementation and procurement. But it also requires layers of cross-jurisdictional coordination which can heighten complexity and move slowly. Since the beginning, provinces have led the healthcare response while the federal government has led Canada’s economic response. There has been no formally coordinated approach to pandemic preparedness. As provinces shift gears to focus on delivering vaccines, priority has been given to residents of long-term care homes and other institutional settings and at-risk healthcare workers. As of March 2021, Canada has reported just under 900,000 cases of COVID-19, and over 22,300 deaths.4 Tragically, more than 80% of COVID-related deaths have occured in long-term care facilities which house elderly and vulnerable people.5 The virus has also disproportionately hit remote and Indigenous communities, highlighting that access to an adequate, guaranteed standard of healthcare is inaccessible to a large number of Canadians. Canada stands out globally for its zealous over-procurement of vaccines - to date over $1 billion has been invested for enough doses to cover 400% of the population.6 The country has also committed doses to the global COVAX initiative which provides vaccines to the developing world, but has been widely criticized for drawing from COVAX for local use.7 Since vaccinations began on December 13, 2020, the roll-out has been marked by supply delays, poor coordination, provincial leaders foisting blame for delays at the federal government, and big public promises. Prime Minister Trudeau has committed that everyone who wants a vaccine 3 https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-trudeau-premiers-coronavirus-1.5495001 4 https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/epidemiological-summary-covid-19-cases.html 5https://centre.irpp.org/research-studies/federalism-as-a-strength-a-path-toward-ending-the-crisis-in-long-term-care/ 6 https://www.budget.gc.ca/fes-eea/2020/themes/fighting-covid-19-lutter-contre-covid-19-en.html 7 https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/vaccination-coverage/ can get one by the end of September 2021. But with under 4% of the population vaccinated as of March 2021, this timeline may prove to be overly ambitious.8 One year into the pandemic, it is clear that sub-national policy responses and outcomes have been highly divergent and that the benefits of federalism have been unevenly leveraged. At the same time, provinces have learned from one another and introduced innovative policy responses such as the creation of the “Atlantic bubble” and responsive lockdown triggers. This paper accompanies the publication of the continuously updated and publicly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • News Release
    NEWS RELEASE Facing a near $1.0 billion budget deficit, Newfoundland and Labrador can learn from successful Saskatchewan reforms June 24, 2021 For immediate release ST. JOHN’S—When considering ways to recover from its current fiscal crisis, including a huge provincial deficit and the highest debt level of any province, the Newfoundland and Labrador government can heed lessons from Saskatchewan, which faced a similar crisis in the 1990s, finds a new study released today by the Fraser Institute, an independent, non-partisan, Canadian public policy think-tank. “The fiscal situation in Newfoundland and Labrador requires spending reductions to reduce the province’s dauting budget deficit,” said Alex Whalen, policy analyst at the Fraser Institute and co-author of Fiscal lessons for Atlantic Canada from Saskatchewan. Newfoundland and Labrador added almost $2 billion in provincial government debt last year, which is already the highest in Canada (on a per-person basis). While COVID added to the challenges, the province’s fiscal issues long-predate the pandemic. The study highlights how Saskatchewan overcame similar issues – including deficit- financed spending, mounting debt and rising interest costs – in a short period of time. Specifically, Saskatchewan cut spending by almost 12 per cent over two years, in part by eliminating inefficient and unaffordable government programs, and balanced the budget in three years. “Saskatchewan faced similar challenges, but through spending and tax reforms, turned around their fiscal ship,” said Steve Lafleur, senior policy analyst at the Fraser Institute and study co-author. (30) MEDIA CONTACT: Alex Whalen, Policy Analyst Fraser Institute Steve Lafleur, Senior Policy Analyst Fraser Institute To arrange media interviews or for more information, please contact: Drue MacPherson, Fraser Institute (604) 688-0221 ext.
    [Show full text]
  • Saskatchewan Bound: Migration to a New Canadian Frontier
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 1992 Saskatchewan Bound: Migration to a New Canadian Frontier Randy William Widds University of Regina Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Widds, Randy William, "Saskatchewan Bound: Migration to a New Canadian Frontier" (1992). Great Plains Quarterly. 649. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/649 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SASKATCHEWAN BOUND MIGRATION TO A NEW CANADIAN FRONTIER RANDY WILLIAM WIDDIS Almost forty years ago, Roland Berthoff used Europeans resident in the United States. Yet the published census to construct a map of En­ despite these numbers, there has been little de­ glish Canadian settlement in the United States tailed examination of this and other intracon­ for the year 1900 (Map 1).1 Migration among tinental movements, as scholars have been this group was generally short distance in na­ frustrated by their inability to operate beyond ture, yet a closer examination of Berthoff's map the narrowly defined geographical and temporal reveals that considerable numbers of migrants boundaries determined by sources
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Canada in 2020: the Pre-Vaccine Era February 2021
    The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Canada in 2020: The Pre-Vaccine Era February 2021 An RSC Policy Briefing The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Canada in 2020: The Pre-Vaccine Era An RSC Policy Briefing Authors Wendy Sligl (Chair) University of Alberta David Waldner University of Alberta Jennie Johnstone University of Toronto Robyn Harrison University of Alberta Duncan Webster Dalhousie University Lynora Saxinger University of Alberta Peer Review Monitor Tom Marrie, FRSC Dalhousie University Peer Reviewers Nick Daneman University of Toronto Rob Fowler University of Toronto Srinivas Murthy The University of British Columbia David Patrick The University of British Columbia Dan Reid Dalhousie University Robert Strang Chief Medical Officer of Health, Nova Scotia Suggested citation for Policy Briefing Report: Waldner D, Harrison R, Johnstone J, Saxinger L, Webster D, Sligl W. The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Canada in 2020: The Pre-Vaccine Era. Royal Society of Canada. 2021 Cover Art Christine De Vuono, For Your Own Good, (2020) Over the course of the pandemic, those in long term care facilities have been hit hardest with the impact of COVID-19 outbreaks. The response has been to lock down care homes and ban visitors, volunteers and even care packages, as attempts to stop the virus from entering the facility. This had the unintended, but very real consequence of isolating our most vulnerable from those who care for and love them. “For Your Own Good”, made of 100 carved figures from identical bars of soap, then placed in mason jars, which in turn are placed on shelves, allow us to look in on the miniature elderly figures, who look out at us.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflicts-In-Federal-Systems-Mintz
    PUBLICATIONS SPP Research Paper Volume 12:14 April 2019 TWO DIFFERENT CONFLICTS IN FEDERAL SYSTEMS: AN APPLICATION TO CANADA*† Jack M. Mintz SUMMARY Canadians are used to taking seriously the threat of separation when it comes to Quebec, but a more serious, less manageable form of conflict may eventually emerge in the federation between Western Canada and the rest of Canada. Where the Canadian government has been successful so far in managing the “conflict of taste” that has led to Quebec’s historic discomfort in the Canadian federation, because the federal government possesses the tools to address that challenge, it does not have the same tools to manage the “conflict of claim” that is creating increased dissatisfaction with Confederation in the West. The result is that Canada is a less stable federation than many observers realize. Interestingly, the future of its unity depends largely on whether the West is able to establish a lasting political alliance with Ontario even though that would mean Quebec no longer being critical for national coalitions. Conflicts of taste revolve around differences in political preferences between regions within a federation. While Quebec is animated by its different culture, history and language than the rest of Canada, which has created a conflict of taste, mechanisms have been put in place to help mitigate the friction, including: Provincial powers over key cultural institutions such as education and health, special fiscal and immigration arrangements for Quebec, guaranteed bilingualism in federal institutions and tax-collection powers unique to Quebec. Quebec’s ability to wield federal power through a Central Canadian alliance with Ontario has also helped partially alleviate the province’s discomfort within Confederation.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Demographic Estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories (Total Population Only) 2018
    Catalogue no. 91-215-X ISSN 1911-2408 Annual Demographic Estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories (Total Population only) 2018 Release date: September 27, 2018 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-514-283-9350 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Note of appreciation Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the developed standards of service that its employees observe. To citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are be produced without their continued co-operation and goodwill. also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > “Standards of service to the public.” Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Industry, 2018 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Employment in the Windsor-Essex & Southeastern
    Cross-Border Employment in the Windsor-Essex & Southeastern Michigan Corridor Photo Credit: Windsor-Essex Economic Development Corporation We would like to thank everyone who contributed their time, ideas and expertise to the Cross-Border Employment in the Windsor-Essex and Southeastern Michigan Corridor report. Workforce WindsorEssex would also like to thank Katie Renaud, Tashlyn Teskey, Heather Gregg, and Tanya Antoniw for their work in developing and authoring this report. Thanks are also due to the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development for their support. Front and back cover designs by Imaginative Imaging Printing by Imaginative Imaging How did we do? We invite your feedback on all publications produced by Workforce WindsorEssex. www.workforcewindsoressex.com 880 N Service Rd #201, Windsor ON N8X 3J5 Phone: 226-674-3220 [email protected] This document may be freely quoted and reproduced without permission from Workforce WindsorEssex provided that the content remains the same and that the organization is acknowledged as the author of this document. Workforce WindsorEssex is committed to ongoing research to enhance local labour market planning in the Windsor-Essex region. Workforce WindsorEssex assumes no responsibility for its use or for the consequences of any errors or omissions. The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Ontario or the Government of Canada. Ce projet est financè par le Gouvernement de l’Ontario 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...........................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • British Columbia 1858
    Legislative Library of British Columbia Background Paper 2007: 02 / May 2007 British Columbia 1858 Nearly 150 years ago, the land that would become the province of British Columbia was transformed. The year – 1858 – saw the creation of a new colony and the sparking of a gold rush that dramatically increased the local population. Some of the future province’s most famous and notorious early citizens arrived during that year. As historian Jean Barman wrote: in 1858, “the status quo was irrevocably shattered.” Prepared by Emily Yearwood-Lee Reference Librarian Legislative Library of British Columbia LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BACKGROUND PAPERS AND BRIEFS ABOUT THE PAPERS Staff of the Legislative Library prepare background papers and briefs on aspects of provincial history and public policy. All papers can be viewed on the library’s website at http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/ SOURCES All sources cited in the papers are part of the library collection or available on the Internet. The Legislative Library’s collection includes an estimated 300,000 print items, including a large number of BC government documents dating from colonial times to the present. The library also downloads current online BC government documents to its catalogue. DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the Legislative Library or the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. While great care is taken to ensure these papers are accurate and balanced, the Legislative Library is not responsible for errors or omissions. Papers are written using information publicly available at the time of production and the Library cannot take responsibility for the absolute accuracy of those sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlantic Agriculture
    FOR ALUMNI AND FRIENDS OF DALHOUSIE’S FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE SPRING 2021 Atlantic agriculture In memory Passing of Jim Goit In June 2020, campus was saddened with the sudden passing The Agricultural Campus and the Alumni Association of Jim Goit, former executive director, Development & External acknowledge the passing of the following alumni. We extend Relations. Jim had a long and lustrous 35-year career with the our deepest sympathy to family, friends and classmates. Province of NS, 11 of which were spent at NSAC (and the Leonard D’Eon 1940 Faculty of Agriculture). Jim’s impact on campus was Arnold Blenkhorn 1941 monumental – he developed NSAC’s first website, created Clara Galway 1944 an alumni and fundraising program and built and maintained Thomas MacNaughton 1946 many critical relationships. For his significant contributions, George Leonard 1947 Jim was awarded an honourary Barley Ring in 2012. Gerald Friars 1948 James Borden 1950 Jim retired in February 2012 and was truly living his best life. Harry Stewart 1951 On top of enjoying the extra time with his wife, Barb, their sons Stephen Cook 1954 and four grandchildren, he became highly involved in the Truro Gerald Foote 1956 Rotary Club and taught ski lessons in the winter. In retirement, Albert Smith 1957 Jim also enjoyed cooking, travelling, yard work and cycling. George Mauger 1960 Phillip Harrison 1960 In honour of Jim’s contributions to campus and the Alumni Barbara Martin 1962 Association, a bench was installed in front of Cumming Peter Dekker 1964 Hall in late November. Wayne Bhola Neil Murphy 1964 (Class of ’74) kindly constructed the Weldon Smith 1973 beautiful bench in Jim’s memory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Halifax Region Tourism Opening
    The Halifax Region Tourism Opening 2020 Plan Prepared for Discover Halifax Halifax Regional Municipality Prepared by FINAL REPORT June 11, 2020 Prepared for Discover Halifax Halifax Regional Municipality Prepared by Fathom Studio 1 Starr Lane Dartmouth, NS 902 461 2525 fathomstudio.ca Release R1—11 June 2020 Contents 01 Protecting People; Our Two Imperatives ......................................... 1 1.1 The Tourism Imperative & Objectives of this Plan ..................................................2 02 Introduction ......................................... 5 2.1 A Pre-Covid Snapshot of Tourism in NS ...................................................................5 2.2 The Provincial Reopening Strategy .7 2.3 A Proposal for the Easing of Tourism Restrictions ...............................................8 03 Strategy for keeping our Destination Safe ......................................................13 3.1 Travel Between Safe Markets .........14 3.2 Safe Spaces ...........................................22 3.3 Communication to promote safe travel & public health goals ..............32 3.4 Responsive Design to Adapt to Changing Epidemiology......................36 04 Site Specific Actions .......................39 4.1 Halifax & Lunenburg Waterfronts .43 4.2 Citadel Hill National Historic Site ...51 4.3 Nova Scotia Provincial Parks ...........55 4.4 Halifax Regional Municipality Parks, Trails, & Gardens ....................................57 4.5 Downtown Halifax / Dartmouth ......61 4.6 Halifax Shopping Centre ....................64
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and Natural Nt and Natural Resources
    ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Implementation Plan for the Action Plan for Boreal Woodland Caribou in the Northwest Territories: 2010-2015 The Action Plan for Boreal Woodland Caribou Conservation in the Northwest Territories was released after consulting with Management Authorities, Aboriginal organizations, communities, and interested stakeholders. This Implementation Plan is the next step of the Action Plan and will be used by Environment and Natural Resources to implement the actions in cooperation with the Tᰯch Government, Wildlife Management Boards and other stakeholders. In the future, annual status reports will be provided detailing the progress of the actions undertaken and implemented by Environment and Natural Resources. Implementation of these 21 actions will contribute to the national recovery effort for boreal woodland caribou under the federal Species at Risk Act . Implementation of certain actions will be coordinated with Alberta as part of our mutual obligations outlined in the signed Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation on Managing Shared Boreal Populations of Woodland Caribou. This MOU acknowledges boreal caribou are a species at risk that are shared across jurisdictional lines and require co-operative management. J. Michael Miltenberger Minister Environment and Natural Resources IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Environment and Natural Resources Boreal Woodland Caribou Conservation in the Northwest Territories 2010–2015 July 2010 1 Headquarters Inuvik Sahtu North Slave Dehcho South Slave Action Initiative Involvement Region Region Region Region Region 1 Prepare and implement Co-lead the Dehcho Not currently Currently not Not currently To be developed To be developed comprehensive boreal caribou Boreal Caribou Working needed. needed. needed. by the Dehcho by the Dehcho range management plans in Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Town Charter
    Taken from: Province of New Hampshire—Records of Council 1716 ( pages 690 & 691 ) Province of New Hampshire At a Council held at the Council chambers in Portsmouth March 14, 17151715----16161616 PRESENT: The Honorable George Vaughan, Esq., Lt. Governor; Richard Waldron, Samuel Penhallow, John Plaisted, Mark Hunking, John Wentworth, Esquires. Mr. Smith appeared at this Board on behalf of sundry inhabitants of Swampscott and presented a petition (against making Swampscott a town) as on file, bearing date, January 14, 1715-6*. Notwithstanding which petition and sundry other objections which have been made since ye first motions about making said Swampscott a town, it is In Council Ordered, that Swampscott Patent land be a township by the name of Stratham, and have full power to choose officers as other towns within this Province, and that the bounds of said town be according to the limits specified in a petition proffered to this board by Mr. Andrew Wiggin, the 13 th day of January last, except some families lying near to Greenland (viz.) John Hill, Thomas Leatherby, Enoch Barker, and Michael Hicks, which said some families shall belong to the Parish of Greenland: And that a meeting house be built on the King’s great road leading from Greenland to Exeter, within half a mile of the midway between ye bounds yet are next Exeter and the bounds that are next Greenland, as the road goes; and that they be obliged to have a learned orthodox minister to preach in said meeting house within one year from the date hereof. R. Waldron, Cleric Con.
    [Show full text]
  • Métis Government Recognition and Self-Government Agreement
    Métis Government Recognition and Self-Government Agreement -between- Métis Nation of Ontario -and- Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I DEFINITIONS, PURPOSE, RECOGNITION, AND FEDERAL RECOGNITION LEGISLATION ....................................................................3 Chapter 1: Definitions and Interpretation ...............................................................3 Definitions ..........................................................................................................3 Interpretation .....................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: Purpose ...................................................................................................6 Chapter 3: Federal Recognition ................................................................................7 Chapter 4: Federal Recognition Legislation.............................................................8 PART II SELF-GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION ...............................................9 Chapter 5: Requirements ..........................................................................................9 PART III MÉTIS GOVERNMENT’S CONSTITUTION ................................................9 Chapter 6: Constitution ............................................................................................9 PART IV MÉTIS GOVERNMENT’S LEGAL STATUS, ROLE, JURISDICTION, LAWS, AND AUTHORITY ............................................................................ 11 Chapter 7: Legal Status and Capacity
    [Show full text]