Minerals for the electrification of India
Dr Richard Flook Managing Director Mosman Resources Pty Ltd [email protected]
Acknowledgements
. Simon Moores and Andrew Miller-Benchmark
. Alison Saxby-Roskill
. Mike O’Driscoll and Ismene Clarke -IMformed
23/11/2019 2 Experience as both a supplier and a consumer of industrial minerals My business – industrial minerals & markets
Alumina Foundry Mineral trading Abrasives Flue gas desulphurisation Mineral fillers Batteries Halloysite Mineral processing Bauxite Garnet Mineral sands Barite Geothermal minerals Paints & coatings Bentonite Glass, flat & container Paper Borates Glass, fibre and special Perlite Brucite Gypsum Plastics Building products High purity alumina Precipitated calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate High purity quartz Precipitated silica Cement Industrial minerals Proppants Ceramics Industrial chemicals Refractories Construction sands Iron ore sands Rubber Colloidal silica Kaolin & calcined kaolin Salt Copper slag LED’s Semiconductors Diatomite Lime Silica sand and resin coated sand Dolomite Limestone & marble Steel Feldspar Lithium Sulphur Fertiliser Magnesia Talc Filtration Magnesite Vanadium
23/11/2019 3 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 4 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 5 India is in the centre of the high growth club
Top 10 Economies 2030 34% of (GDP PPP) 8 global 1. China: $64.2 trillion 10 consumption 2. India: $46.3 trillion in Asia 3 5 3. US: $31 trillion 9 1 4. Indonesia: $10.1 trillion 7 2 5. Turkey: $9.1 trillion 6. Brazil: $8.6 trillion 6 4 7. Egypt: $8.2 trillion 51% of global 8. Russia: $7.9 trillion consumption in developing 9. Japan: $7.2 trillion economies 10. Germany: $6.9 trillion
Asia will be 50% of global GDP & 40% of global consumption by 2040
23/11/2019 Source: Standard Chartered & McKinsey January & July 2019 6 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 7 Clean energy investment – long term growth
1. Renewables are projected to be the fastest-growing fuel source, growing at 8% CAGR
2. Solar PV expansion in electricity larger than all renewables combined (IEA October 2018)
3. 50% renewables by 2050
23/11/2019 Source: BP Energy Outlook 2017 & Carbon Tracker 8 Energy companies are acting – charging and storage
. Total SA acquired battery maker Saft Groupe SA in 2016 and in 2018, it bought smart charging startup G2Mobility . BP Chargemaster installing ultra-fast EV chargers in China, Germany & UK and BP has invested in Israeli battery startup . BP acquired Chargemaster & says it wants technology to charge an entire car in less than five minutes by 2021 . Shell to take over German home storage battery company Sonnen & installing high-performance charging stations (1Q 2019)
23/11/2019 Source: Company reports 9 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 10 India Power Scene
. China & India accounted for two thirds of the growth in energy demand in 2018 . India is the world’s third largest energy consumer after China and the USA . Energy demand is expected to grow three-fold by 2040 . Electrification rate has increased from 59% in 2000 to 93% of population in 2017 . Urban 1% or 7 million people without electrification . Rural 11% or 198 million people without electrification . Government roadmap is to achieve 175GW capacity in renewable energy by 2022 of which 100GW is solar power and 60GW is wind power (and 400GW by 2030) . Government is preparing a 'rent a roof' policy to support its target of generating 40GW of power through solar rooftop projects by 2022 . India could become the world's first country to use LEDs for all lighting by 2020 . It is expected that by 2040, around 49% of the total electricity will be generated by renewable energy & more efficient batteries will be used for storage to cut the solar energy cost by 66% compared to the current cost
23/11/2019 Source: IEA 2019 & BP 2019 11 National Mission: Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage
. Indian Cabinet decision (7th March 2019) was taken to set up the National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage . Terms of reference: . Propose and recommend policy guidelines and government interventions and possible strategies for holistic, sustainable and transformative mobility and energy storage in lndia . To formulate and launch a Phased Manufacturing Program (PMP) for EVs & EV components to localize production across the entire EV value chain . Mission: to formulate and launch a PMP with a focus on batteries including . raw materials . electrochemistry . end of life treatment (recycling) . manufacture of cells, modules, battery packs . usage in vehicles . Giga scale manufacturing in India will be required
23/11/2019 12 National Mission: Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage
. Aim is localisation of production across the entire electric vehicle value chain . India will need a minimum of 10 GWh of cells by 2022 & about 50 GWh by 2025 . India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA) expects energy storage market be over 300 GWh by 2025. . Cell to pack manufacturing plants have already started functioning in India . Backward integration to battery manufacture and battery chemicals is required . India policy will be to secure materials used in lithium-ion batteries, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and graphite & other strategic materials such as rare earths & tungsten . “Our first task will be to scan for these resources within India and at the same time make or incentivize strategic investments in international mines for these materials” . Government is also looking to set up a lithium-ion battery recycling industry
23/11/2019 13 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 14 India’s electric news
. CEA predicts renewables will provide 63% of installed capacity and 44% of India’s power generation by 2029-30 (IEEFA)
. Energy storage and EVs clear winners in union budget 2019: IESA (www.pv-magazine-india.com)
. CEL invites EoI for battery energy storage system projects (www.pv-magazine-india.com)
. India's Mahindra calls for urgent shift to electric vehicles (www.ft.com )
. India proposes tax benefits for electric vehicles to promote sales (www.uk.reuters.com )
. Vakrangee to set up EV charging infrastructure across India (www.pv-magazine-india.com)
. Tata Group to set up Rs 4,000 crore (USD$580m) lithium-ion battery plant (www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com )
. India and Australia could strike first lithium deal (www.pv-magazine-india.com)
. NALCO, HCL and MECL sign JV agreement to secure lithium and cobalt (www.pv-magazine-india.com)
23/11/2019 15
India expected to be 4th largest storage market
India renewable energy target of 523 GW by 2030 will need 34GW/136GWh storage
23/11/2019 Source: Bloomberg NEF & PV Magazine , 2019 16 Li-ion battery manufacturing cluster- Gujarat
. first LIB investment from Tata Chemicals . 1.7 GW capacity in the first phase & scale up to 10 GW as demand rises . The government of India is targeting 50 GW LIB manufacturing capacity . Automotive Electronics Power Private Ltd. (AEPPL) — JV Suzuki Motor, Toshiba & Denso — has signed a MOU with the state government of Gujarat to invest INR 49.3 billion ($689.7 million) in a lithium-ion battery assembly plant in Hansalpur . Exide/Leclanché SA planning LIB assembly
23/11/2019 Source: PV India, 2019 17 Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL)
. NALCO, HCL and MECL sign JV agreement to secure strategic . Beryllium minerals from abroad for manufacturing of solar energy . Bismuth storage and EV batteries . Cobalt . KABIL will be engaged in . Gallium . identification, . Germanium . acquisition, . Indium . exploration, . Lithium . development, . mining and processing of strategic minerals overseas for commercial use and . Niobium meeting the country’s requirement . Selenium . Twelve strategic minerals have been identified that are either . Tantalum not available in India or not available in the desired quantity . Tin . Initial focus will be on Lithium and Cobalt . Tungsten
23/11/2019 Source: PV Magazine, 2019 18 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 19 More than 20 nuclear power units in India in next 20 years
54 under construction • 11 China • 7 India • 6 Russia • 4 UAE • 4 South Korea • 2 Japan • 2 USA • 2 Slovak Republic • 1 Finland • 1 France • 1 Turkey India has the world’s largest reserves of thorium • 1 UK
23/11/2019 Source: IEA 2018,2019 20 Hydrogen fuel using renewable energy
Molybdenum telluride catalyst doubled hydrogen production in electrolysis -University of Glasgow November 2019
Cost of renewable electrolysers expected to reduce by 70% in next decade
23/11/2019 Source: PV Magazine, QUT,2019 21 Global rare earths –production & reserves
NdPr oxide is used to make ultra- Global reserves (million tonnes) strong permanent magnets (NdFeB (+Dy)) for micro-motors China and the drivetrains of electric Australia Production(tonnes) vehicles (permanent magnet 1% synchronous motors, “PMSMs”) USA [PERC ENTAG Russia Average EV motor to use 1.0 kg E] NdPr oxide by 2025 India Brazil Hastings Technology Metals 3% NdPr~40% of TREO initial 5 yrs Other 6% NdPr~34% LOM
23/11/2019 Source: USGS &Adamas Intelligence research , 2019 22 Battery minerals
Headline minerals . Lithium . Graphite . Cobalt . Nickel . Manganese
23/11/2019 23 Lithium issues- but get ready for the next surge
• Lithium under or oversupply • Lithium prices- spot & contract • Start up issues • Processing & by-products • Brine vs rock vs clay • Supply chain alignment • Battery production capacity • Storage vs electric vehicles • Future battery technology • Disconnected financial markets
23/11/2019 Source: Orocobre May 2017, SQM January 2018 24 Sources of Lithium
. Current production USGS (2018) . Brines (closed basin) Global production: 85ktpa Li
. Pegmatites –Spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) Global reserves: 14 Mtpa Li . Potential Global resources: 62 Mtpa Li . Seawater – but only 0.17ppm . Geothermal and oilfield brines 3% 6% . Recycled lithium ion batteries 7% Brines (closed basin)
. Lithium clays – hectorite (Na0.3(Mg,Li)3Si4O10(OH)2) Pegmatites
. Lithium micas – lepidolite (K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2) Li - clays 26% 58% . Lithium zeolites – jadarite (LiNaB3SiO7(OH)) Brines -other . Spodumene tailings/ improved recoveries Li-zeolites . Other – eg Rio Tinto USA boron mine tailings
23/11/2019 Source: USGS 2017,2018,2019 25 Lithium sources – typical parameters Brine Clay-sedimentary-other Pegmatite Lithium (ppm) 400-1500 1000-3000 4,500-7,000
Mine product Lithium carbonate(LC) or lithium hydroxide monohydrate(LHM) Spodumene concentrate (~6%Li2O) Typical production steps • Pumping • Mining • Mining • Evaporation crystallisation • Sulphuric acid leaching • Crushing & grinding • Chemical treatment • Evaporation crystallisation • Flotation (fines) • Filtration • By-products (eg boron) • Dense media separation (DMS) • Precipitation • Magnetic separation (WHIMS/LIMS) • By-products (tantalite, others) • High start up costs • low-cost open-cut mining • Simple mineral processing • Low operating costs • little grinding and crushing • Lower start up costs • Slow start up • uncertainties commercial scale • Rapid start up and ramp up • Long processing time development • Higher operating costs • High transport costs Production (2018) About 31kT lithium or 165kT LCE 10 kT capacity Li China (from mica) About 51kT lithium or 270 kT LCE
Operating costs (2018) Cash US$4-8,000/t LCE, US$5-10,000/t LHM Cash US$400/dmt CFR China
Selling prices (3Q 2019) Battery grade LC: Y60,000/t, LHM: Y65,000/t ex plant China; US$600-650/dmt CFR China LC: US$10,000/t, LHM: US$12,000/t cif North Asia
23/11/2019 26 Lithium production by-products
Company Deposit/operation Lithium mineral By-product Rio Tinto Jadar (Serbia) Jadarite Boron products ioneer Rhyolite Ridge (USA) Sepiolite/ Searlesite Boric acid Piedmont Lithium Carolina Spodumene Belt (USA) Spodumene Quartz, feldspar, mica Advantage Lithium Cauchari (Argentina) Brine SOP Litio Minera Mariana (Argentina) Brine SOP Bearing Lithium Blanco (Chile) Brine Potassium chloride European Lithium Wolfsberg (Austria) Spodumene Quartz, feldspar Avalon Adv. Mat. Separation Rapids(Canada) Petalite/Lepidolite Feldspar Pilbara Minerals Pilgangoora (Australia) Spodumene Tantalum Desert Lion Energy Rubicon/Helikon (Namibia) Petalite/Lepidolite Tantalum Neometals Kalgoorlie refinery (Australia) Spodumene leach residue Synthetic zeolite (Al/Si) European Metals Cinovec (Czech Republic) Zinnwaldite Tin, tungsten, SOP
23/11/2019 Source: Company reports 2018 & 2019 27 Graphite – reducing long term LIB application
. Mozambique & Tanzania are lowest cost producers-Australian leaders . Syrah Resources – market leader from Mozambique . Kibaran Resources- Tanzania . Finalising feasibility for spherical graphite plant based in Western Australia . US$23M for initial 5,000 tonnes pa capacity 99.95% spherical graphite plant . Additional US$49M to add another 15,000 tonnes pa capacity . Using “Ecograf” proprietary process which does not require HF . Looking to establish a similar plant in Asia and a larger (60,000 tonnes pa) plant in Tanzania . High performance battery applications are expected to have a preference for synthetic graphite anodes, especially in a scenario where overall cathode raw material costs decrease (Roskill) . Scientists have long seen the silicon anode as the pre-eminent candidate to replace the current graphite anode. Tesla-Panasonic uses 3% silica and forecasts moving to 15-50% silica . Solid state batteries may not use graphite anodes
23/11/2019 28 Nickel sulphate hexahydrate – BHP Nickel West
. BHP currently building a 100,000 tpa nickel sulphate (22,000 tpa nickel) plant in Kwinana, Western Australia . Fully automated process involving dissolution of nickel powder from BHP’s Kalgoorlie nickel smelter in sulphuric acid . When production starts in H2 2020 it will be one of the biggest in the world and with potential to treble size to 300,000 tpa
60kwh NMC 811 battery needs 70kg of nickel, 11kg of lithium and 9kg of cobalt
23/11/2019 Source: BHP, 2017, 2019 29 Manganese sulphate monohydrate – Element 25
. Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NMC) and Lithium Manganese (LMO) battery cathodes both contain manganese . Element 25 is proceeding to a Pre-feasibility Study (PFS), evaluating production of high purity manganese sulphate (HPMS) for lithium ion batteries and Electrolytic Manganese Metal (HPEMM) . E25 claims their hydrometallurgical leach processing and purification process developed with the CSIRO is their key advantage: 95% Mn extraction in 30 minutes at ambient temperature & pressure . Butcherbird resource: 263M tonnes @10% Mn
23/11/2019 Source: Element 25, 2019 30 EV Supply is more than just batteries
. VW will need 150 GWh of battery production by 2025 . 300 GWh by 2030. . retooling 16 factories . 33 EV models by mid- 2023
23/11/2019 Source: Volkswagen, 2019 31 Associated technology developments –some examples
1. Battery charger connector lifespans increased from 250 charge cycles to 10,000 at temperatures of 150° C and above with nickel-tungsten and silver-tungsten alloys 2. Fluorinated lithium ion battery compounds 3. High purity alumina (4N+) from kaolin for LED’s & LIB separators
23/11/2019 32 Example 3: HPA (4N+) from kaolin for LED’s & batteries
High purity alumina Altech Chemicals Pure Alumina FYI Resources Alpha HPA (HPA) projects
Capacity (tpa) 4,500 8,000 8,000 10,200
Capex (USD M) 298 271 179 161 Av. Sale Price (USD/mt) 26,900 25,200 24,000 25,000 Av Production Cost 9,900 7,668 6,467 6,403 (USD/mt) FIDS PFS PFS PFS Project Stage October 2017 June 2018 September 2018 November 2018 Anticipated start up 2021-2022 2022-23 2021 2022 Kaolin, Meckering Kaolin, Yendon Kaolin, Cadoux Raw Material “Industrial Chemical” Western Australia Victoria Western Australia Process HCl leach HCl leach HCl leach Solvent extraction
23/11/2019 Source: R Flook & company reports 33 Altech Chemicals-kaolin to high purity alumina
LED’s & LIB ceramic coated separators
23/11/2019 34 Another example: EV Light weighting
. Light weighting of electric vehicles for extended driving range . Opportunities for minerals in new processes or products . Examples, . Advanced high strength steel (AHSS): eg POSCO Giga Steel . Mineral & carbon fibre reinforced plastics . Gorilla glass (or Dragontrail or Xensation) windscreen or roof for light weighting & strength . Electro-chromic glass-roof for light weighting and functionality
23/11/2019 35
Recycling batteries – an alternative supply route
. Circular Energy Storage(CES) estimate about 50% of batteries that reached “end of life” were recycled in 2018 . 67,000 tonnes in China . 18,000 tonnes in South Korea . CES estimates that as much as 125,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE), 35,000 tonnes of cobalt and 86,000 tonnes of nickel could be recovered by 2030 from waste batteries. . Umicore claim over 95% recovery of nickel, cobalt and copper and over 50% recovery of lithium Note: “end of life” is after any “second life” applications
23/11/2019 Source: Umicore & PV Magazine, 2019 36 Future Battery technology – Albemarle view
Growth Optimisation New generation Current 3% Tesla-Panasonic silica additions moving to 15-50%
23/11/2019 Source: Albemarle November 2018 37 Future Battery technology – VW view
23/11/2019 Source: Volkswagon 38 And more
. LIB with silicon, silicon nanowire or LTO anodes . 100% silicon-theoretical ten times more energy storage compared to graphite anodes. Problem is 400% expansion from lithium absorption. Short term solution: Silicon enhanced graphite anodes . LTO (lithium titanium oxide) anodes: ultrafast recharging, enhanced battery life and safety performance . Lithium sulphur and lithium-air . Tesla/Maxwell dry electrode battery . Vanadium flow, zinc- bromine flow, sodium sulphur (BASF-NGK JV) batteries . Expected to share storage battery market with LIB . Many others: . zinc-air, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ceramic-based high-temperature . tin oxide nanoparticles enhanced with antimony on a graphene base anode . Hydrogen fuel & fuel cells alternative to batteries in EV’s . Pumped hydro - alternative to batteries for large scale storage
23/11/2019 39 Indian demand for battery & EV minerals
Battery & EV Mineral Demand = f( EVg , EVc , Bt , Ec ,R…)
Where
. EVg = growth rate of electric vehicles . EVc = cost of electric vehicles = f( Bc ,Gi) . Bc = cost of batteries . Gi = government incentives . Bt = mix of battery sizes, technologies & formulations . Ec = cost of electricity . R = battery recycling rate . …
23/11/2019 40
India vehicle sales – CAGR ~7.5%
Million 30
Two wheelers
20 Three wheelers
Commercial vehicles 10
Passenger vehicles
0 July 2019-Electric three-wheelers 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 9 mths sell more than conventional ones - 2018-19 first time in India (https://seekingalpha.com)
23/11/2019 Source: SIAM, 2019 41 Minerals needed for India‘s short term targets
Tonnes pa 2022 2025 Battery capacity 10 GWh 50 GWh Number of EV’s pa 150,000 750,000 Graphite (spherical) 12,000 60,000 Copper 12,000 60,000 Nickel 8,000 45,000 Lithium carbonate 8,000 40,000 Cobalt 1,500 5,500 Manganese 1,000 3,500 NdPr oxide 40 180
Key assumptions 1. 60-65kWh/vehicle 2. Mixture of battery types (NCM 811, 50% of production 2022 & 80% of production 2025) 3. Graphite could be a mixture of up to 50% synthetic and 50% natural (after 30-50% yield from flake graphite)
23/11/2019 Source: R Flook estimates, 2019 42 Minerals needed for India‘s short term targets cf 2018
Tonnes pa 2022 2025 2018 Battery capacity 10 GWh 50 GWh Global battery Number of EV’s pa 150,000 750,000 market (~150GWh) Graphite (spherical) 12,000 60,000 170,000 Copper 12,000 60,000 Nickel 8,000 45,000 82,000 Lithium carbonate 8,000 40,000 150,000 Cobalt 1,500 5,500 58,000 Manganese 1,000 3,500 NdPr oxide 40 180
Key assumptions 1. 60-65kWh/vehicle 2. Mixture of battery types (NCM 811, 50% of production 2022 & 80% of production 2025) 3. Benchmark estimates 2018
23/11/2019 Source: R Flook estimates, 2019 & Benchmark 2019 43 Minerals needed for India‘s previous EV plans
Tonnes pa 2022 2025 2022-23 2029-30 Battery capacity 10 GWh 50 GWh 65 GWh 985 GWh Number of EV’s pa 150,000 750,000 15% new vehicle sales All new vehicle sales Graphite (spherical) 12,000 60,000 80,000 1,150,000 Copper 12,000 60,000 80,000 1,160,000 Nickel 8,000 45,000 60,000 860,000 Lithium carbonate 8,000 40,000 50,000 760,000 Cobalt 1,500 5,500 7,500 115,000 Manganese 1,000 3,500 4,500 70,000 NdPr oxide 40 180 240 3,500
Key assumptions 1. 60-65kWh/vehicle 2. Mixture of battery types (NCM 811, 50% of production 2022 & 80% of production 2025) 3. Battery mix in 2029-30 is the same as 2025 4. All vehicle sales growth of 7.5% pa 23/11/2019 Source: R Flook estimates, 2019 44 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 45 Solar energy challenges & developments
. Energy integration & storage – batteries (LIB vs others?)
2+ 4+ 2− . Improved efficiency and cost – perovskites( A B X 3), organics? . Material durability – life of PV units is around 25~30 years . Building & window solar integration – EU Be Smart & BIPV (BIPV – building integrated photovoltaics)
23/11/2019 46 Battery storage – Australia leading the way
. World’s largest lithium-ion battery energy storage system (129MWh) was built in South Australia in 2017 . Sunshine Energy Australia has been granted development approval to build a 1500MW solar farm and a 500MWh lithium-ion battery storage facility in Queensland . A massive wind/solar(1.8GW)+storage (0.9 GWh) project costing A$1.17B has been approved in South Australia 50% of the stationary storage market will be lithium-ion, and . Australian Government approves world's 25% vanadium flow batteries by 2028 (Benchmark Minerals) largest solar-plus-storage project: A$20B project will consist of 10 GW of solar and 75% of the global battery market will be for electric vehicles, 20-30 GWh of storage 25% will be for energy storage by 2040 (Bloomberg NEF)
23/11/2019 Source: PV Magazine, 2019 47 Vanadium redox flow storage batteries
About 9.9 tonnes vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) or 5.5 tonnes vanadium required per MWh storage
23/11/2019 48 Silicon solar cells: 95% of the solar energy market
Indian Ministry of New & Renewable Energy(MNRE) . Main issue is modest cost-efficiency invites proposals for development of perovskite solar . Traditional silicon cells possess an cells on silicon substrate (February 2019) absolute theoretical maximum efficiency of approximately 29.1% conversion of solar energy . About half of the lost energy is due to heat generation within the silicon cell . Targeting >35% efficiency silicon cells . Combinations or alternatives including dyes gallium arsenide, quantum dots, perovskites and organic cells . Utilising waste heat or converting it to PV usable light by eg hyperbolic thermal emitter Assam will begin producing quantum dots for solar based on carbon nanotubes cells in Q1 2020 (October 2019)
23/11/2019 Source: PV Magazine 2019 49 Organic Solar Cell-installation on concrete grain silo
Compared to silica PV . Cheaper to produce . Cheaper to install . Less fragile
23/11/2019 Source: https://www.pv-magazine.com/ 50 Building Integrated PV (BIPV)
. Integrated copper indium gallium selenide thin film modules with 21% conversion efficiency . Tesla solar roof tiles- new release at overall cost parity . Double-pane solar windows with copper indium selenide quantum dots on back pane & manganese-doped quantum dots on front glass pane . energy-efficient windows from vanadium dioxide nanoparticles with twice the solar modulation values for high and low temperatures as conventional thin films
23/11/2019 Source: https://www.pv-magazine.com/ 51 Durability and recycling solar collectors
Indian solar waste estimate 2030: 200,000 tonnes 2050: 1.8M tonnes
23/11/2019 52 Recycling solar PV collectors – business opportunities
. Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has invited proposals for . high-efficiency perovskite solar cells . solar panel recycling . wastewater recovery from industrial waste through solar thermal technologies . hybrid inverters and . new applications that combine solar and storage, among others . MNRE suggested mandatory glass recycling procedures for solar PV panels
23/11/2019 53 Agenda
. Why India? . Electricity generation trends . India power and electricity mission . Indian electric news . Electric vehicle minerals . Solar energy minerals . Why Australia & India?
23/11/2019 54 Australian mineral deposits & major mines
23/11/2019 Source: Geoscience Australia, 2019 55 Australian Lithium-ion Battery Resources
23/11/2019 56 Mineral reserves relevant to LIB’s & EV’s
% of global reserves of each commodity (2018) 150% 3% RE Titanium 30% Phosphate Copper 37% 100% 11% Graphite Bauxite 20% Nickel 24% 18% 20% Manganese 21% Cobalt Lithium 50% 24% 13% 24%
9% 17% 57% 49% 10% 7% 12% 12% 19% 14% 9% 10% 14% 0% 7% Australia China Brazil Chile DR Congo Russia India Argentina RSA USA
23/11/2019 Source: USGS, 2019 57 Indian Lithium Refinery-Neometals & Manikaran MOU
23/11/2019 58 Australia & India – what a team
World Rank India Australia Together Test 1 5 1 ODI 2 4 1 T20 4 5 1 Batteries & EV Market & finance Resources & processing 1
23/11/2019 59 Author Profile
Dr Richard Flook has worked for both suppliers and consumers of minerals with global companies including, Steetley plc, Anglo American, Commercial Minerals (now Sibelco), Normandy Mining Ltd, Omya AG and Shinagawa Refractories. Richard has been CEO, Managing Director & Director of Asian and Australasian companies. He has specialized in new business opportunities including strategic planning, trading, market development and acquisitions in the industrial minerals industry and has been involved in managing and developing mineral operations and businesses in Asia and Australasia. Richard is a Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy (FAusIMM (CP)) and the Australian Institute of Company Directors (FAICD). He is a graduate of Sydney University (BSc First Class Honours, PhD) and the University of NSW (Master of Commerce). Richard is now the Managing Director of Mosman Resources, a private consulting business, specialising in the production and marketing of industrial minerals and chemicals.
23/11/2019 60 Lithium deposits – grades and reserves
Note Logarithmic scales
23/11/2019 Source: Edison Group 2019 61 Lithium Brine Processing
Variations in concentrations and chemical profile drive need for customized extraction (Albemarle November 2018)
23/11/2019 Source: Millennial Lithium 2019 62 Spodumene concentrate production
Extraction technology more standardized but hard rock cost & quality vary widely (Albemarle November 2018)
23/11/2019 63 Spodumene processing to lithium carbonate
Disposal problem
Ratio of sodium sulphate to lithium carbonate produced will be 2.2-4.5
23/11/2019 64 Australian spodumene concentrate production
350,000
300,000 291,529 Produced 268,671 245,150 Sold 250,000 227,239 224,116 210,893 Unsold 200,000 188,992
Expon. 139,538 192,556 150,000 (Unsold)
100,000 111,920
50,000 67,365 49,454 0 2018 September Quarter 2018 December Quarter 2019 March Quarter 2019 June Quarter
23/11/2019 Source: Edison Research, 2019 65 Lithium hydroxide becoming first choice
23/11/2019 Source: Bloomberg 2019 66