Cloud Computing Session 3 – IaaS and PaaS Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti New York University Computer Science Department Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences 1 Agenda 1 Session Overview 2 Infrastructure as a Service (Continued) 3 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 4 Summary and Conclusion 2 Session Agenda ▪ Session Overview ▪ Infrastructure as a Service (Continued) ▪ Platform as a Service (PaaS) ▪ Summary & Conclusion 3 What is the class about? ▪ Course description and syllabus: » http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jcf/CSCI-GA.3033-010/ » http://www.cs.nyu.edu/courses/spring20/CSCI-GA.3033-010/ ▪ Session 3 Reference material: » Web sites for various IaaS providers as noted in presentation » Web sites for various PaaS vendors as noted in presentation 4 Icons / Metaphors Information Common Realization Knowledge/Competency Pattern Governance Alignment Solution Approach 5 Agenda 1 Session Overview 2 Infrastructure as a Service (Continued) 3 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 4 Summary and Conclusion 6 IaaS & Amazon IaaS Cloud ▪ IaaS Cloud and Amazon EC2 » Amazon EC2 Programming » Deconstructing Provisioning (Create a Machine) in a IaaS Cloud ▪ Understanding and Leveraging On-Demand Infrastructure » How to Preserve State Using Amazon EBS • Persistence Storage for Data (EBS for now) • Persisting software/config changes by creating own AMI » Virtualization • Key enabler for on-demand resource availability ▪ Supporting Elasticity » Elasticity Basics » How Elasticity is Supported in Amazon » Project Ideas ▪ Object-Based Cloud Storage ▪ Large File Systems Concepts 7 Cloud History (1/2) ▪ 1950s ▪ Scientist Herb Grosch (author of Grosch's law) postulates that the entire world would eventually operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data centers ▪ 1960s ▪ John McCarthy emits the opinion that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility“ ▪ 1966 ▪ In his book “The Challenge of the Computer Utility, Douglas Parkhill thoroughly explores all the modern- day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), and the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms ▪ 1990s ▪ Telecommunications companies who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, begin offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost ▪ By switching traffic to balance utilization as they see fit, they are able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively ▪ The cloud symbol is used to denote the demarcation point between that which is the responsibility of the provider and that which is the responsibility of the user ▪ Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure ▪ 2006 ▪ Amazon launches Amazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis ▪ Effort triggered by the finding that he new cloud architecture results in significant internal efficiency improvements allowing small, fast-moving teams to add new features faster and more easily 8 Cloud History (2/2) ▪ 2008 ▪ Eucalyptus becomes the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds ▪ OpenNebula (part of RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project) becomes the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds ▪ Real Time Cloud Environment created in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission- funded project as a result of efforts focused on providing quality of service guarantees, as required by real-time interactive applications, to cloud-based infrastructures ▪ Gartner sees an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them"[16] and observes that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas.“ ▪ 2012 - (CLUSE 2012), Bangalore, April 2012 ▪ Dr. Biju John and Dr. Souheil Khaddaj incorporated the semantic term into the cloud "Cloud computing is a universal collection of data which extends over the internet in the form of resources (such as information hardware, various platforms, services etc.) and forms individual units within the virtualization environment. Held together by infrastructure providers, service providers and the consumer, then it is semantically accessed by various users." 9 IaaS Cloud Service Model ▪ IaaS is a facility given to business enterprises that offers users the leverage of extra storage space in servers and data centers ▪ IaaS Cloud Providers Resources ▪ Physical Computers ▪ Virtual Machines ▪ Raw (Block) Storage ▪ Firewalls ▪ Load Balancers ▪ Networks ▪ Local area networks including IP addresses ▪ Internet wide area connectivity ▪ Configurable dedicated virtual private networks in carrier clouds ▪ Resources Characteristics ▪ On demand from large pools installed in providers data centers ▪ Billed on a “utility computing” basis, that is, cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed ▪ Usage Mode ▪ Cloud users install OS images and application software on the cloud machines ▪ Cloud users are responsible for patching/maintaining OS/app software 10 Cloud Computing Characteristics (1/3) ▪ Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources ▪ Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. Cloud computing systems typically use REST-based APIs ▪ Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure ▪ This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks ▪ Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house) ▪ The e-FISCAL project's state of the art repository contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house 11 Cloud Computing Characteristics (2/3) ▪ Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone) ▪ As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere ▪ Virtualization technology allows servers and storage devices to be shared and utilization be increased ▪ Applications can be easily migrated from one physical server to another ▪ Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for: ▪ Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.) ▪ Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load- levels) ▪ Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized ▪ Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery 12 Cloud Computing Characteristics (3/3) ▪ Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine- grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads ▪ Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface ▪ Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels ▪ Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford ▪ However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible ▪ Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security ▪ Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places 13 IaaS Vendor Solutions (1/4) ▪ e.g., Amazon EC2, HP, Microsoft, Savvis, Terremark, Right Scale, Rackspace cloud, IBM, Oracle, Verizon Private Cloud Public Cloud 14 IaaS Vendor Solutions – Public/VPC/Private “Accessible” IaaS (2/4) ▪ Amazon CloudFormation and Underlying Services (EC2) (Public/VPC IaaS/PaaS/SaaS) ▪ http://aws.amazon.com/ ▪ One year free usage tier ▪ GreenQloud ComputeQloud (VPC IaaS/PaaS) ▪ http://greenqloud.com/ ▪ 7-day trial ▪ Cloud computing services company operating out of Iceland, offering truly green cloud computing services powered by emission-free energy sources ▪ Services