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Download Download Microsc. Microanal. Res. 2021, 34(1) 1-8 Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Microsc. - The Journal of The Microscopy Society of Thailand Microanal. Journal Home Page: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/mmres/ Res. Fish-borne Parasitic Zoonosis in Lower Mekong Basin Countries: Review Ei Ei Phyo Myint1, Amornpun Sereemaspun2, Satthakarn Chuenkomol1, Pacharamon Suancharoen1, Patcharawan Sujayanont1, Anawat Phalee3, Sutthisak Noradee1 and Choosak Nithikathkul1* 1Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Research Unit, Ph.D. in Health Science program, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand. 2Nanomedicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 3Faculty of Technology, Nakorn Phanoom University, Nakorn Phanoom,Thailand. *Corresponding author’s e-mail address: : [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Fish borne parasitic infections have been important public health problems in many parts of the world, Submitted: 3 December 2020 particularly in countries lower Mekong regions for example; Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic Revised: 2 February 2021 (Lao PDR), Vietnam, Cambodia and Myanmar. Currently, many reports indicate that metacercariae Accepted: 24 February 2021 of pathogenic trematodes are showed in freshwater fish commonly small liver fluke, Opisthorchis Available online: 1 April 2021 viverrini; minute intestinal flukes (MIF); family of Heterophyidae. In Thailand, the epicenter of this disease is located in the northeast region, where high a prevalence of opisthorchiasis coexists with Keywords: a high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA), a major primary carcinoma of the liver with a very Opisthorchiidae; Opisthorchis viverrini; poor prognosis. Fish-borne trematode metacercariae are found in a variety of fish species, relating to minute intestinal flukes (MIF); carcinogenic liver fluke and minute intestinal flukes. This review aimed to summarize the association Heterophyidae; Metacercaria; Fish; Minute of fish species (second intermediate Host) and metacercariae species in lower Mekong basin countries. intestinal fluke Also, this review might provide evidence leading to improved public health awareness for surveillance and control of FBT contamination and contribute to filling the gap of information necessary for the control and prevention of fish-borne trematode zoonotic infections in the lower Mekong region countries. © 2018 The Microscopy Society of Thailand INTRODUCTION Zoonotic trematode (ZT) infections are an important public health public health problems in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia. problem in many Asian countries, including Lao People’s Democratic [11,12]. Clonorchis sinensis is endemic in southern China, Korea and Republic (Lao PDR), Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, the Philippines, northern Vietnam, whereas O. viverrini is endemic in the Lower Mekong China, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) [1-4]. Especially, Basin, including Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao fish borne trematodes (FBT) provoke remarkable morbidity in residents PDR), Cambodia and central Vietnam and Myanmar [12,13]. Opisthorchis of these countries and cause serious economic damage in the industry felineus is found in Central–Eastern Europe. of fish aquaculture [5,6]. Currently, more than 45 million people It has been known that more than 50 million people are infected estimated to be infected [7]. Small liver flukes, Opisthorchiidae and with intestinal trematodes, and about 70 trematode species are involved minute intestinal flukes (MIF), Heterophyidae are highly prevalent in in human infections around the world [14,15,16]. Particularly, they are Southeast Asian countries. Embryonated eggs containing miracidium prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Vietnam, are discharged in the biliary ducts and passed in the stool. Eggs are Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, and ingested by a suitable snail intermediate host (First intermediate host). the Republic of Korea (Korea). [17,18,19,20]. Countries of lower Within the snail, eggs hatch to release miracidia, which transform to Mekong regions are highly alarmed the spread of fish borne trematode sporocysts [8]. Then sporocysts undergo asexual reproduction to give infections i.e. small liver flukes and minute intestinal flukes especially rise to rediae and finally cercariae. Cercariae are released from the snail in Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Vietnam, and after a short period of free-swimming time in the water, it penetrates Cambodia and Myanmar. [21,22]. Fish-borne zoonotic trematodes the skin of freshwater fish (second intermediate host), where it encysts (FZT) especially small liver flukes (Opisthorchiidae) and minute as a metacercaria [9]. Humans are infected through ingestion of intestinal flukes (Heterophyidae) are highly prevalent in that regions undercooked or raw freshwater fishes. The metacercariae excyst in the [23]. These two flukes have similar life cycles and involved two duodenum and ascend the biliary tract through the ampulla of Vater. intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle [24]. The first intermediate Maturation to adult worms of trematode infection inhabits the intra and hosts are snails and the second intermediate hosts are small freshwater extrahepatic biliary system [10]. The human liver flukes, Opisthorchis fishes [25]. viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus and Clonorchis sinensis remain important 2 Phyo Myint E. et al. / Microsc. Microanal. Res. 2021, 34(1) 1-8 FiFiguregure 1. 1showing – showing regions lower regions Mekonglower river basin M ofe kongSoutheast river Asia countries basin createdof Southeast by ArcGIS 10.5. Asia countries created by ArcGIS 10.5. In southeasternIn southeastern Asia, Asia, more than 90 million more people than 90 million people are at risk of of parasite arei.e. metacercariae at risk of [10]. infection, Traditional and at least 10 habit of eating raw or infection, and at least 10 million people are estimated to be infected by undercooked fish is a known risk factor for human trematode infections O. viverrini. More than ten million people are estimated to be infected [12]. Moreover, the infection can also occur via poor personal hygiene millionwith O. viverrini people: about are eight estimated million in Thailand to be and infected two million by in O.and viverrini the contamination. More of food, than hands ten and million food preparation people utensils are that Lao People’s Democratic Republic [26]. The highest prevalence occurs are contaminated with metacercariae. Among the classification of human in North and Northeast Thailand, especially in rural populations parasites, trematodes infections are the most important emerging fish- estimated[27,28,29] and to in be the infectedadjacent southern with andO. centralviverrini regions: about of Lao eightborne million parasites. inThe Thailand disease caused and by twotrematode million parasite in is Lao called People’s Democratic Republic [30,31]. Human infections with O. trematodiasis. Particularly, small liver flukes, Opisthorchiidae or minute viverrini and presence of metacercariae in intermediate hosts have been intestinal flukes (MIF), Heterophyidae are most common fish borne People’sreported in severalDemocratic provinces of RepublicCambodia [32,33,34,35]. [26]. The Miyamoto highest trematodes prevalence parasite occursinfection inin As iaNorth and South and East Northeast Asia countries et al. (2014) reported O. viverrini eggs in human fecal samples from [23]. Opisthorchiidae: Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus and Thailand,26 out of 55 surveyed especially villages in in five rural provinces populations of Cambodia, among [27,28,29] Clonorchis and sinensis in the are adjac most medicallyent southern important fishand borne central parasite which 15 villages had an egg positive rate >10%. The parasite is also in the globe [38]. Heterophyidae, a small-sized fluke, about 1 mm. in endemic in southern and central parts of Vietnam [25,36]. A survey length, and is parasitic mostly found in the small intestine. One species regionsconducted in of 2015 Lao reported People’s that the overallDemocratic prevalence Republicof O. viverrini [30,31]. of fish canHuman be contaminated infections with more with than O.one speciesviverrini of fish-and borne infection was 11.4% in central Vietnam [25]. The main cause of infection Trematodes metacercaria. Opisthorchis liver flukes and heterophyid is due to the habit of eating raw or partially cooked meat or fish. When intestinal flukes are highly prevalent fish- borne Trematodes in Southeast presencea human consumes of raw metacercariae or semi-cooked fish thatin mayintermediate contain metacercariae hosts Asianhave countries. been Fish-bornereported trematodiasis in several caused provinces by liver or minute of of the liver fluke and then adult worms inhabit at the bile ducts, where intestinal flukes (MIF) can cause chronic diseases. Therefore, awareness they n feed o epithelial cells [26]. Most complications of chronic human should be placed on these infections as an important public health issue. Cambodiaopisthorchiasis [32,33,34,35].are hepatobiliary diseases Miyamoto such as he et patomegaly, al. (2014) This reported review studyO. aimed viverrini to summarizeeggs the in association human among fecal fish cholangitis, cholecystitis, peri-ductal fibrosis and gallstones. Recently, species (second intermediate Host) and metacercariae species
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