9 46.6 Tetragonula carbonaria 56.5 Bombus rupestris 1.7 Apis mellifera I 63.4 Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma 9.4 Tetraloniella sp. 76.2 10.1 Tetraloniella nigriceps * 13.1 Tetralonia malvae 7.8 Eucera syriaca Eucera plumigera 63.9 11.4 83.3 Eucera nigrescens 49.7 Xylocopa violacea

Ceratina chalybea Anthophila 10 54.4 Epeolus variegatus 87.6 62.3 Ammobates syriacus * 71.5 lathburiana * Thyreus orbatus () Anthophora plumipes 28.0 Osmia cornuta 96.7 36.0 Heriades truncorum 47.9 Chelostoma florisomne 22.3 Megachile willughbiella 54.8 conoidea 63.6 31.9 Anthidium manicatum punctulatissima 74.0 Dioxys cincta Lithurgus chrysurus 106.6 Ctenocolletes rufescens *** 71.7 53.2 Colletes cunicularius Hylaeus variegatus 13.9 Lasioglossum xanthopus 86.8 23.3 Halictus quadricinctus 46.2 albilabris 57.7 Nomioides sp. 113.0 69.4 95.7 Nomia diversipes 26.8 Systropha curvicornis Dufourea dentiventris 36.0 Camptopoeum sacrum 8 69.8 Panurgus dentipes 128.0 Andrena vaga 63.9 Melitta haemorrhoidalis 88.4 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes 136.7 26.9 Ammoplanellus sp. Ammoplanus sp. Ammoplanina Mimesa lutaria 45.7 25.0 Psenulus fuscipennis 61.0 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 111.6 Psenulus sp. Odontosphex paradoxus Odontosphecini Stigmus sp. 146.7 52.8 Stigmina Carinostigmus sp. 84.3 48.9 Pemphredon lugens 61.4 Diodontus minutus 6 110.4 Phemphredonina 44.6 Polemistus sp. 7 Passaloecus eremita Spilomena beata Spilomenina Pseudoscolia sp. 128.6 23.8 Pseudoscolia sinaitica Pseudoscoliini 82.8 23.2 Cerceris acanthophila 53.1 Cerceris arenaria Cercerini 92.7 Eucerceris arenaria 4.37 Clypeadon taurulus Clypeadon sculleni Aphilanthopini 76.8 19.3 Trachypus sp. 28.4 Philanthini Philanthus triangulum 22.6 Hoplisoides sp. 37.4 Psammaecius versicolor 31.2 Liogorytes sp. Arigorytes sp. 41.6 Gorytina 9.2 Pseudoplisus willcoxi 5 17.4 Gorytes albidulus 76.5 35.7 Gorytes laticinctus Harpactus elegans 6.8 Sphecius spectabilis Spheciina Sphecius convallis 22.3 Rubrica nasuta 28.5 Stictia heros 41.9 Selman notatus 95.9 52.8 Trichostictia sp. Bembicina 32.1 Bicyrtes ventralis 61.6 Microbembex sp. Bembix rostrata 47.6 19.7 Steniolia duplicata 24.6 163.9 Stictiella sp. Stictiellina 80.1 Microstictia hurdi ) wasps (digger Apoid 104.3 7.5 Stizus aff marthae 16.0 Stizus continuus Stizus vespoides 44.6 Stizina tridentatus 64.7 19.0 Stizoides foxi 113.8 Bembecinus sp. 31.3 Tanyoprymnus moneduloides * 54.4 Tanyoprymnus sp. Spheciina Ammatomus sp. II 42.1 Heliocausus sp. 135.7 Heliocausina Tiguipa sp. Heterogynaidae 32.2 Heterogyna nocticula * 53.4 Brachystegus sp. 64.6 Acanthostethus sp. Nyssonini 43.8 Synnevrus sp. 110.6 niger 67.3 Didineis sp. Alyssontini Alysson spinosus 7.9 Larropsis sp. 42.5 Prosopigastra nearctica Tachytes sp. 49.1 30.3 Tachytes amazonus Gastrosericina 58.1 Holotachysphex sp. 28.0 Tachysphex fulvitarsis 67.9 Tachysphex sp. Liris sp. I 34.9 82.5 24.0 Liris sp. II Larrina Larra sp. Lyroda sp. 90.1 62.1 Sphodrotes sp. Miscophini Nitela sp. 77.6 30.0 Trypoxylon figulus 97.7 51.6 Trypoxylon lactitarse Trypoxylini Pison atrum 152.8 4 21.7 Pison sp. 67.2 Palarus histrio Palarini Paranysson sp. Miscophini 7.4 Foxita bara ssp. patei I 19.9 Foxita bara ssp. patei II 32.2 Ectemnius sonorensis 9.5 Lestica alata 172.3 40.6 Lestica clypeata 20.8 Neodasyproctus sp. I 113.3 32.6 Neodasyproctus sp. II * Dasyproctus sp. 54.6 Crabronina 12.3 Crabro scutellatus 22.0 Crabro peltarius 33.5 63.2 Lestica sp. 47.6 Crossocerus quadrimaculatus 3 Lindenius panzeri 124.8 72.0 34.5 Rhopalum clavipes Moniaecera sp. 81.3 58.8 Quexua sp. Anacrabro sp. 97.7 Entomognathus sp. Anacrabronina Oxybelus bipunctatus 51.3 Oxybelini Belomicrus sp. 141.4 Dinetus pictus Dinetinae Mellinus arvensis Mellininae 31.1 Palmodes sp. 50.9 Prionyx kirbii Prionychini 28.6 Prionyx subatratus 67.1 Isodontia mexicana 1 Sphex funerarius I Sphecini 185.8 9.6 Sphex funerarius II 126.7 79.1 14.5 Podalonia sp. 26.7 Podalonia hirsuta 88.7 32.7 Eremnophila melanaria Ammophilinae 17.1 Ammophila sp. Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini 2.9 Chalybion sp. I 99.9 26.2 Chalybion sp. II Sceliphrini 52.3 Chalybion californicum 61.2 Sceliphron curvatum Dynatus burmeisteri 19.9 Podiini 68.6 Penepodium fumipenne 2 25.5 Ammatomus sp. I ** 190.3 37.1 Chlorion hirtum Chloriontinae Chlorion sp. 16.8 Astata sp. I 27.9 Astata sp. II 59.1 Astata minor Astatinae 71.2 Dryudella sp. Dryudella pinguis Dolichurus sp. 30.8 Dolichurini 152.9 Dolichurus corniculus Ampulex compressa 43.0 Ampulicini Ampulex fasciata

61.2 Acromyrmex echinatior 92.3 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator Sapyga quinquepunctata 174.9 86.0 108.8 Smicromyrme rufipes outgroups 128.4 Pompilus cinereus 157.3 Tiphia femorata 28.4 Colpa sexmaculata Scolia hirta Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene 0.2

400.0 375.0 350.0 325.0 300.0 275.0 350.0 325.0 300.0 275.0 250.0 225.0 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

Additional figure S1:0.2 Ultrametric and time-calibrated tree of estimated 175 using150 a relaxed125 molecular100 75 clock approach50 25 as implemented0 in MCMCtree. The node ages, the mean (numbers) and the 95 % confidence intervals (bars) are shown. The estimates are based on the analysis of 284,607 nucleotide sites and applying a combination of protein domain – and codon-based partitioning scheme by modeling 1st, 2nd and 3rd codon positions separately. We considered nine calibration points and specified them as lower (minimal age) soft bounds. Numbers on nodes indicate fossil calibration nodes (Supplementary table S9). Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Names according to the "Catalog of Sphecidae senu lato" by Pulawski (2016). Tetragonula carbonaria 1 Bombus rupestris 1 Apis mellifera I 1 1 Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma Xylocopa violacea 1 1 Ceratina chalybea Tetraloniella nigriceps 1 1 Tetralonia malvae 1 Tetraloniella sp. 1 Eucera syriaca 1 1 1 Eucera plumigera (bees) Anthophila Eucera nigrescens Thyreus orbatus 1 Epeolus variegatus 1 Ammobates syriacus 1 1 Nomada lathburiana 1 Anthophora plumipes Stelis punctulatissima 1 Anthidium manicatum Coelioxys conoidea 1 1 Megachile willughbiella 1 Chelostoma florisomne 1 Heriades truncorum 1 1 1 Osmia cornuta 1 Dioxys cincta Lithurgus chrysurus Ctenocolletes rufescens *** 1 Colletes cunicularius 1 Hylaeus variegatus 1 Systropha curvicornis 1 Dufourea dentiventris 1 Nomia diversipes 1 1 Nomioides sp. 1 1 Sphecodes albilabris 1 Halictus quadricinctus 1 Lasioglossum xanthopus Andrena vaga 1 Camptopoeum sacrum 1 1 Panurgus dentipes Melitta haemorrhoidalis 1 1 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes Ammoplanellus sp. 0.99 1 Ammoplanus sp. Ammoplanina Mimesa lutaria 1 Psenulus fuscipennis 1 1 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 0.99 Psenulus sp. Odontosphex paradoxus Odontosphecini Stigmus sp. 0.99 1 Carinostigmus sp. Stigmina 1 Pemphredon lugens 1 Diodontus minutus 1 1 Polemistus sp. Pemphredonina 1 Passaloecus eremita Spilomena beata Spilomenina Cerceris arenaria 1 1 1 Cerceris acanthophila Cercerini Eucerceris arenaria 0.53 Pseudoscolia sinaitica 0.99 1 Pseudoscolia sp. Aphilanthopini 1 Clypeadon sculleni 1 Clypeadon taurulus Pseudoscoliini 0.53 Trachypus sp. 1 1 Philanthus gibbosus Philanthini Philanthus triangulum Dryudella sp. 1 1 Astata sp. I 1 Astata sp. II Astatinae 1 Astata minor Dryudella pinguis Stizus vespoides 1 1 Stizus aff. marthae Stizus continuus 1 Stizoides foxi Stizina 1 1 Stizoides tridentatus Bembecinus sp. Stictiella sp. 1 Microstictia hurdi 1 Stictiellina Steniolia duplicata 1 1 1 Rubrica nasuta 1 1 Stictia heros 1 1 Selman notatus Trichostictia sp. 1 Bembicina 1 Microbembex sp.

1 wasps) wasps (digger Apoid Bicyrtes ventralis Bembix rostrata Sphecius spectabilis 1 Sphecius convallis Spheciina Harpactus elegans 1 1 Pseudoplisus willcoxi 1 1 Gorytes albidulus 1 Gorytes laticinctus Hoplisoides sp. Gorytina 1 Psammaecius versicolor 1 1 Arigorytes sp. 1 1 Liogorytes sp. Tanyoprymnus moneduloides * 1 1 Tanyoprymnus sp. Spheciina Ammatomus sp. II Heliocausus sp. 0.99 1 Tiguipa sp. Heliocausina Heterogyna nocticula * 0.99 Heterogynaidae Brachystegus sp. 0.92 Synnevrus sp. 0.99 1 Nyssonini 1 Nysson niger 0.99 Acanthostethus sp. Didineis sp. 1 Alysson spinosus Alyssontini Mellinus arvensis Mellininae Tachysphex sp. 1 Tachysphex fulvitarsis 1 Tachytes sp. 1 Tachytes amazonus Gastrosericina 1 Holotachysphex sp. 1 1 Larropsis sp. 1 Prosopigastra nearctica Liris sp. I 1 1 Liris sp. II 1 Larrina Larra sp. Lyroda sp. 1 1 Sphodrotes sp. Miscophini Nitela sp. Trypoxylon figulus 1 1 1 Trypoxylon lactitarse 1 Pison atrum Trypoxylini 1 Pison sp. Palarus histrio 1 Palarini Paranysson sp. Miscophini Foxita bara ssp. patei I 1 1 Foxita bara ssp. patei II 1 Ectemnius sonorensis 0.99 Lestica alata 1 1 Lestica clypeata Neodasyproctus sp. II * 1 0.83 Neodasyproctus sp. I 1 0.74 Dasyproctus sp. Crabro scutellatus Crabronina 1 1 Crabro peltarius 1 1 1 Lestica sp. Crossocerus quadrimaculatus Lindenius panzeri * 1 1 0.57 Rhopalum clavipes 0.64 Moniaecera sp. 1 Quexua sp. 1 Anacrabro sp. 1 Entomognathus sp. Anacrabronina Oxybelus bipunctatus 1 Belomicrus sp. Oxybelini Dinetus pictus Dinetinae Palmodes sp. 1 Prionyx kirbii 1 Prionychini Prionyx subatratus 1 1 1 Isodontia mexicana Sphex funerarius II 1 Sphecini Sphex funerarius I 1 Podalonia sp. 1 Podalonia hirsuta 1 Ammophila sabulosa 1 1 Ammophilinae 0.96 Ammophila sp. Eremnophila melanaria Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini Chalybion californicum 1 1 Chalybion sp. I 1 1 Chalybion sp. II Sceliphrini 1 Sceliphron curvatum Penepodium fumipenne 1 1 Dynatus burmeisteri Podiini Ammatomus sp. I ** 1 1 Chlorion hirtum Chlorion sp. Chloriontinae Ampulex compressa 1 Ampulex fasciata Ampulicini 1 Dolichurus corniculus 1 Dolichurus sp. Dolichurini Pompilus cinereus 1 Sapyga quinquepunctata 1 1 Smicromyrme rufipes 1 Tiphia femorata Colpa sexmaculata 1 outgroups 1 Scolia hirta Acromyrmex echinatior 1 1 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator

0.06

Additional figure S2.1: Phylogenetic relationships of Apoidea. The phylogenetic tree was inferred from analyzing 94,869 amino acid sites with ExaBayes (Aberer et al., 2014). The data matrix was partitioned based on a protein domain-based partitioning scheme and analyzed with partition-specific substitution models automatically selected by ExaBayes. Posterior probability values were inferred from a total of 13,500 sampled trees. Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Names according to W. J. Pulawski’s “Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato”. Tetragonula carbonaria 100 Bombus rupestris 8 2 Apis mellifera I 100 100 Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma 100 Xylocopa violacea 9 0 Ceratina chalybea Tetraloniella nigriceps 4 9 100 Tetralonia malvae 5 3 Tetraloniella sp 100 . 100 Eucera syriaca 100 100Eucera plumigera Eucera nigrescens (bees) Anthophila Thyreus orbatus 100 Epeolus variegatus 100 100 Ammobates syriacus 6 9 Nomada lathburiana 100 Anthophora plumipes Stelis punctulatissima 100 Anthidium manicatum Coelioxys conoidea 100 100 Megachile willughbiella 9 6 Chelostoma florisomne 100 4 9 Heriades truncorum 100 9 9 Osmia cornuta Dioxys cincta 100 Lithurgus chrysurus Ctenocolletes rufescens 100 Colletes cunicularius *** 100 Hylaeus variegatus 100 Systropha curvicornis 100 Dufourea dentiventris 100 Nomia diversipes 100 100 Nomioides sp. 100 5 5 Sphecodes albilabris 100 Halictus quadricinctus 100 Lasioglossum xanthopus Andrena vaga 100 Camptopoeum sacrum 9 3 100 Panurgus dentipes Melitta haemorrhoidalis 9 5 100 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes 9 5 Ammoplanellus sp 100 Ammoplanus sp . Ammoplanina Mimesa lutaria . 8 0 Psenulus fuscipennis 100 100 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 9 1 Psenulus sp Odontosphex. paradoxus Odontosphecini Stigmus sp 9 6 100 . Stigmina Carinostigmus sp. 100 Pemphredon lugens 9 7 Diodontus minutus 100 100 Polemistus sp Pemphredonina 100 Passaloecus eremita . Spilomena beata Spilomenina Cerceris arenaria 100 100 100 Cerceris acanthophila Cercerini 4 1 Eucerceris arenaria 6 9 Clypeadon sculleni 100 Clypeadon taurulus Aphilanthopini 100 Pseudoscolia sp 100 Pseudoscolia sinaitica . Pseudoscoliini 2 8 Trachypus sp 100 . 100 Philanthus gibbosus Philanthini Philanthus triangulum Dryudella sp 9 9 . 9 9 Astata sp. I 9 9 Astata sp. II Astatinae 100 Astata minor Dryudella pinguis Stizus vespoides 100 100 Stizus aff marthae Stizus continuus. 100 Stizoides foxi Stizina 9 9 100 Stizoides tridentatus Bembecinus sp Stictiella sp . 100 Microstictia. hurdi 4 4 Stictiellina 9 3 Steniolia duplicata 7 7 9 3 Rubrica nasuta 7 2 9 9 Stictia heros 9 3 9 9 Selman notatus Trichostictia sp 6 6 . Bembicina 9 4 Microbembex sp 100 Bicyrtes ventralis . wasps) wasps (digger Apoid Bembix rostrata Sphecius spectabilis 100Sphecius convallis Spheciina Harpactus elegans 9 3 Gorytes albidulus 4 9 100 100 Pseudoplisus willcoxi 100 Gorytes laticinctus Hoplisoides sp Gorytina 100 Psammaecius versicolor. 100 9 7 6 7 Arigorytes sp 7 0 Liogorytes. sp . Tanyoprymnus moneduloides 9 5 * 9 5 Tanyoprymnus sp. Spheciina Ammatomus sp. II 9 2 Heliocausus sp 9 9 Tiguipa sp . Heliocausina . Heterogyna nocticola Heterogynaidae 8 9 Brachystegus sp * 8 9 Acanthostethus .sp 2 7 . Nyssonini 9 8 Synnevrus sp 8 2 100 Nysson niger . Didineis sp 100 Alysson spinosus . Alyssontini Mellinus arvensis Mellininae Tachysphex sp 100 Tachysphex fulvitarsis. Holotachysphex sp. 100 100 Tachytes sp Gastrosericina 100 Tachytes amazonus. 5 1 Larropsis sp 3 8 100 Prosopigastra. nearctica 6 5 Liris sp I 100 . Liris sp II 100 . Larrina Larra sp. 3 6 Lyroda sp 100 . Sphodrotes sp. Miscophini Nitela sp. 8 1 Trypoxylon figulus 100 100 Trypoxylon lactitarse 100 Pison atrum Trypoxylini 100 Pison sp. Palarus histrio Palarini 100 Paranysson sp Miscophini Foxita bara ssp. patei I 9 5 . 9 6 Foxita bara ssp patei II 9 3 Ectemnius sonorensis. 5 6 Lestica alata 9 9 100 Lestica clypeata Neodasyproctus sp II 100 5 8 Neodasyproctus sp I . * 9 7 Dasyproctus sp . 5 1 Crabro scutellatus . Crabronina 9 7 100 Crabro peltarius 100 100 Lestica sp 9 9 . 3 1 Crossocerus quadrimaculatus Lindenius panzeri * 100 9 5 Rhopalum clavipes 5 9 Moniaecera sp. 100 Quexua sp 9 7 Anacrabro sp . 100 Entomognathus. sp Anacrabronina Oxybelus bipunctatus . 100 Belomicrus sp Oxybelini Dinetus pictus . Dinetinae Palmodes sp 100 Prionyx kirbii . Prionychini 100 Prionyx subatratus 9 1 9 3 100 Isodontia mexicana Sphex funerarius II Sphecini 100Sphex funerarius I 4 4 Podalonia sp 100Podalonia hirsuta . 100 Ammophila sabulosa 100 100 Ammophilinae 5 8 Ammophila sp Eremnophila. melanaria Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini Chalybion californicum 100 100 Chalybion sp I 100 . Sceliphrini 8 6 Chalybion sp. II 8 7 Sceliphron curvatum Penepodium fumipenne 100 Podiini 100 Dynatus burmeisteri Ammatomus sp I 8 7 . ** 100 Chlorion hirtum Chlorion sp Chloriontinae Ampulex compressa . 100 Ampulex fasciata Ampulicini 9 9 Dolichurus corniculus 100 Dolichurus sp Dolichurini Acromyrmex. echinatior 100 100 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator Pompilus cinereus 7 4 Sapyga quinquepunctata outgroups 100 100 Smicromyrme rufipes 8 5 Tiphia femorata Scolia hirta 100 Colpa sexmaculata

0.07 Additional figure S2: Phylogenetic relationships of Apoidea. The phylogenetic tree was inferred from analyzing 94,869 amino acid sites under the maximum likelihood (ML) optimality criterion. The data matrix was partitioned based on a protein domain-based partitioning scheme and analyzed with partition-specific substitution models. Node labels indicate bootstrap branch support values derived from 150 bootstrap replicates. Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Names according to W. J. Pulawski’s “Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato”. Tetragonula carbonaria 1 Bombus rupestris 1 Apis mellifera I 1 1 Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma Xylocopa violacea 1 1 Ceratina chalybea Tetraloniella nigriceps 1 1 Tetralonia malvae 1 Tetraloniella sp. 1 Eucera syriaca 1 1 1 Eucera plumigera

Eucera nigrescens (bees) Anthophila Thyreus orbatus Epeolus variegatus 1 1 1 Ammobates syriacus 1 Nomada lathburiana 1 Anthophora plumipes Stelis punctulatissima 1 Anthidium manicatum Coelioxys conoidea 1 1 Megachile willughbiella 1 Chelostoma florisomne 1 1 Heriades runcorum 1 1 Osmia cornuta Dioxys cincta 1 Lithurgus chrysurus Ctenocolletes rufescens *** 1 Colletes cunicularius 1 Hylaeus variegatus 1 Systropha curvicornis 1 Dufourea dentiventris 1 Nomia diversipes 1 1 Nomioides sp. 1 1 Sphecodes_albilabris 1 Halictus quadricinctus 1 Lasioglossum xanthopus Andrena vaga 1 Camptopoeum sacrum 1 1 Panurgus dentipes Melitta haemorrhoidalis 1 1 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes Ammoplanus sp. 1 1 Ammoplanellus sp. Ammoplanina Mimesa lutaria 1 Psenulus fuscipennis 1 1 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 1 Psenulus sp. Odontosphex paradoxus Odontosphecini Stigmus sp. 0.61 1 Carinostigmus sp. Stigmina 1 Pemphredon lugens 1 Diodontus minutus 1 Pemphredonina 1 Polemistus sp. 1 Passaloecus eremita Spilomena beata Spilomenina Cerceris arenaria 1 0.61 1 Cerceris acanthophila Cercerini 0.61 Eucerceris arenaria Clypeadon sculleni 1 Clypeadon taurulus Aphilanthopini 0.61 Pseudoscolia sp. 1 Pseudoscolia sinaitica Pseudoscoliini 0.62 Trachypus sp. 1 1 Philanthus gibbosus Philanthini Philanthus triangulum Sphecius spectabilis 1 Sphecius convallis Spheciina Stizus vespoides 1 1 Stizus aff. marthae 1 Stizus continuus Stizoides foxi Stizina 1 1 1 Stizoides tridentatus Bembecinus sp. Microstictia hurdi * 1 1 Steniolia duplicata Stictiellina 1 Stictiella sp. Rubrica nasuta 1 1 1 Stictia heros 1 1 Selman notatus 1 Trichostictia sp. Bembicina 1 Bicyrtes ventralis 1 1 Microbembex sp. Bembix rostrata Harpactus elegans Pseudoplisus willcoxi 1 1 1 Gorytes albidulus 1 Gorytes laticinctus Hoplisoides sp. Gorytina 1 1 wasps) wasps (digger Apoid Psammaecius versicolor 1 Arigorytes sp. 0.92 1 Liogorytes sp. Tanyoprymnus moneduloides * 1 1 Tanyoprymnus sp. Spheciina Ammatomus sp. II 0.61 Heliocausus sp. 1 Tiguipa sp. Heliocausina Acanthostethus sp. 0.58 Heterogyna nocticula * 0.58 0.61 Brachystegus sp. Nyssonini Synnevrus sp. 1 0.61 Nysson niger Didineis sp. 1 Alysson spinosus Alyssontini Mellinus arvensis Mellininae Larropsis sp. 1 1 Prosopigastra nearctica 1 Holotachysphex sp. Tachytes sp. 1 Gastrosericina 1 Tachytes amazonus Tachysphex fulvitarsis 0.61 1 1 Tachysphex sp. Liris sp. I 1 Liris sp. II 1 1 Larrina Larra sp. Lyroda sp. 1 1 Sphodrotes sp. Miscophini Nitela sp. Trypoxylonfigulus 1 1 Trypoxylon lactitarse 1 1 Pison atrum Trypoxylini 1 Pison sp. Palarus histrio 1 Palarini Paranysson sp. Miscophini 1 Lindenius panzeri * Foxita bara ssp. patei I 1 1 Foxita bara ssp. patei II 0.71 1 1 Ectemnius sonorensis Lestica alata 1 1 Lestica clypeata 1 0.93 Neodasyproctus sp. II * 1 Neodasyproctus sp. I 0.98 Dasyproctus sp. Crabronina Crossocerus quadrimaculatus 1 Crabro peltarius 1 1 1 Crabro scutellatus Lestica sp. 1 1 Rhopalum clavipes 1 Moniaecera sp. 1 Quexua sp. * 1 Anacrabro sp. 1 Entomognathus sp. Anacrabronina Oxybelus bipunctatus 1 Belomicrus sp. Oxybelini Dinetus pictus Dinetinae Palmodes sp. 1 Prionyx kirbii 1 Prionychini Prionyx subatratus 1 1 1 1 Isodontia mexicana Sphex funerarius II 1 Sphecini 1 Sphex funerarius I Ammophila sabulosa 1 Ammophila sp. 1 Podalonia sp. 1 1 Ammophilinae 1 Podalonia hirsuta Eremnophila melanaria Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini Chalybion californicum 1 1 Chalybion sp. I 1 1 Chalybion sp. II Sceliphrini 1 Sceliphron curvatum Penepodium fumipenne 1 Podiini 1 Dynatus burmeisteri Ammatomus sp. I ** 1 1 Chlorion hirtum Chlorion sp. Chloriontinae Dryudella sp. * 0.92 0.92 Astata sp. I 1 Astata sp. II Astatinae 1 Astata minor Dryudella pinguis Ampulex compressa 1 Ampulex fasciata Ampulicini 1 Dolichurus corniculus 1 Dolichurus sp. Dolichurini Pompilus cinereus 1 Sapyga quinquepunctata 1 1 Smicromyrme rufipes 1 Tiphia femorata Scolia hirta 1 outgroups 1 Colpa sexmaculata Acromyrmex echinatior 1 1 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator

0.04 Additional figure S3.1: Phylogenetic relationships of Apoidea. The phylogenetic tree was inferred from analyzing 284.607 nucleotide sites with ExaBayes (Aberer et al., 2014). The data matrix was partitioned based on applying a combination of protein domain – and codon-based partitioning scheme by modeling 1st and 2nd codon positions separately and excluding the 3rd codon positions. Each partition was analyzed with the partition-specific model parameters under the nucleotide substitution model GTR+G. Posterior probability values were inferred from a total of 13,500 sampled trees. Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Branch colours correspond to level of support of monophyletic lineages. Names according to W. J. Pulawski’s “Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato”. Tetragonula carbonaria 100 Bombus rupestris 8 0 Apis mellifera I 100 100 Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma Xylocopa violacea 100 5 9 Ceratina chalybea Tetraloniella nigriceps 5 8 100 Tetralonia malvae 5 9 Tetraloniella sp. 9 9 Eucera syriaca 100 (bees) Anthophila 100 100Eucera plumigera Eucera nigrescens Thyreus orbatus 100 Epeolus variegatus 4 5 100 Ammobates syriacus 5 7 Nomada lathburiana Anthophora plumipes 100 Stelis punctulatissima 100 Anthidium manicatum 100 Coelioxys conoidea 100 Megachile willughbiella 9 8 Chelostoma florisomne 9 8 100 Heriades truncorum 9 7 100 Osmia cornuta Dioxys cincta 100 Lithurgus chrysurus Ctenocolletes rufescens *** 9 3 Colletes cunicularius 100 Hylaeus variegatus 100 Systropha curvicornis 100 Dufourea dentiventris 100 Nomia diversipes 100 Nomioides sp 100 . 100 5 6 Sphecodes albilabris 100 Halictus quadricinctus 100 Lasioglossum xanthopus Andrena vaga 100 Camptopoeum sacrum 9 3 100 Panurgus dentipes Melitta haemorrhoidalis 8 9 100 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes 9 7 Ammoplanus sp 100 Ammoplanellus. sp Ammoplanina Mimesa lutaria . 6 7 Psenulus fuscipennis 100 100 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 9 7 Psenulus sp Odontosphex. paradoxus Odontosphecini Stigmus sp 100 . Stigmina 8 3 Carinostigmus sp. 100 Pemphredon lugens 8 7 Diodontus minutus 100 Pemphredonina 9 2 Polemistus sp 100 Passaloecus eremita . Spilomena beata Spilomenina Cerceris arenaria 100 9 7 Cerceris acanthophila Cercerini 8 5 Eucerceris arenaria 5 2 Clypeadon sculleni 100 Aphilanthopini 2 7 Clypeadon taurulus Pseudoscolia sp 100 . Pseudoscoliini 8 5 Pseudoscolia sinaitica Trachypus sp 100 . 100 Philanthus gibbosus Philanthini Philanthus triangulum Sphecius spectabilis 100Sphecius convallis Spheciina Stizus vespoides 100 100 Stizus aff marthae Stizus continuus 100 Stizoides foxi Stizina 6 3 9 5 100 Stizoides tridentatus Bembecinus sp. Microstictia hurdi * 9 8 Steniolia duplicata Stictiellina 4 1 Stictiella sp 9 1 . 9 4 Rubrica nasuta 4 0 9 8 Stictia heros 9 5 9 6 Selman notatus 6 6 Trichostictia sp. Bembicina wasps) wasps (digger Apoid 8 3 9 5 Bicyrtes ventralis 100 Microbembex sp Bembix rostrata . Harpactus elegans 4 7 Pseudoplisus willcoxi 100 100 Gorytes albidulus Gorytes laticinctus 100 Gorytina 9 1 Hoplisoides sp 100 Psammaecius versicolor. 100 4 2 Arigorytes sp 7 9 Liogorytes sp. Tanyoprymnus. moneduloides 9 7 * Spheciina 9 8 Tanyoprymnus sp. 7 0 Ammatomus sp II Heliocausus sp . 9 9 . Heliocausina Tiguipa sp. Acanthostethus sp. 6 1 Heterogyna nocticola 6 1 Brachystegus sp * Nyssonini 2 8 Synnevrus sp . 6 1 100 Nysson niger . Didineis sp 9 9 Alysson spinosus . Alyssontini Mellinus arvensis Mellininae Larropsis sp 100 . 4 5 Prosopigastra nearctica Holotachysphex sp 100 Tachytes sp . Gastrosericina 100 . 6 0 Tachytes amazonus 5 4 Tachysphex fulvitarsis 100 100 Tachysphex sp Liris sp .I 100 . 2 4 Liris sp II Larrina 100 Larra sp. Lyroda sp. 100 . 5 6 Sphodrotes sp Miscophini Nitela sp . Trypoxylon. figulus 6 8 100 100 Trypoxylon lactitarse 100 Trypoxylini Pison atrum 100 Pison sp. Palarus histrio Palarini 100 Paranysson sp Miscophini Lindenius. panzeri 9 9 Foxita bara ssp patei* I 9 7 9 9 . 9 9 Foxita bara ssp. patei II 8 2 Ectemnius sonorensis 7 9 Lestica alata 100 100 Lestica clypeata 100 Neodasyproctus sp. II * 7 9 Neodasyproctus sp I 5 5 7 8 Dasyproctus sp . Crabronina 100 Crossocerus quadrimaculatus. 100 Crabro peltarius 9 7 100 Crabro scutellatus 9 2 Lestica sp. 100 Rhopalum clavipes 9 9 Moniaecera sp 100 Quexua sp . 8 9 Anacrabro sp . * 100 Entomognathus. sp Anacrabronina Oxybelus bipunctatus . 100 Oxybelini Belomicrus sp. Dinetus pictus Dinetinae Palmodes sp 100 Prionyx kirbii. Prionychini 100 Prionyx subatratus 9 8 100 100 Isodontia mexicana 100 Sphex funerarius II Sphecini 100Sphex funerarius I 5 0 Ammophila sabulosa 100 Ammophila sp. 100 Podalonia sp Ammophilinae 100 100 . 5 7 Podalonia hirsuta Eremnophila melanaria Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini Chalybion californicum 100 100 Chalybion sp I 100 . Sceliphrini 9 7 Chalybion sp. II 7 4 Sceliphron curvatum Penepodium fumipenne 100 Podiini 100 Dynatus burmeisteri Ammatomus sp I 6 7 . ** 100 Chlorion hirtum Chlorion sp Chloriontinae Dryudella. sp 9 5 . * 9 5 Astata sp. I 9 8 Astata sp. II Astatinae 100 Astata minor Dryudella pinguis Ampulex compressa 100 Ampulex fasciata Ampulicini 9 9 Dolichurus corniculus 100 Dolichurus sp Dolichurini Acromyrmex. echinatior 100 100 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator Pompilus cinereus 6 2 Sapyga quinquepunctata outgroups 9 9 100 Smicromyrme rufipes 8 2 Tiphia femorata Scolia hirta 100 Colpa sexmaculata

0.04 Additional figure S3: Phylogenetic relationships of Apoidea. The phylogenetic tree was inferred from analyzing 284.607 nucleotide sites under the maximum likelihood (ML) optimality criterion. The data matrix was partitioned based on applying a combination of protein domain – and codon-based partitioning scheme by modeling 1st and 2nd codon positions separately and excluding the 3rd codon positions. each partition was analyzed with the partition-specific model parameters under the nucleotide substitution model GTR +G. Node labels indicate bootstrap branch support values derived from 150 bootstrap replicates. Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Branch colours correspond to level of support of monophyletic lineages. Names according to W. J. Pulawski’s “Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato”. Tetragonula carbonaria 1 Bombus rupestris 1 Apis mellifera I 1 1 Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma Xylocopa violacea 1 1 Ceratina chalybea Tetraloniella sp. 1 0.62Tetralonia malvae 0.98 Tetraloniella nigriceps 1 1 Eucera syriaca 1 0.62Eucera plumigera Eucera nigrescens * 1 Thyreus orbatus

Epeolus variegatus (bees) Anthophila 1 1 1 Ammobates syriacus * Nomada lathburiana * Anthophora plumipes Heriades truncorum 1 1 1 Osmia cornuta 1 Chelostoma florisomne Megachile willughbiella 1 1 Coelioxys conoidea Anthidium manicatum 1 1 Stelis punctulatissima 1 Dioxys cincta 1 Lithurgus chrysurus Colletes cunicularius *** 1 Colletes cunicularius 1 Hylaeus variegatus 1 Systropha curvicornis 1 Dufourea dentiventris 1 Nomia diversipes 1 Nomioides sp. 1 1 1 Sphecodes albilabris 1 Halictus quadricinctus 1 Lasioglossum xanthopus Andrena vaga 1 Camptopoeum sacrum 1 1 Panurgus dentipes Melitta haemorrhoidalis 1 1 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes Ammoplanellus sp. 1 1 Ammoplanina Ammoplanus sp. Mimesa lutaria 1 Psenulus fuscipennis 1 1 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 1 Psenulus sp. Odontosphex paradoxus Odontosphecini Stigmus sp. 1 1 Carinostigmus sp. Stigmina 1 Pemphredon lugens 1 Diodontus minutus 1 1 Polemistus sp. Pemphredonina 1 Passaloecus eremita Spilomena beata Spilomenina Pseudoscolia sp. 1 1 Pseudoscolia sinaitica Pseudoscoliini 1 Cerceris arenaria 1 1 Cerceris acanthophila Cercerini 1 Eucerceris arenaria Clypeadon taurulus 1 Clypeadon sculleni Aphilanthopini 1 Trachypus sp. 1 1 Philanthus gibbosus Philanthini Philanthus triangulum Sphecius spectabilis 1 Sphecius convallis Spheciina Hoplisoides sp. 1 1 Psammaecius versicolor 1 Liogorytes sp. 1 Arigorytes sp. Gorytina 1 Gorytes laticinctus 1 Gorytes albidulus 1 1 Pseudoplisus willcoxi Harpactus elegans Rubrica nasuta 1 0.92 1 Stictia heros 1 Selman notatus 1 Trichostictia sp. Bembicina Bicyrtes ventralis 1 1 Microbembex sp. Bembix rostrata Stictiella sp. 1 1 Steniolia duplicata 0.97 1 Stictiellina 1 1 Microstictia hurdi * Stizus vespoides 1 Stizus aff. marthae 0.69 1 Stizus continuus Stizoides tridentatus Stizina 1 1 1 Stizoides foxi

Bembecinus sp. wasps) wasps (digger Apoid Tanyoprymnus moneduloides * 1 1 Tanyoprymnus sp. Spheciina Ammatomus sp. II Heliocausus sp. 1 0.97 Tiguipa sp. Heliocausina Heterogyna nocticula * 0.9 Heterogynaidae 0.9 Brachystegus sp. 0.97 Acanthostethus sp. Synnevrus sp. Nyssonini 1 0.97 Nysson niger Didineis sp. 1 Alyssontini Alysson spinosus Larropsis sp. 1 Prosopigastra nearctica 0.97 Tachytes sp. 1 1 Tachytes amazonus Gastrosericina 1 Holotachysphex sp. Tachysphex fulvitarsis 1 1 Tachysphex sp. Liris sp. I 1 Liris sp. II 1 1 Larrina Larra sp. Lyroda sp. 1 1 Sphodrotes sp. Miscophini Nitela sp. Trypoxylon lactitarse 1 1 Trypoxylon figulus 1 1 Pison atrum Trypoxylini 0.97 1 Pison sp. Palarus histrio Palarini 1 Paranysson sp. Miscophini Foxita bara ssp. patei I 1 1 Foxita bara ssp. patei II 1 Ectemnius sonorensis Lestica alata 1 1 1 Lestica clypeata Neodasyproctus sp. I 0.67 1 0.17 1 Neodasyproctus sp. II * Dasyproctus sp. Lindenius panzeri * Crabronina 1 Crabro peltarius 1 1 Crabro scutellatus 1 1 Lestica sp. Crossocerus quadrimaculatus 1 Rhopalum clavipes 1 1 Moniaecera sp. Quexua sp. 1 1 Anacrabro sp. 1 Entomognathus sp. Anacrabronina Oxybelus bipunctatus 1 Belomicrus sp. Oxybelini Dinetus pictus 1 Dinetinae Mellinus arvensis Mellininae Palmodes sp. 1 Prionyx kirbii 1 Prionychini Prionyx subatratus 1 1 Isodontia mexicana Sphex funerarius I 1 Sphecini 1 Sphex funerarius II 1 0.73 Ammophila sp. 1 Ammophila sabulosa 1 Podalonia hirsuta 1 1 Ammophilinae 1 Podalonia sp. Eremnophila melanaria Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini Chalybion californicum 1 1 Chalybion sp. I 1 Sceliphrini 1 Chalybion sp. II 1 Sceliphron curvatum Dynatus burmeisteri 1 Podiini 1 Penepodium fumipenne Ammatomus sp. I ** 1 1 Chlorion hirtum Chlorion sp. Chloriontinae Astata minor 1 Astata sp. II 1 1 Astata sp. I Astatinae 1 Dryudella sp. Dryudella pinguis Ampulex compressa 1 Ampulex fasciata Ampulicini 1 Dolichurus corniculus 1 Dolichurus sp. Dolichurini Pompilus cinereus * 1 Sapyga quinquepunctata 1 1 Smicromyrme rufipes 1 Tiphia femorata Scolia hirta outgroups 1 1 Colpa sexmaculata Acromyrmex echinatior 1 1 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator

0.2 Additional figure S4.1: Phylogenetic relationships of Apoidea. The phylogenetic tree inferred from analyzing 284.607 nucleotide sites with ExaBayes (Aberer et al., 2014). The data matrix was partitioned based on applying a combination of protein domain – and codon-based partitioning scheme by modeling the 1st, 2nd and 3rd codon position separately. Each partition was analyzed with the partition-specific model parameters under the nucleotide substitution model GTR+G. Posterior probability values were inferred from a total of 13,500 sampled trees. Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Branch colors correspond to level of support of monophyletic lineages. Names according to W. J. Pulawski’s “Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato”. 100 Tetragonula carbonaria Bombus rupestris 70 Apis mellifera I 100 100Apis mellifera II Euglossa dilemma 100 53 Xylocopa violacea Ceratina chalybea Tetralonia malvae 100 77 31Tetraloniella sp Tetraloniella .nigriceps 73 100 * 100 Eucera syriaca 78 Eucera plumigera Eucera nigrescens 100 Thyreus orbatus 100 (bees) Anthophila 19 Epeolus variegatus 100 Ammobates syriacus Nomada lathburiana * Anthophora plumipes * 63 Heriades truncorum 100 100 Osmia cornuta 100 Chelostoma florisomne 100 Megachile willughbiella 100 Coelioxys conoidea 100 100 Anthidium manicatum Stelis punctulatissima 100 Dioxys cincta 100 Lithurgus chrysurus Ctenocolletes rufescens 100 *** 100 Colletes cunicularius Hylaeus variegatus 100 100 Systropha curvicornis Dufourea dentiventris 100 Nomia diversipes 100 Nomioides sp 100 100 76 Sphecodes albilabris . 100 100 Halictus quadricinctus Lasioglossum xanthopus Andrena vaga 100 100 Camptopoeum sacrum 100 Panurgus dentipes 99 Melitta haemorrhoidalis 100 Macropis fulvipes Dasypoda hirtipes 100 100 Ammoplanellus sp Ammoplanina Ammoplanus sp . Mimesa lutaria . 54 100 Psenulus fuscipennis 100 Psenulus dilectus Psenini 100 Psenulus sp. Odontosphex paradoxus Odontosphecini 97 100 Stigmus sp Carinostigmus. sp Stigmina 100 . 73 Pemphredon lugens 100 Diodontus minutus 100 Polemistus sp Pemphredonina 100 Passaloecus eremita . Spilomena beata Spilomenina Pseudoscolia sp 99 100 Pseudoscolia sinaitica. Pseudoscoliini 88 100 Cerceris arenaria 100 Cerceris acanthophila Cercerini 100 Eucerceris arenaria 100Clypeadon taurulus Aphilanthopini Clypeadon sculleni 91 100 Trachypus sp. 100 Philanthus gibbosus Philanthini Philanthus triangulum 100 Sphecius spectabilis Sphecius convallis Spheciina 100 Hoplisoides sp. 84 Psammaecius versicolor 99 Liogorytes sp 87 Arigorytes sp . 100 Gorytes laticinctus. Gorytina 100 100 Gorytes albidulus 34 Pseudoplisus willcoxi Harpactus elegans 54 Rubrica nasuta 33 100 Stictia heros 100 Selman notatus 100 Trichostictia sp. Bembicina 100 Bicyrtes ventralis 94 Microbembex sp Bembix rostrata . 94 47 Stictiella sp. 58 94 Steniolia duplicata Stictiellina 100 94 Microstictia hurdi Stizus vespoides* 100 60 Stizus aff marthae 100 Stizus continuus Stizina 100 100 Stizoides tridentatus 100 Stizoides foxi Bembecinus sp. 82 Tanyoprymnus moneduloides * 94 Tanyoprymnus sp Spheciina Ammatomus. sp II . wasps) wasps (digger Apoid 100 Heliocausus sp 89 Tiguipa sp . Heliocausina . Heterogynaidae 86 Heterogyna nocticola * 63 Brachystegus sp. 87 Acanthostethus sp. Nyssonini 100 Synnevrus sp. 87 Nysson niger Didineis sp 100 Alysson spinosus . Alyssontini 100Larropsis sp. 46 Prosopigastra nearctica 100 Tachytes sp 100 Tachytes amazonus. Gastrosericina 88 Holotachysphex sp. 100 Tachysphex fulvitarsis 100 Tachysphex sp Liris. sp I 100 . 97 99 Liris sp II Larrina Larra sp. Lyroda sp . 91 100 . Sphodrotes sp. Miscophini Nitela sp. 99 100 Trypoxylon lactitarse 100 100 Trypoxylon figulus Trypoxylini 100 Pison atrum 80 Pison sp . Palarini 100 Palarus histrio Miscophini Paranysson sp. 100Foxita bara ssp. patei I 100 Foxita bara ssp. patei II 55 Ectemnius sonorensis Lestica alata 100 100 100 Lestica clypeata 71 Neodasyproctus sp. I 100 97 Neodasyproctus sp II Dasyproctus sp . * 82 . Crabronina 100Crabro peltarius 100 Crabro scutellatus 100 Lestica sp 100 . 43 Crossocerus quadrimaculatus Lindenius panzeri 100 100 * 100 Rhopalum clavipes Moniaecera sp. 100 Quexua sp 86 Anacrabro sp . 100 . Anacrabronina Entomognathus sp. 100 Oxybelus bipunctatus Oxybelini Belomicrus sp. 100 Dinetus pictus Dinetinae Mellinus arvensis Mellininae Palmodes sp 100 . Prionychini 100 Prionyx kirbii 100 Prionyx subatratus 100 Isodontia mexicana Sphex funerarius I Sphecini 100 100 76 Sphex funerarius II 49 100 Ammophila sp Ammophila sabulosa. 100 100 100Podalonia hirsuta Ammophilinae 65 Podalonia sp Eremnophila. melanaria Stangeella cyaniventris Stangeellini Chalybion californicum 100 100 100Chalybion sp I 100 . Sceliphrini Chalybion sp. II 92 Sceliphron curvatum Dynatus burmeisteri 100 Podiini 100 Penepodium fumipenne 57 Ammatomus sp. I ** 100 Chlorion hirtum Chlorion sp Chloriontinae Astata minor . 98 98 Astata sp I 75 Astata sp. II Astatinae 100 Dryudella. sp Dryudella pinguis . 100 Ampulex compressa Ampulicini 100 Ampulex fasciata 100 Dolichurus corniculus Dolichurini Dolichurus sp. 100 Acromyrmex echinatior 100 Camponotus floridanus Harpegnathos saltator Pompilus cinereus 84 * outgroups 99 Sapyga quinquepunctata 100 Smicromyrme rufipes 99 Tiphia femorata 100 Scolia hirta Colpa sexmaculata

0.2 Additional figure S4: Phylogenetic relationships of Apoidea. The phylogenetic tree inferred from analyzing 284.607 nucleotide sites under the maximum likelihood (ML) optimality criterion. The data matrix was partitioned based on applying a combination of protein domain – and codon-based partitioning scheme by modeling the 1st, 2nd and 3rd codon position separately. Each partition was analyzed with the partition-specific model parameters under the nucleotide substitution model GTR+G. Node labels indicate bootstrap branch support values derived from 100 bootstrap replicates. Species marked by an asterisk (*) indicate rogue taxa. Two asterisks (**) point to the misplaced species Ammatomus sp. I and (***) to the position of the Stenotritidae. Branch colors correspond to level of support of monophyletic lineages. Names according to W. J. Pulawski’s “Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato”. 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 Run 2 Run 3 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Run 1 Run 1 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 Run 3 Run 4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Run 1 Run 2 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 Run 4 Run 4 Run 4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Run 2 Run 3 Additional figure S5: MCMCtree convergence comparison of four independent analyses. Pairwise comparison of the posterior means of divergence times obtained from the approximate likelihood calculation. Node ages and 95 % confidence intervals of four MCMCtree analysis replicates are plotted against each other. ≥ 5e-2 < 5e-2 Anacrabro_spec < 5e-3 a) Heliocausus_spec Stictia_heros < 5e-4 Tetraloniella_nigriceps < 5e-5 Acromyrmex_echinatior Trypoxylon_lactitarseStizus_vespoides < 5e-6 Bembix_rostrata Prosopigastra_nearctica < 5e-7 Oxybelus_bipunctatus < 5e-8 Ammoplanellus_spec Bembecinus_spec2 < 5e-9 Acanthostethus_specNomioides_spNitela_sp Ammobates_syriacus < 5e-10 < 5e-11 Colletes_cuniculariusSphex_funerarius Ampulex_fasciataAstata_minor

Arigorytes_spec Apis_mellifera

Ammophila_sabulosaPodalonia_sp Euglossa_dilemma Psenulus_spec

Brachystegus_specSelman_notatus

Psenulus_dilectus

Holotachysphex_spec Halictus_quadricinctus Dynatus_burmeisteri

Melitta_haemorrhoidalisPanurgus_dentipes Moniaecera_spec Palmodes_spec

Podalonia_hirsuta Nomia_diversipes

Ampulex_compressaBicyrtes_ventralis Liogorytes_spec Nysson_niger

Gorytes_albidulus

Rhopalum_clavipes Eucera_plumigera Synnevrus_spec

Lestica_alata Prionyx_subatratus

Sphecodes_albilabris Pompilus_cinereus Mimesa_lutariaLarra_spec Clypeadon_sculleni2 Pison_spec

Pseudoscolia_spec Polemistus_spec Chalybion_spec2

Pemphredon_lugensStizus_continuus Crabro_peltarius

Camptopoeum_sacrumXylocopa_violacea Dasypoda_hirtipes Hoplisoides_spec

Pseudoplisus_willcoxi Scolia_hirta Psenulus_fuscipennis

Stangeella_cyaniventris Andrena_vaga

Sapyga_quinquepunctata Hylaeus_variegatus Apis_mellifera2 Stenotritidae Eremnophila_melanaria

Lestica_clypeata Pseudoscolia_sinaitica Diodontus_minutus

Philanthus_triangulum Crabro_scutellatus2

Thyreus_orbatus Foxita_bara_ssp_patei2

Stizoides_tridentatus Stizus_aff_marthae Astata_spec1

Chelostoma_florisomne Gorytes_laticinctus

Tanyoprymnus_spec Tachytes_spec Systropha_curvicornis

Ammoplanus_spec

Lithurgus_chrysurus Ammatomus_spec2 Dryudella_spec Heterogyna_nocticola Belomicrus_spec Rubrica_nasuta

Paranysson_specPalarus_histrio

Foxita_bara_ssp_patei1 Tachysphex_fulvitarsisCeratina_chalybeaTetraloniella_sp Lestica_spec

Pison_atrum Liris_spec Entomognathus_spec Astata_spec2

Spilomena_beata Psammaecius_versicolor Dasyproctus_spec

Odontosphex_paradoxus Neodasyproctus_spec1 Mellinus_arvensis Stelis_punctulatissimaStigmus_spec1

Harpegnathos_saltator Trichostictia_spec Neodasyproctus_spec2 Alysson_spinosus Tachysphex_spec

Ectemnius_sonorensis Anthophora_plumipesQuexua_spec Heriades_truncorum

Prionyx_kirbii Colpa_sexmaculata

Tachytes_amazonus Isodontia_mexicana Clypeadon_taurulus Lindenius_panzeri2

Sphecius_spectabilisDidineis_spec

Chalybion_californicum

Coelioxys_conoidea Carinostigmus_spec Epeolus_variegatus Steniolia_duplicata Microstictia_hurdi Dinetus_pictus

Tetralonia_malvae

Dolichurus_corniculus Dufourea_dentiventris Nomada_lathburianaChlorion_hirtum Microbembex_sp

Penepodium_fumipenne Anthidium_manicatumChlorion_spec Liris_sp Dolichurus_sp Tetragonula_carbonaria

Ammatomus_spec1 Macropis_fulvipes Chalybion_spec1

Sceliphron_curvatum Trypoxylon_figulus Tanyoprymnus_moneduloides Eucerceris_arenaria

Bombus_rupestris Trachypus_spec

Crossocerus_quadrimaculatus Smicromyrme_rufipesAmmophila_spec2

Eucera_nigrescens

Camponotus_floridanusHarpactus_elegans Osmia_cornuta Passaloecus_eremita Eucera_syriaca

Sphodrotes_specStizoides_foxi

Tiguipa_spec

Cerceris_acanthophila Cerceris_arenariaDioxys_cincta

Tiphia_femorata

Lyroda_spec

Megachile_willughbiella Stictiella_spec

Larropsis_spec Lasioglossum_xanthopus

Philanthus_gibbosus Sphex_funerarius3 Dryudella_pinguis

Sphecius_convallis

≥ 5e-2 < 5e-2 < 5e-3 b) Macropis_fulvipes Foxita_bara_ssp_patei1 Sphex_funerarius3 < 5e-4 Stizoides_foxi Heterogyna_nocticola < 5e-5 Podalonia_hirsuta Trachypus_spec < 5e-6

Ammoplanellus_spec Bembix_rostrata < 5e-7 Dolichurus_corniculus Prionyx_kirbii < 5e-8 Acanthostethus_spec Stizus_vespoides Dinetus_pictus < 5e-9

Eucera_nigrescens < 5e-10

Dioxys_cincta Neodasyproctus_spec2 < 5e-11 Anthophora_plumipes

Hylaeus_variegatus

Spilomena_beata Cerceris_acanthophilaMimesa_lutaria

Microbembex_sp Liris_sp Ammatomus_spec1 Colpa_sexmaculata

Ammophila_spec2

Lindenius_panzeri2

Stizoides_tridentatusBelomicrus_spec Astata_spec1

Harpegnathos_saltator Tetralonia_malvae Synnevrus_specStenotritidae

Astata_spec2

Chlorion_spec

Stangeella_cyaniventrisPsenulus_spec

Eucera_plumigera Liogorytes_spec

Scolia_hirta Sphecius_convallis Lasioglossum_xanthopus Rubrica_nasuta

Halictus_quadricinctusPompilus_cinereus Tanyoprymnus_moneduloidesPolemistus_spec Lestica_clypeataAstata_minor

Lithurgus_chrysurusAnacrabro_spec

Nomia_diversipes Foxita_bara_ssp_patei2 Chalybion_spec1

Gorytes_laticinctus

Passaloecus_eremita Coelioxys_conoidea

Chalybion_californicumPalarus_histrio Nomada_lathburiana

Dasyproctus_spec Moniaecera_spec

Colletes_cunicularius Andrena_vaga

Acromyrmex_echinatior Ammatomus_spec2

Sphecius_spectabilis

Philanthus_triangulumBombus_rupestris

Trypoxylon_lactitarse

Pseudoplisus_willcoxi

Tachytes_spec Prosopigastra_nearcticaIsodontia_mexicana

Diodontus_minutus

Palmodes_spec Didineis_spec Camptopoeum_sacrum Osmia_cornuta Apis_mellifera

Philanthus_gibbosus Stictiella_spec Rhopalum_clavipes

Ectemnius_sonorensis Pseudoscolia_sinaitica Pemphredon_lugens Larra_spec Chelostoma_florisomne Megachile_willughbiella Lestica_spec Stizus_aff_marthae

Dasypoda_hirtipes Paranysson_spec Heliocausus_spec

Sceliphron_curvatum

Eremnophila_melanariaAmmoplanus_spec Trichostictia_spec Psenulus_dilectus

Heriades_truncorum Mellinus_arvensis Microstictia_hurdi

Clypeadon_sculleni2Bicyrtes_ventralis

Steniolia_duplicata Hoplisoides_spec Dryudella_pinguis Cerceris_arenariaLyroda_spec

Sphex_funerarius Crabro_peltarius Stigmus_spec1

Psammaecius_versicolor Sphecodes_albilabrisSphodrotes_specDolichurus_sp

Lestica_alata Panurgus_dentipes

Pison_atrum

Psenulus_fuscipennis Pison_spec

Neodasyproctus_spec1

Camponotus_floridanus Systropha_curvicornis Crabro_scutellatus2

Tetragonula_carbonariaTrypoxylon_figulus

Epeolus_variegatus Sapyga_quinquepunctata Bembecinus_spec2 Nitela_sp Clypeadon_taurulus Prionyx_subatratus Larropsis_spec

Entomognathus_specStizus_continuusNysson_niger

Thyreus_orbatus

Podalonia_sp

Crossocerus_quadrimaculatus Penepodium_fumipenneArigorytes_spec

Tachytes_amazonus Apis_mellifera2 Tachysphex_fulvitarsis Liris_spec Brachystegus_spec

Stelis_punctulatissima Ceratina_chalybea

Dynatus_burmeisteri Ampulex_fasciataNomioides_sp

Pseudoscolia_spec

Ammophila_sabulosa Chlorion_hirtum Smicromyrme_rufipesTiguipa_spec

Tetraloniella_sp Tetraloniella_nigriceps Xylocopa_violacea

Tanyoprymnus_specStictia_heros

Oxybelus_bipunctatusQuexua_spec

Melitta_haemorrhoidalis Holotachysphex_spec

Odontosphex_paradoxusAmpulex_compressaGorytes_albidulus Tachysphex_spec Tiphia_femorata

Euglossa_dilemmaEucera_syriaca

Eucerceris_arenaria Alysson_spinosus Selman_notatus

Chalybion_spec2

Carinostigmus_spec Dryudella_spec Ammobates_syriacus

Dufourea_dentiventris

Anthidium_manicatumHarpactus_elegans

Additional figure S6: Bowker' matched-pairs test of symmetry. Heat maps showing the results from pairwise comparison of aligned a) amino acid dataset and b) nucleotide dataset with all three codon positions included (PF-NT-1,2,3). White cells specify p-values > 0.05, indicating that corresponding pairs of nucleotide sequences do not violate the assumption of global stationary, reversibility, and homogeneity (SRH) conditions.