7.5 X 11.5.Doubleline.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78312-5 - Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica Christopher A. Pool Index More information

INDEX

Abasolo, 202 Atopula, Guerrero, 57, 210–212 acropolis, 122, 127, 294 a vocados, 64, 75, 196 adapatationist strategy, 134–135, 137–138 axes aggrandizer strategy, 135–136, 287 anthropomorphic, 97 agriculture, subsistence, 3, 26, 51, 64, 73, 81, 82, greenstone, 96, 230 84, 85, 94, 145–146, 155 , 246. See also maize greenstone, polished, 97 agriculture; soils stone, 247 altars, 57, 106, 110, 116, 127, 139, 166, 174, 177 stone, polished, 96, 192 Altotonga, 240 votive, 35–36, 38, 58, 108–109, 116, 223. See also Alvarado, 275 celts Alvarado stela, 269 axis mundi (world tree), 123, 143, 172 Alvaro Obregon,´ 194 Ayotla phase, 9, 181, 206, 207 Amate phase, 209 Aztecs “The Ambassador”, 169. See also La Venta, Monument calendric names and, 259 13 creation story of, 258 andesite, 148 myth of the Five Suns, 114 Andrews V., E. Wyllys, 221 name for land of Olman, 4–5 Angulo V., Jorge, 57 name for people of Olman, 5 anthropomorphic axe, 97 sacred drink of, 85–86, 184 anthropomorphic supernatural Azuzul acropolis, 122. See also El Azuzul, acropolis feline figure, 122, 144 at shark/fish monster, 117. See also were-jaguar archaeobotanical studies, 64 baby-face sculpture, Early Horizon, 38, 231 archaeological cultures, 12, 14 badges of office, 140 archaeological sites. See specific site Baj´ıo phase, 98, 125, 189 archaeologist. See specific person ballcourt, 186, 187, 230 Archaic Horizon, 45 ball game Archaic period, 6, 39, 46 importance in Mesoamerican cultures, 96 estuarine resources during, 94 sacrifice associated with, 114 maize cultivation during, 64, 93 balls, rubber, 62, 95, 96, 97 subsistence agriculture during, 94 bar-and-dot numerical notation, 27, 271, 277, archaic state, 143, 176 299 Arenal phase, 274 bar-and-four-dots motif, 112 Armillas, Pedro, 7 Barranca phase, 232, 238 Arnold III, Philip J., 24, 60–61, 95, 131 Barth, Fredrik, 50 Arroyo Pesquero, 172, 174 basalt Arroyo Sonso “wrestler”, 111 elite control over, 65 art/iconography, political influence on, 65. See also source of, 1, 68, 78, 103, 129, 130, 141, 148, monumental art/iconography/power 246–247 asphalt, natural, 78, 90 uses for, 64, 78, 90, 146 atomic mass spectrometry, 73 uses for, utilitarian vs. prestige, 140–141 337

338 Index

basalt monument serpentine pseudocelts, 97 creating, 109–110 set upright as stelae, 164. See also axes recycling 62, 121, 141 Central Mexico, Early Horizon, 205–210 basketry, 67, 90, 199 Basin of Mexico, 205–209 beads, 96, 190, 207 burials, 207–209 beans, 3, 64, 85, 196 Chalcatzingo, 209–210 Belize, 182–183 Coapexco, 207 bentonite, source of, 102–103 settlement patterns, 205–206 Bernal, Ignacio, 20, 56 ties between Morelos/Basin of Mexico, 209–210 berries, 196 Tlatilco culture sites in, 209–210 Beverido Pereau, Francisco, 56 Tlapacoya, 206–207 Beyer, Hermann, 12, 38 Tlatilco, 207–209 Bezuapan, 60–61 Central Place Theory, 22 bitumen, 141 Central Veracruz, interaction with Olman, 232–240 Blake, Michael, 29–30, 183–184 El Viejon´ stela, 239–240 Blanton, Richard, 25, 30–31 La Yerbabuena stela, 240 Blom, Franz, 36–38 stelae differences, 240. See also Chalcatzingo, blue-green jade, 225 interaction with Olman Bobolla, Daniel Rub´ın de la, 46 ceremonial bar, 143, 167, 172 Borstein, Joshusa, 128 Cerro Cintepec basalt, 129, 130, 148 bounded scroll design, 204 Cerro de las Mesas, 60, 269–270 Bove, Fred, 28 Stela 9, 270 Buena Vista, 191, 194 Cerro el Vig´ıa basalt, 247 burials/burial sites Cerro Manat´ı, 60 Cantera phase, 237–238 Cerro Mono Blanco, 155 in Central Mexico, 207–209 cesium magnetometer, 52 Cherla phase, 192 Chacsinkin, 225 at Fabrica San Jose,´ 199 Chalcatzingo, 57, 174 juvenile, at La Venta, 45 polished orange-slipped vessels at, 221 juvenile, in Valley of Oaxaca, 201 relief carvings at, 177 at La Venta, 1–2, 45, 48, 164–165, 177–178 boulder reliefs, creation myth/ceremonial, stone-faced burial mound at San Pablo, 209 235 at Tlatilco, 207–209 Monument 1, 234, 235, 236–237 in Valley of Oaxaca, 196, 199–200, 201 Monument 2, 227, 235, 238 Monument 5, 235 Cacahuiziqui, 227 Monument 9, 234, 235–236 cacao, 85–86, 103, 140, 141, 193, 222 Monument 12, 234–235 Aztecs and, 85–86, 184 Monument 13, 234, 235 Cahal Peche, 182–183 Monument 14, 234 Calendar Round of Mesoamerica, 52-year, 41, Monument 21, 236, 237, 238 259–260 Monument 22, 236–237 calendars, 258–260 themes of, 234, 236–238 Calendar Round, 41, 259–260 rock carvings at, 123 Long Count, 39, 40, 41–42, 259–260 Terrace 1, 235–236 Sacred Almanac (tzolkin), 259 Terrace 6, 236 Short Count, 39 Terrace 15 , 236 calendric names, 259 Terrace 25, 236. See also Chalcatzingo, interaction Cantera phase, 232, 236, 237 with Olman Canton´ Corralito, 190–193 Chalcatzingo, interaction with Olman, 232–239 Carneiro, Robert, 26, 28 as gateway community, 238–239 Carrales Course Gray pottery, 232 interaction with Teopantecuanitlan,´ 237–238 Caso, Alfonso, 20, 40, 45 stone carving differences, 238 celtiform stelae, 166–167, 230 stone carving similarities, 232–238 celts, 206 structural patterns, 232 carved jade, 171–172 Chalchuapa, 222, 224 greenstone, 56, 207, 223 Chavero, Alfredo, 35–36 incised, 35, 257 Cheetham, David, 191–192 serpentine, 97, 163–164 Cherla phase, 190, 192

Index 339

Chiapa de Corzo, 272 on Olmec sociopolitical organization, 20, 23, Stela 2, 272 29–30, 213 Chiapas on Paso de la Amada layout, 186–187 contact with Olmec, 56 on political-economic change in Early Formative Middle Formative jade/stone items at, 223 period Soconusco, 192–194 relief carvings in, 177, 222 on political takeover by Olmec, 65 San Isidro, 56, 96, 219, 295 Classic period Tiltepec relief carvings at, 177, 222, 223 for Mesoamerica, 6 Tzutzuculli, 57 pottery in, 244 Xoc, 57, 227. See also Chiapas/Southeastern Pacific for southern Maya Lowlands, 7 coast; Izapa; Mazatan region clay, 77–78 Chiapas/Southeastern Pacific coast, 222–225 alluvial, for pottery, 102 interaction with Olman, 222–224 bentonite, 78, 100, 102–103 interaction with Olman, exception to, 224–225 clay figurine trend, 244–245 settlement patterns, 223–224 colored, 44–45, 46, 48, 77–78, 161, 162, 211, 248 stone monuments, 222 as floor paving material, 48, 77–78, 164 Chicanel pottery, 244, 272 kaolin, 68, 86, 90, 102–103, 141 Chicharras phase, 18, 52, 98, 133–134 as platform material, 100, 161, 186, 247, 248 population growth during, 136–137 source of, 64, 246–247 Chichen´ Itza, 58 cleft motif, 200, 211, 296 chiefdom, 18–19, 20–21 Clewlow, C. William, 114 complex, 19, 22, 23, 26, 133, 176 Coapexco, settlement hierarchy at, 9 group-oriented, 30 Coatzacoalcos basin, 60, 62 individualizing, 30 river channel shifts in, 155 –156 kinship relations in, 143 swidden farming in, 155 . See also Lower paramount, 23, 176, 193, 204, 293 Coatzacoalcos River Basin; Middle population growth effect on, 26 Coatzacoalcos drainage; San Lorenzo rise/fall of, 176 Coatzacoalcos River, aquatic resources in, 77, 80 simple, 19, 138, 154 , 176, 188, 193, 209 Coatzacoalcos series soil, 80, 81–82 vs. primitive state, 21–22 Cociyo (Lightning), 201 vs. state, 20–22, 25 Coe, Michael, 34 Childe, V. Gordon, 2 on crop yields, 82, 139 child/infant sacrifice, 97, 138, 237–238 at Dumbarton Oaks conference, 56 chile, in Valley of Oaxaca, 196 human ecology project at San Lorenzo, 51–52 Chilpancingo, 228 on Las Limas figure, 58–59 chipped stone projectile points, 2 on La Venta chronology, 49 chocolatl (chocolate, sacred drink), 85–86 on Olmec art/iconography/ritual traits, 290 chronology, of Mesoamerica, 6–8 on Olmec sociopolitical organization, 21, 26–27, difficulties with, 6–8 28, 29, 81 stage schemes for, 7–8 on origins of Izapan style, 273 Chuniapan de Abajo, 246 on origins of Olmec, 17–18 cinnabar, 45, 90, 163, 171 on population statistics, 136 circumscription, on San Lorenzo landscape modification, 100 civilization, defining, 19, 21 on San Lorenzo occupation phases, 98 Clark, John E. on soils in San Lorenzo area, 80 on architectural arrangement, 295 on traits/practices of Olmecs, 16 on basalt workshops, 104 on transmission of Olmec heritage, 276 on definition of Olmec, 13–14, 280 on were-jaguar baby figures, 114 on Formative period inhabitants of Soconusco, coercive politico-economic strategy, 26–27, 135, 183–184 138–139 on ilmenite cubes, 105 coercive theory, 26–27, 135, 138–139 on Middle Formative jade objects, 223 colossal stone portrait heads on Mokaya influence on Olmec culture, 18 as all-around relief sculpture, 110 on monument destruction, 121 Cerro el Vigia, 56 Mother Culture and, 16 Cobata head, 118 on Ocos phase pottery, 188 Early Formative, 106, 117–118, 121 on Ojo de Agua, 194 Hueyapan colossal head, 1, 35, 92 on Olman power vacuum, 195 at La Venta, 2, 118, 166

340 Index

colossal stone portrait heads (cont.) Cerro de las Mesas fieldwork, 44 Nestepe head, 250–251 environmental perspective and, 51 processional arrangement of, 122–123, 170 on La Venta chronology, 47–48, 52–54 reasons for constructing, 117–118 on primitive state, 21 at San Lorenzo, 1, 118, 121, 122–123 Tres Zapotes fieldwork, 44–45 at Takalik Abaj, 57 Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 56 at Tres Zapotes, 118, 249, 250–251 dwarf figures, 114, 167 complex chiefdom, 19, 22, 23, 26, 133, 176 Conchas phase, 223 Earle, Timothy, 28 Contreras, Eduardo, 48, 51 Early Classic period Copan, 182–183 calendars/writing in, 269 copulation figures, 58, 114, 228, 235 Olmec heritage in, 270 Coqui Xee, 201 Early Classic Tzakol horizon, 47 corporate (communal, collective) strategy, 30, 138 Early Classic Tzakol phase, 47 Costa Rica, 225 Early Formative Locona style zone, 222 Covarrubias, Miguel, 18, 45, 46, 57, 58, 298 Early Formative period, 6 crocodile/cayman imagery, 59, 110 El Manati, 95–98 cross-hatch motif, 184, 206, 208, 211, 217, 218, 296 settlement hierarchy during, 11, 65 Crumley, Carol L., 22 subsistence agriculture during, 64, 73 Cruz de Milagro, 129 Early Formative period, Olmec origins in, 132–144 “crying baby” jade maskette, 40 economic power, 139–142 Cuadros phase, ideology role in, 143–144 Cuatotolapan (Cuauhtotolapan) monument, 129 non-local resource control, 140–142 cultural jade, 150 resources/environmental risk distribution, 140 culture, definition of, 5–6 social relation/kinship tie role in, 142–143 culture/society, Olmec, overview, 10–11 transportation network control, 140 monumental sculpture, 10 environmental influence, 136–137 prestige good exchange, 10–11 population increase, 136–137 rulership theme in art, 10, 13 risk, 137–138 Cunil Horizon, 182 surplus/land redistribution, 137–138 cylinder seal, 2, 170, 208, 258, 297 monumental art/iconography/power, 105–124, cylinder vessel, 206, 210, 216–217 133–134 Cyphers, Ann, 62–63, 104, 114, 155 –156 carving techniques, chronology difficulties, 107–108 Danta pyramid, 275 colossal heads, 106, 121 danzante style, 264, 270 early monuments in social context/practice, day names, 259, 271 121–124 deforestation, 72, 84 flat carved stelae, 106–107 de la Fuente, Beatriz, 59, 111, 112, 114, 118–119 formal qualities, 111–112 Del Prado pink, 210 materials/techniques, 108–110 Demarest, Arthur, 179–180 monument mutilation, 120–121 descent with modification, 298 smaller sculptures, 106 Diehl, Richard A. table-top altars, 106 on crop yields, 82, 139 monumental art/iconography/power, on Olmec art/iconography/ritual traits, 290 subjects/themes, 112–120 on Olmec sociopolitical organization, 21, 29 altar-throne niche figures, 118 on Olmec traits/practices, 16 colossal heads, 117–118 on population statistics, 136 creation myth, 114–116 on San Lorenzo occupation phases, 98 domination, 114 San Lorenzo project and, 51 free-standing full-round sculptures, 118–119 on soils in San Lorenzo area, 80 human/animal, 119–120 on state of archaeology, 34 humans, 117–120 Dillehay, Tom, 93 human seated cross-legged figure/dead dogs, consumption of, 73, 75, 196 were-jaguar baby, 116 double-line break motif, 200, 206, 220 leadership, 117–120 double scroll (ilhuitl), motif, 181, 208, 217, 234, 235 Olmec Dragon, 117 Drucker, Philip were-jaguar, 116, 117 on Brown Lacquer ware, 221 settlement/political organization, 124–132

Index 341

Laguna de Lois Cerros/Upper San Juan Basin, El Mesak region, Guatemala, 223 128–130 El Meson, 275 La Venta/Tabasco Plain, 127–128 El Mirador, 275 San Lorenzo hinterland, 125–127 El Negro (Tres Zapotes Monument F), 254 Tuxtla Mountains, 130–132 El Picayo, ceramic sequence at, 56–57 sociopolitical evolution, 134–144 El Porton, writing at, 264–266 adapatationist strategy on, 134–135, 137–138 El Porton Monument 1, 264–266 aggrandizer strategy, 135–136, 287 El Principe statue, 129 coercive force strategy, 26–27, 135, 138–139 El Remolino, settlement hierarchy at, 126 corporate/communal strategy, 30, 138 El Salvador, 222, 224 exclusionary/networking strategy, 30–31 , 138 El Viejon´ stela, 177, 239 power/prestige sources role in, 138–141 empire, as Olmec sociopolitical organization, 20 Early Franco phase, 160 engraved geometric designs, 244 Early Horizon, in Mesoamerica epi-Olmec culture, 6. See also Late Formative Guerrero, 210–212 Olman heightened interaction among far-flung regions, Estero Rabon,´ 127, 146, 151 , 213 214–216 estuarine/freshwater/marine species, 72–73, 85, 88 horizontal differentiation, 212 Etlatongo, Oaxaca, 65, 204 interaction in, 218–219 exchange names referring to, 181 basalt at La Venta, 146 political differentiation vs. Olman, 213 basalt at San Lorenzo, 1 pottery basalt at Laguna de los Cerros/Llano del J´ıcaro, form/execution motifs/elements, 181, 208, Early Formative San Lorenzo production/exchange, 216–217 102–105 frontal vs. profile views, 201–202 exchange models, 27–29 social context and, 217–218 Formative, 9, 28, 57–58 settlement hierarchy, 212–213 Formative long-distance, 9 vertical social differentiation, 212. See also Central greenstone as medium for, 220 Mexico, Early Horizon; Soconusco, Early hard stone, 58 Horizon; Soconusco, pre-Horizon; interregional, 64, 231, 291 Soconusco/Eastern Mesoamerica, Early iron ore, 9, 58 Horizon; Valley of Oaxaca, Early Horizon jade, 9, 170, 216, 220, 222, 223 Early Horizon symbolic complex, hallmarks of, 181 kaolin clay, 141 earth monster. See Olmec Dragon obsidian, 9, 58, 142, 149–150 , 222, 291 Easton, David, 23 prestige goods, 10–11 effigy vessels, 105, 208, 210, 216–217, 230–231 increase in, 291–292 Ekholm, Gordon, 92 at San Lorenzo, 10–11 El Azuzul, 98, 102 in Valley of Oaxaca, 28 acropolis at, 122 salt, 58, 141 recarving at, 121 serpentine, 9, 216, 220, 222 El Azuzul twin figures, 118, 129, 143 shark teeth, 141 El Baul, Guatemala, carved stela at, 42, 274 shell, 9, 58, 141, 291 El Manati, 62 stingray spines, 141 carved wood at, 78 exchange network infant sacrifice at, 138 monopolization of, 30 natural asphalt at, 78 obsidian and, 149 rubber at, 75 size of, 301 tree fruits at, 75 Valley of Oaxaca, Early Horizon, 200 use of basalt at, 141 exclusionary political strategy, 248, 276 use of greenstone in ritual offerings, 142 weapons/sacrificial instruments at, 138–139 Fine Gray wares, 244 wild plants at, 75. See also El Manati, Early Fine Orange wares, 244 Formative fire serpent, 201 El Manati, Early Formative, 95–98 flame eyebrow motif, 112, 117, 172, 195, 200, 201, Manati A phase offerings, 95–96 208, 211, 217, 236, 296 Manati B phase offerings, 95, 96–97 Flannery, Kent V., 23, 28, 29, 51 Mayacal A phase offerings, 95, 97, 98 on Valley of Oaxaca, 55–56, 203–204, 271 wooden busts/artifacts at, 95, 97 floods, 27, 68, 79–80, 81, 82, 137

342 Index

Formative period, 6 on cosmological town plan, 294 chronology of, 51 on definition of Olmec, 12 cultural developments in, 8–10 on exchange, 141–142 art/technological change, on monument destruction, 120–121 ranked social status in Initial/Early Formative, 9 on resource distribution, 28 sociopolitical organization change, 11 on stone monument arrangement at La Venta, 170 subsistence change, 8 on table-top altars, 57, 106 cultural influence of on thematic differences among carvings in major bidirectional, 179 centers/hinterland, 123 lattice-like, 179 X-Complex of, 120–121, 182 unidirectional, 179 Guadalupe phase, 226 economic exchange in, 58 Guatemala prestige goods exchange in, 28 Early Formative ceramics in, 182–183 Franco phase, 258 Middle Formative jade/stone items in, 223 Fried, Morton, 19, 23–24 as obsidian source, 131, 142, 149–150 , 188, 216 fruits, 64, 74, 75, 196 Peten´ district, 275 fugitive/flood-recessional agriculture, 82 relief carvings in, 177 Furst, Peter, 56, 58, 59, 120, 172 Guerrero interaction with Olmec, 227–232 Gallegos, Roberto, 52 Juxtlahuaca Cave, 54, 174, 227, 228 Gamio, Manuel, 39 Olmec-related remains in, 57 Gay, Carlo, 18 Olmec-style monster faces in, 65 geographical setting, of Olmec, 2–6 Oxtotitlan´ Cave, 54, 174, 228 fluctuating boundary of, 3–4 Oxtotitlan´ mural, 279 labels for, 4–5 San Miguel Amuco, 57, 227 gift exchange, Early Formative period, 141 Teopantecuanitlan´ Gillespie, Susan, 61, 106 civic-ceremonial precinct, 230 gneiss, 108–109, 148, 166 domestic life, 230–231 God I (Olmec Dragon), 117 hydraulic works, 230 God II (maize god), 117, 171–172 Structure 2, 237 God III (avian monster/lord of sun/ and sky), 117 Structure 3, 237 God IV (were-jaguar), 117 Phase II, 230 God VIII (anthropomorphic shark/lord of sea/watery Phase III, 230–232 underworld), 117 gum bracket motif, 172, 200, 201, 296 Gonzalez´ Lauck, Rebecca, 60, 61–62 Guzman,´ Eulalia, 57 Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation, 40, 42 government, centralized, 3 Haas, Jonathan, 29 Graham, John A., 52–54, 57 hand-paw-wing motif, 112, 117, 181, 208 Greater Isthmian Region, 222 Hansen, Richard D., 295 linguistic affinities in, 222 Harvester Mountain Lord, 262 natural communication routes in, 222 Heizer, Robert F., 20, 48, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 148 greenstone Helms, Mary W., 28–29 axes, 96 hematite, 45, 67, 78, 90, 102–103, 164, 171 beads, 190 Henderson, John S., 220 celts, 56, 62, 207, 223 Hodgson, John, 194 Cherla phase, 190 hollow baby figurines, white-slipped, 208, 210, Early Horizon, 216 230–231 exchange in, 200 Honduras, 182–183 as exchange medium, 220 Ulua´ Valley/Lake Yojoa region of Honduras, 225 figurines, 54, 58–59, 116, 117, 207 Yojoa monochrome ceramic complex, 40–41. See uses of, 108–109, 142, 199 also Copan;´ Puerto Escondido Griffin, Gillett, 18 household gardens grinding stones, 94, 140–141, 146, 148, 192, 194, 207, Hueyapan colossal head 247, 293 discovery of, 1, 35 grinding tools, 27, 131, 155 , 156 “Ethiopian” appearance of, 92 group-oriented chiefdom, 30 Hueyapan phase, 247 Grove, David, 56, 61 pottery, 272 on colossal head processional arrangement, 122–123 Utilitarian pottery, 244

Index 343

Huitzo, 202 Juxtlahuaca, painted murals at, 227 human-animal transformation, 144 human-nonhuman form combination, 143–144 Kaminaljuyu, 264–266 human sacrifice, 138, 192, 235, 237–238 Monument 65, 274 Humboldt, Alexander von, 35 kaolin clay hunting/gathering lifeway, 2, 8 exchange in, 141 hydraulic works source of, 68, 86, 102–103 at La Venta, 54, 230 uses for, 68, 90 at San Lorenzo, 52, 230 Kaplan, Jonathan, 274 at Teopantecuanitlan,´ 230 Kaufman, Terrence, 261–263 Killion, Thomas, 61 Ibarra-Manr´ıquez, Guillermo, 72 King 3 Ahau (glyph), 258 ilhuitl (double scroll) motif, 181, 208, 217, 234, 235 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 50–51 ilmenite, 103, 214–216 Kneebone, Ronald, 60–61 ilmenite cubes, 62, 104–105, 142, 291 “knuckle duster”, 171, 235 incised celts, 35, 257 Koer, Hugo Moedano, 46 individualizing chiefdom, 30 Kristiansen, Kristian, 19 infant/child sacrifice, 97, 138, 237–238 Krotser, Paula, 102 Initial Formative period, 8 Krotser, Ray, 102 Instituto Nacional de Anthropologia e Historia, 61 Kruger, Robert, 62, 152 instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), 204 Kunz, George, 36 Intermediate Olmec Horizon, 220 Kunz axe, 36 interregional exchange, 64, 231, 291 Teopantecuanitlan,´ 231 La Blanca, Guatemala, 223 iron ore La Blanca Mound 1, Guatemala, 223–224 exchange of, 58 La Farge, Oliver, 36–38 long-distance exchange of artifacts, 9 Laguna de los Cerros mirrors, 10–11, 142, 150 –151 , 163–164, 190, 192, decline of, 148, 152 , 155 199, 206, 214, 231. See also ilmenite cubes height of, 195 Isla Alor, 62, 127, 128 Monument 5, 116 Izapa, 56 Monument 20, 114, 139 writing at, 264 “school” of monument carving, 130 settlement hierarchy at, 129 jade Laguna Manat´ı, 11. See also El Manat´ı blue-green, 225 Laguna Pompal, maize cultivation at, 94–95 celts, 171–172 La Isla, 61 “crying baby” jade maskette, 40 La Joya, 60–61 cultural, 150 Initial Formative period pottery at, 95 exchange in, 11, 142, 200 maize cultivation at, 73, 95, 146 exchange of, 9, 170, 216, 220, 222, 223 settlement patterns at, 131–132 jadeite, 150 –151 tree fruits at, 75. See also Tuxtla Mountains mirrors, 206 La Merced, Veracruz, 230 nephrite, 150 La Mojarra stela, 261–263, 269 source of, 172, 231–232 languages uses of, 1–2, 45, 108–109, 164–165, 206 Mayan, 6 in Yucatan peninsula, 58. See also greenstone Mije-Sokean family, 6, 18, 183–184, 189, 256 jade figurine variety of, 3 at La Venta, 163–164 La Oaxaquena,˜ 151 at Necaxa, Puebla, 38 La Reina, 254 jade ornaments, 1–2 Las Bocas pottery, 210 Jocotal phase, 222 Las Limas, 104–105, 151 Joralemon, David, 59, 117 Las Limas figure, 54, 58–59, 116, 117 Joventud Red, 224 Late Formative Olman Juteson, John, 257, 261 calendars, 258–260 juvenile burials “Calendar Round,” 259–260 at La Venta, 45 Long Count, 259–260 in Valley of Oaxaca, 201 “Sacred Almanac,” 259 Juxtlahuaca Cave, 54, 174, 227, 228 ceramic evidence for, 268–269

344 Index

Late Formative Olman (cont.) Complex C, 157 , 170 change/continuity/regional variation in material Complex D, 157 , 170, 175 culture, 244–245 Complex E, 150 , 158 epi-Olmec interaction, 266–276 Complex G, 158 ceramic evidence for, 268–269 construction program size, 177 with Gulf lowlands, 269–270 cosmological town plan at, 294–295 with Chiapa de Corzo, 272 early discoveries at, 38 with Izapa, 272–274, 275–276 environmental research in, 51 with Kaminaljuyu, 274 exotic imports in Middle Formative, 10–11 obsidian imports as evidence for, 268 explicit representation of legitimizing acts at, with Peten district of Guatemala, 275 176–177 southeastern Mesoamerica and Izapan style, fall of, 246 271–275 Figurine 10, 174 with Takalik Abaj, 273–274 Figurine 11, 174 epi-Olmec/Isthmian/Tuxtlatec script, 256 Fine Paste ceramics at, 47 epi-Olmec stelae, 167–169 Great Mound, 230 epi-Olmec texts, 260–263 Great Pyramid, 52–53 content of, 266 hydraulic works at, 54, 230 at La Mojarra, 261–263 land use/settlement, 155 settlement patterns in, 245–246 lithic industry at, 64 transmitters of Olmec heritage to Classic Maya, maize cultivation at, 73, 145–146 276–279 Massive Offering 2, 161–162, 164, 165 linguistic/iconographic evidence for epi-Olmec Massive Offering 3, 161–162, 169 contribution, 277 Monument 6, 254 linguistic/iconographic evidence for Izapan Monument 13, 169–170, 258 contribution, 277–279 Monument 19, 234 through logo-syllabic writing Monument 44, 118 system/development of Long Count, 276–277 Monument 56, 254 writing systems Monument 80, 252, 277 common features of, 256–257 mortuary practices, 177 evolution of Oaxacan/southeastern Mound A-3, 165 Mesoamerican, 258 Mound B, 127 Maya-Izapan, 255–256 Mound C-1, 53–54, 127, 157 , 160, 167 other writing systems, 263–264 Mound E, 127 ultimate origins of, 257 Mound G, 127 Zapotecan hieroglyphics, 255. See also Tres mutilation/resculpting of monuments at, 121 Zapotes, Late Formative obsidian source for, 148–149 Late Formative period, 6 Offering 2, 171 Late Franco phase, 160 Offering 4, 163–164 Late Puente phase, 160 Offering C, 171–172 Later Olmec Horizon, 220 political centralization at, 248 La Venta, 154 , 156 –175 portable art/iconography at, 170–175 Altar 2, 116 carved jade celts, 171–172 Altar 3, 116, 177 carved jade celts from hinterland, 172 Altar 4, 111, 112, 116, 139, 174, 177, 227, 234, 279 possible dwarf/deformed infant/fetus, 174 Altar 5, 116, 177 shaman in ﬂight, 174 Archaeological Park of Villahermosa, 52 transformation ﬁgures, 172–174 basalt sources for, 147–148 processional arrangement of monuments at, 54 basalt trade at, 146 sandstone coffer at, 44–45 beans, appearance at, 73 skilled specialists at, 150 burial offerings at, 1–2, 45, 48 Stela 1, 166, 235 chronological placement of, 47–50, 52–54, 158 –160 Stela 2, 167, 176, 235, 239, 251 civic/ceremonial precinct at, 1–2 Stela 3, 167–169, 176, 251 Complex A, 44–45, 48, 52–53, 157 , 164–165, 170, Stela 5, 167–169 248 Stirling Acropolis at, 54 Complex A, Phase II, 220 stone monuments at, 165–170 Complex A, Phase III, 171–172 arrangement of, 170 Complex B, 54, 170, 248 colossal heads, 166

Index 345

colossal heads, arrangement of, 170 as basalt source, 148 full-round carvings, 166 boulder carving at, 235 relief carving, 166–170 interaction with San Lorenzo, 129–130 stelae, 166–170, 230 monument workshop at, 61, 64, 86, 129, 152 stelae/altars, placement of, 170 Locona phase table-top altar with front niche figures, 166 ceremonial center during, 294 table-top altar with side figure, 166 settlement hierarchy during, 9, 292 Structure A-2, 161–162, 169 Loma del Zapote, settlement hierarchy at, 126 Structure D-7, 174 Loma del Zapote Monument 3, 114, 139 To m b A , 164, 248 Long Count calendar, 39, 40, 41–42, 259–260 To m b B, 165 Losch,¨ August, 22 To m b D, 165 Los Mangos Monument 1, 239 Tomb E, 45, 165 Love, Michael, 224 tombs/treasures at, 161–165 Lowe, Gareth W., 56, 222 massive serpentine offerings, 161–163, 177–178 Lower Coatzacoalcos River Basin, 78–82 smaller offerings, 163–164 agricultural practices, 81–82 tombs, 164–165 annual flooding in, 79–80 utilitarian use of basalt at, 141 Coatzacoalcos series soil in, 80, 81–82 writing at, 258. See also Western Tabasco Plain crop yields, 82 Law of Cultural Dominance, 180 San Lorenzo series soil in, 81 Lazy “S” motif, 181, 208, 217, 234, 235 soils, productivity of, 81 legacy, of Olmec, 289–298, 301 Tatagapa series soil in, 81 conclusion, 300–301 Tenochtitlan´ series soil in, 80–81, 82. See also cultural continuity, 298–300 Coatzacoalcos basin cultural priority/specificity/diffusion, 291–298 Lower Tres Zapotes, ceramics of, 47 cosmological town plan, 294–295 Lowland Maya, interaction with Tabasco lowlands, Early Horizon symbols, 296–297 244 expression of political authority, 293–294 Loya, Ismael, 38 infant sacrifice, 295–296 Luckert, Karl V., 59 long-distance exchange, 291–292 Lunagomez,´ Roberto, 151 Middle Formative symbols, 297 monumental art, 298 magnetite mirrors, 165, 200 political authority, 292–293 magnetometer survey, 52, 62 sacred places, 295 maize agriculture, 3, 63–64 sociopolitical organization, 292–294 Archaic period, 94 symbols, 296–297 Initial Formative period, 94 territorial control, 292 Early Formative period, 64, 73 writing, 297–298 Middle Formative period, 146, 155 shared culture/sociopolitical arrangement, Classic in Tabasco lowlands, 64 Mesoamerica, 289–290 in Valley of Oaxaca, 196 in art/iconography/ritual, 290 in Western Tabasco Plain, 85 in economic realm, 290 mammals, in Western Tabasco Plain, 85 in sociopolitical arena, 290 Manantial phase, 181, 195, 206–207 ways to determine cultural origin of trait Manati A phase, 95–96 by diffusion, 290–291 Manati B phase, 95, 96–97 by specificity, 290 MaNeish, Richard S., 51 by temporal priority, 290 manos, 146, 148, 207 “Legend of the Suns,” 258 two-handed, . See also grinding stones; metates legumes, in Valley of Oaxaca, 196 Marcus, Joyce, 201, 271 Leon,´ Ignacio, 152 masks, 54, 118, 174, 230, 235, 240, 270 Lesure, Richard, 17 Matacapan, 56–57, 60, 146, 194 Leyden, B. W., 146 Matthews, Peter, 257 limestone, 103 Mayacal A phase, 95, 97–98 L´ımon Incised pottery, 204 Maya calendars linguistic affiliation Calendar Round, 41, 259–260 of Olmec, 6 Long Count calendar of, 39, 40, 41–42, 259–260 Llano del Jicaro Sacred Almanac (tzolkin), 259 abandonment of monument workshop at, 148 Short Count calendar of, 39, 40, 41–42, 259–260

346 Index

Mayan E-Groups, 294 Modified Olmec Horizon, 220–221 Mayan language, 6 Mokaya tradition, 11, 18, 20, 183–184, 188, 190 Mazatan region, Monte Alban´ interaction with Olman, 191–194 Building J, 264 population decline in, 223 Building L, Stelae 12 and 13, 264 pre-Horizon (see Soconusco, pre-Horizon) Ia phase, 264 sociopolitical hierarchy in, 65, 188, 292 rise of, 270–271 McCormack, Valerie J., 131 texts at, 264. See also Valley of Oaxaca Medellin Zenil, Alfonso, 48–49, 51, 114 monumental art/iconography/power, origins of Melgar y Serrano, Jose´ Maria, 35, 92 Olmec, 105–124 metates, 146, 148, 207. See also grinding stones; manos carving techniques, Mexico. See Central Mexico, Early Horizon; Valley of chronology difficulties, 107–108 Mexico; individual state colossal heads, 106, 121 mica mirrors, 188 early monuments in social context/practice, Middle Coatzacoalcos drainage, decline at, 151 –152 121–124 Middle Cruz phase, 204 flat carved stelae, 106–107 Middle Cultures, 39 formal qualities, 111–112 Middle Formative Ceremonial Complex materials/techniques, 108–110 Gulf Olmec influence on, 297 monument mutilation, 120–121 portable art/iconography of, overview, 170–171 smaller sculptures, 106 Middle Formative Mesoamerica, interaction with subjects/themes, 112–120 Olman, 220–242 table-top altars, 106 Olmec Horizons in, 221–222 monumental sculpture summary, 240–242 beginnings of, 133–134. See also colossal stone Western, 225–227. See also Central Veracruz, portrait heads; monumental interaction with Olman; Chalcatzingo, art/iconography/power, origins of Olmec interaction with Olman; Morelos, 56, 209–210 Chiapas/Southeastern Pacific coast, interaction stone-faced burial mound in, 209. See also with Olman; Guerrero Chalcatzingo Middle Formative period, 6 Moreno, Wigberto Jimenez,´ 45 environment/ecology in, 154 –156 Morley, Sylvanus G., 42 La Venta in (see La Venta, Middle Formative) Mother Culture, 2, 15 –17, 20–21, 45–46, 219 settlement patterns in, 151 –154 mural painting, 54, 227, 279 sociopolitical change, 175–178 music bracket motif, 200, 208, 217 sociopolitical continuity in, subsistence agriculture in, 64 Nacaste phase, 98, 148 subsistence/economy in, 145–151 Nagy, Christopher von, 62 agriculture, 64, 145–146, 155 Nahuatl language, name for land of Olman in, 5 agriculture/technology, 146, 155 Naranjos, 225 obsidian exchange, 149–150 narrative relief obsidian sources/technology, 148–150 in Chiapas/Southeastern Pacific coast, 222 pottery production, 146 in Middle Formative Mesoamerica, 220 prestige items, 150 –151 nationalism, and foreign fieldwork, 57 stone sources/technology, 146–148. See also Neiderberger, Christine, 55 Middle Formative Mesoamerica, interaction nephrite, 150 with Olman Nestepe head, 250–251 Mije-Sokean language family, 6, 18, 183–184, 256 Nextepetl phase, 250 milpa agricultural system, 51 network (exclusionary) strategy, 30–31 , 138, 248, 276 Miraflores tradition, 274 neuron activation analysis, 58 mirrors Nevada phase, 206 hematite, 164 New Archaeology, 58 iron ore, 10–11, 142, 150 –151 , 163–164, 190, 192, Nicapa Orange ware pottery, 221 199, 206, 214, 231 Nochixtlan´ Valley, Oaxaca, 65, 204–205 magnetite, 165, 200 Noguera, Eduardo, 45 mica, 188 nuts, in Valley of Oaxaca, 196 polished, 10–11 Mixe-Zoquean speakers, 189 obsidian Mixteca Alta, 204 assemblage, at La Joya, 131

Index 347

consumption decline in Mazatan region, 190 Tuxtla Mountains; Tuxtlas region; Western elite control over, 65 Tabasco Plain exchange of, 9, 58, 142, 149–150 , 222, 291 Olmec, definition of, 13–14 sources of, 78, 131, 142, 149–150 , 188, 207, 216, Olmec, origins of 240, 245, 268 archaic roots, 92–93 uses of, 27, 45, 164 early cultures, 93–98 uses of, utilitarian vs. ceremonial, 141 El Manati, 95–98 Ojochi phase, 98, 125, 189 San Andres,´ 94 Ojo de Agua, 194, 195 Tuxtla Mountains, 94–95. See also Early Formative Olman period, Olmec origins in; San Lorenzo, Early climate of, 68–69 Formative fluorescence deforestation in, Olmec A horizon, 181 developmental implications of, 283 Olmec archaeology diversity of, 282 beginnings of, 40–45 ecological effects on sociopolitical diversity in, function/ecology/evolution issues in, 1960s–1970s, 284 50–59 emergence of hierarchies in, 283–284 Chiapas, 56 environmental diversity/dynamism/risk in, 89–91 at Valley of Mexico, 54–55 fauna in, 72–73 at Valley of Oaxaca, 55–56 hydrology, east vs. west, 68 further investigations, pre-1950s, 46–47 location of, 66 new perspectives from abroad/new data from major geological structures in, 67–68 Olman, 1980s–1990s, 59–65 Isthmian Saline Basin, 67 precursors to, 35–40 Tuxtla Mountains, 67–68 recent studies in modern land use in, 72 craft production, 64 political power strategies, 284–289 ecologically oriented studies, 59–65 aggrandizement/communal projects, 135–136, economic, 63–64 287 geomorphological, 63 competition among leaders and, 288 interaction outside Olman, 65 economic power, 285 political, 64–65 ideological concepts and power, 286 settlement patterns, 64 military might, 285 shift in emphasis to local, 59–65 resource control, 288–289 subsistence activity, 63–64 social/kinship relationships in, 285–286 during 1950s, 47–50 processes tying area together, 282–283 Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia roundtable on, size of territories under direct control of capitals, 45–46 282 Olmeca-Xicallanca, 12 social/kinship relationships in, 285–286 Olmec Blackware horizon, 181 society/culture as dynamic in, 283 Olmec blue jade, 151 soil types, 69–72 Olmec Dragon, 97, 110, 116, 117, 165, 167, 172, 206, subsistence/resource use overview 236–237, 238, 296 aquatic protein sources, 73 Olmec Horizons, 221–222 beans, 73 “Olmec problem,” 45–46, 50, 179, 280–281 dogs, consumption of, 73, 75 Olmec style ducks/turtles/fish, 77 expansion of geographical range/media of, 54 maize, 73 “Olmec” designation for art style, 38 mammals, consumption of, 75 prominent themes in minerals, 77–78 religious concepts, 13 root crops, 75 ritual, 13 salt, 77 rulership, 10, 13 squash, 73–74 Olmec Whiteware Horizon, 181, 220 sunflower seed/fruit, 74 Ortiz Ceballos, Ponciano, 60, 62, 95 tree fruits, 75 Otumba, 149, 216, 240 wild plants, 74–75 Oxtotitlan´ Cave, Guerrero, 54, 174, 227, 228 vegetation, 72. See also Chiapas/Southeastern Oxtotitlan´ mural, 279 Pacific coast; Lower Coatzacoalcos River Basin; Middle Formative Mesoamerica, Padre Piedra sculpture, 222, 239–240 interaction with Olman; Olmec, origins of; Pajapan monument, 38, 118, 122, 123, 143

348 Index

Palacios phase, 127 form/execution motifs/elements, 216–217 Palangana phase, 98, 100, 148 frontal vs. profile views of zoomorphic Paleoindian period, 6 supernatural, 201–202 palm fruits, 64 hallmarks/motifs of, 181, 200, 201, 209–211 pan-Mesoamerican motifs, 206, 227, 230 social context of, 217–218 paramount chiefdom, 23, 176, 193, 204, 293 effigy vessels, 105, 208, 210, 216–217, 230–231 Paredon´ Pachuca, 240 El Manati, Early Formative pars pro toto, 172 Mayacal A phase offerings, ceramics, 97–98 Paso de la Amada, 9, 184, 186, 198 fabric-/cord-impressed design, 187 Paso y Troncoso, Francisco del, 38 Formative, 8–9, 95 paw-wing motif, 296 gray, 297 Pedro Navaja figure, 139 Guadalupe phase, 226 pee` concept, 201 hollow figurines, 210 Pellicer, Carlos, 52 Hueyapan phase, 244, 272 petroleum/tar seeps, 67, 78, 90, 103 Initial Formative, 94 Phillips, Philip, 8 Jocotal phase, 194–195 Pico de Orizaba, Joventud Red, 224 Pijijapan, Chiapas, 57, 222, 239–240 at La Joya, 131 Pilli hollow and solid figurines, 206 Las Bocas style, 210 Pina˜ Chan, Roman, 18, 51, 52, 57 Late Formative, 244, 245, 268–269 plano-relief carving, 279 L´ımon Incised, 204 Playa de los Muertos culture, 40–41 Locona phase, 187–188 Plumajillo, ilmentite cubes at, 104–105 Locona style zone of, 188–189 polished black pottery Manati A phase offerings, pottery, 96 Early Horizon, 210 material for making, 68, 77–78, 86, 90, 102–103, polished red-to-orange-brown pottery, 220 146, 198 politico-economic strategies Maya Chicanel, 244 adapatationist, 134–135, 137–138 Middle Formative, 146, 220 aggrandizer, 135–136, 287 hallmarks/motifs of, 220–221, 297 coercive, 26–27, 135, 138–139 Mokaya red wares, 190 corporate (communal, collective), 30, 138 Ocos phase, 188 network (exclusionary), 30–31 , 138, 248, Ojochi phase, 95 276 orange pottery, 220–221 population statistics, 136–137 orange-slipped, 210 Porter, James, 118 Preclassic, 8 Postclassic period, 6 profile view dominance in pre-Horizon Soconusco, potbelly figure, 274 202 Potrero Nuevo, 98, 102, 126 red-on-buff style zone, 189 Monument 2, 174 red-orange, polished, 269 Monument 3, 114, 139 red-slipped, 184, 192 pottery red-slipped, polished, 96 appearance of, 8–9 red-to-orange-brown, polished, 220 Baj´ıo phase, 95 regional differences in, 9 Barra phase, 184 rocker stamping of, 187 black, 181–182, 296–297 San Lorenzo phase, 192 black, polished, 198, 210 shaman-chiefs, 188 black-and-white, 97–98, 181–182, 190, 210, utilitarian, 96, 105, 131, 184, 187, 272 218 waterproofing, 67 black-slipped, 210 white, 181–182 Carrales Coarse Gray, 232 white-slipped, 210 Cherla phase, 190 white-slipped hollow, 208, 210, 218, 230–231 Classic period, 244 X-Complex, 133, 182 cream-slipped, polished, 96 Yojoa monochrome, 40–41 dark reddish brown-slipped, polished, 96 Yucatan motifs, 182–183 Del Prado pink, 210 pottery manufacture, 3 Early Formative, 283, 289, 296–297 Preclassic horizon, 39 Early Horizon, 181–182, 210 Preclassic period. See Formative period cylinder vessel, 206 pre-Olmec culture, 93

Index 349

pre-Olmec Initial Formative sequence, at San R´ıo Bar´ı(R´ıo Palma), 62 Lorenzo, 98 R´ıo Chiquito Monument 1, 139 prestige goods, 104, 188 R´ıo Pesquero. See Arroyo Pesquero exchange in, 10–11, 28, 291–292 rock carving prestige items, 150 –151 at Chalcatzingo, 123, 174 vs. utilitarian goods, 140–141. See also individual in Chiapas, 57 item in Guerrero, 57 Price, Barbara, 20–22, 26 rocker stamping, 187 primitive state, 21 Rodr´ıguez, Marci Lane, 82 vs. chiefdom, 21–22 Rodr´ıguez, Maria del Carmen, 60, 62, 95 primus inter paras, 17 Rojas Chavez,´ Juan Mart´ın, 148–149 processualist paradigm, 63 root crops, 75, 85, 94 Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, 56 Rosario phase, 226, 270 Providencia, tenoned monuments at, 254 rubber balls, 62, 95, 96, 97 Puebla rulership jade ﬁgurine at, 38 as art theme, 10, 13 obsidian sources in, 149, 240, 245, 247, 268 monument mutilations and legitimacy of, 121 Puerto Escondido, 182–183, 225 north-south axis association with, 249 Punta Roca Partida, 148 as prominent art theme, 10, 13, 117 Pye, Mary, 13–14, 223 shamanic transformation and legitimacy of, 120, on Ocos phase pottery, 188 144 Pyne, Nanette, 200 Rust, William F., 146

quatrefoil motif, 234, 235, 236 Sahlins, Marshall D., 19, 23–24, 180 quetzal motif, 222, 234 salt, 58, 67, 90, 141 Quiche´ Maya, creation story of, 114–116, 258 salt springs, 86 salvage work, 56, 57, 60 Rancho Cobata, colossal head at, 251 San Andres´ Rathje, William, 27–28, 29, 58 aquatic resources at, 77 rattlesnake imagery, 59, 234 domesticated crops at, 73–74, 75 Red Palace, at San Lorenzo, 100, 104, 218 maize cultivation at, 73 Reilly, F. Kent, III, 118, 120 obsidian source for, 149 Remplas´ phase, 98 origins of Olmec in, 94 Renfrew, Colin, 30 settlement patterns at, 127 research issues/controversies, 11–31 writing at, 258 defining Olmec, 12–15 , 17 San Bartolo, 275 Olmec origins, 17–18 Sanders, William T., 19, 20–22, 26, 27, 51, 55, 81 “Olmec Problem” Mother Culture/Sister Culture sandstone, 103, 108, 148, 246–247 debate, 15 –17, 20–21, 45–46 sandstone sculpture, 164, 170 sociopolitical evolution of Olmec, explanations for, San Isidro, 56, 96, 219, 295 25–31 San JoseMogote´ environment/population growth/conflict, as ceremonial/trade center, 196–198 26–27 contact with Olmec, 55–56 exchange models, 27–29 decline of, 270 political models, 29–31 . See also research fire-serpent/were-jaguar motifs, distribution issues/controversies, Olmec sociopolitical differences at, 202 organization manufacture of iron-ore mirrors at, 199 research issues/controversies, Olmec sociopolitical Monument 3, 226, 258, 263–264 organization, 18–25 obsidian at, 198 chiefdom, 18–19, 20–21 population/settlement hierarchy, 198 empire, 20 public buildings at, 198–199 kingdom, 23 settlement hierarchy at, 9 state, 19, 21 writing at, 226, 258, 263–264. See also Valley of state vs. chiefdom debate, 20–25 Oaxaca archaeological criterion for, 22 San Jose´ phase typological approach to, 23–25 settlement hierarchy during, 9. See also Valley of stratified societies, 19 Oaxaca, Early Horizon theocratic state, 20 San Juan river basin, population loss at, 152

350 Index

San Lorenzo, 98–105 basalt, aquatic resources at, 77 clay, 102–103 basalt at, 1, 10 ilmenite, 103 beans, appearance at, 73 natural petroleum seeps, 103 ceremonial bars/scepters, 139 obsidian, 103 civic/ceremonial precinct at, 1, 11 salt, 103 clay-paved floors at, 78 stone, 103 colossal head 2, 121 wood, 102 colossal head 7, 121 riverine trade at, 62, 64 colossal head processional arrangement at, 122–123 size/population of site, 62 craft specialization, 103–105 source of obsidian at, 131 elite control over, 105 stone monuments at, 52, 62–63 ilmenite cubes, 104–105 utilitarian use of basalt at, 141 obsidian working, 105 weapon depictions at, 139 prestige/public display articles, 104 workshop, monument recycling, 62, 121, 141. See “workshops”, 104 also Lower Coatzacoalcos River Basin decline of, 148, 151 –152 , 156 San Lorenzo Horizon, 181 drains at, 100 San Lorenzo phase, 98, 129, 136–137, 142 elite control of resources at, 64 San Lorenzo A phase, 129–130 elite residential complex at, 62 San Lorenzo B phase, 129, 130, 195 Group A mounds, 100 San Lorenzo series soil, 81 Group D workshop, 62, 121, 141 San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan.´ See San Lorenzo Group E, monument display at, 122 San Mart´ın Jilotepeque, hierarchical differentiation in, 292 San Mart´ın Pajapan monument, 38, 118, 122, 123, hierarchical differentiation in Early Formative, 11 143 human ecology project at, 51–52 San Miguel Amuco, 57, 227 hydraulic works at, 52, 230 San Pablo, Morelas, 209 landscape/architecture change at, 98–102 Santley, Robert S., 60–61 causeways/dikes, 102 sarcophagus, 110, 177, 254 residences, 100–102 Saturno, William, 275 ritual, 100 Saville, Marshall, 12, 36, 38, 58, 298 terraces, 102 Schele, Linda, 122, 123 lithic industry at, 64 schist, 108–109, 148, 166 maize cultivation at, 73 School of American Research (S.A.R.) Advanced Mounument 10, 119, 195 Seminar, 59–60 Mounument 14, 110, 116, 139, 177 scroll motif Mounument 18, 174 bounded, 204 Monument 20, 116 ilhuitl (double scroll), 181, 208, 217, 234, 235 Monument 52, 116, 119, 195 sculpture-in-the-round, 194, 251 Monument 77, 120 Seler, Eduard, 36 Monument 78, 139 Seler-Sachs, Caecilie, 36 Monument 83, 139 serpentine Monument 91, 139 exchange of, 9, 216, 220, 222 Monument 107, 110 La Venta figurine, 163–164, 165 Monument 112, 139 mosaic pavements of, 46 multidisciplinary project at, 62–63 source of, 11, 142, 231–232 mutilation/resculpting of monuments at, 121, 156 uses of, 1–2, 48, 97, 108–109, 177–178 obsidian source for, 148, 150 in Veracruz, 54. See also greenstone occupational phases, 98 serpentine beads, 207 Palangana plaza, 100 Serpent X, 279 political organization of, 23 Service, Elman R., 19, 180 power vacuum in, 195 shaman-chief figurines, 188 predominance of profile view pottery at Early shamanic transformation, 56, 120, 173–174 Horizon, 202 shamanic were-jaguar, 56 prestige good exchange at, 10–11 shamans, 118–119, 144, 172–174 production/exchange at, 102–105 Sharer, Robert J., 60 greenstone, 103 shark/fish monster, 117 production/exchange, materials/sources, 102–103 shark teeth, 78, 141, 164

Index 351

shell Squier, Robert J., 48, 52, 56 exchange of, 9, 58, 141, 200, 291 St. Andrew’s cross (crossed bars), 112, 181, 208, 209, turtle, 270 217 uses of, 58, 171, 187, 199, 206, 216, 235 stage concept, 7–8, 25 Shepard, Anna, 47–48 Stark, Barbara, 27, 28–29, 31 , 60 Short Count calendar, 39 state Sierra de los Tuxtlas, 60–61. See also Tuxtla Mountains archaic, 143, 176 simple chiefdom, 19, 138, 154 , 176, 188, 193, 209 primitive, 21–22 Sisson, Edward B., 56 as sociopolitical organization of Olmec, 19, 21 Sister Culture, 15 –17, 20–21, 45–46 theocratic, 20 sky serpent motif, 235 vs. chiefdom, 20–22, 25 slash-and-burn agriculture, 81, 84, 85 stela(e) Smith, Adam T., 22, 24 Arenal phase, 274 Sociedad Mexicana de, 45–46 Avarado, 269 society, definition of, 5 carved, at El Baul, 42, 274 Soconusco, Early Horizon, 190–198 celtiform, 166–167, 230 Cuadros phase, 190–194 Cerro de las Mesas Stela 9, 270 interaction with Olman, 191–195 Chalcatzingo Monument 21, 236, 237, 238 interaction with Olman, at Canton´ Corralito, Chiapa de Corzo Stela 2, 272 191–194 El Viejon stela, 177, 239–240 pottery flat carved, 106–107 Cherla phase, 190 glyphs on La Mojarra, 261–263, 269 predominance of profile views of zoomorphic Kaminaljuyu Monument 65, 274 supernatural, 202 Late Formative, 251 Soconusco, Jocotal phase, 195 La Venta pottery, 194–195 Stela 1, 166, 235 Soconusco, pre-Early Horizon, 184–189 Stela 2, 167, 176, 235, 239, 251 ballcourt, 186, 187 Stela 3, 167–169, 176, 251 Barra phase, 184, 189 Stela 5, 167–169 Locona phase, 184–189 La Yerbabuena, 240 Ocos phase, 188, 189 material for, 166 Paso de la Amada Mound 6, 186–187 Middle Formative, 166–170, 230, 236, 239–240 Paso de la Amada Mound 6, Structure 4, 186, 198 Monte Alban,´ Building L, Stelae 12 and 13, 264 pottery Tres Zapotes Barra phase, 184 Stela A, 177, 223, 235, 251 Locona phase, 187–188 Stela C, 41–42, 246, 252–254, 256 Locona style zone of, 188–189 Stela D, 251–252, 275, 277 Ocos phase, 188 Stela F, 251 prestige items, 188 Steward, Julian, 51 settlement patterns/house construction, 184–187 stingray spines sociopolitical hierarchy, 188 exchange in, 200 Soconusco/Eastern Mesoamerica, Early Horizon, trade in, 141 181–184 uses of, 90, 164 environment effect on cultural development in, 183 Stirling, Marion, 41, 246 maize cultivation in Soconusco, 183–184 Stirling, Matthew, 39, 40–42, 44–45 Yucatan ceramic motifs, 182–183 Cerro de las Mesas fieldwork, 44 zoomorphic supernatural at, 181–183 La Venta fieldwork, 44–45, 46–47, 48 soils naming of San Lorenzo by, 98 Coatzacoalcos series soil, 80, 81–82 on subjects on colossal heads, 106 San Lorenzo series soil, 81 transformation figure found by, 172 soils, productivity of, 81 Tres Zapotes fieldwork, 41–42 Tatagapa series soil, 81 on were-jaguars, 58, 114 Tenochtitlan´ series soil, 80–81, 82 Stirling Acropolis, at La Venta, 127 sorghum, 81 stone box, at Tres Zapotes, 255, 275 spiked outline motif, 206 stone drains, 52, 54 Spinden, Herbert, 39–40, 46 stone-faced burial mound, at San Pablo, 209 Spinden’s correlation, 42 stone mortars, 96 squash, 3, 85, 196 Strong, William Duncan, 40–41

352 Index

Stuckenrath, Robert, 49 decline of, 250 sulfur deposits, 67 Early Classic period, 250 sunken patio, 237–238 emergence of, 152 –154 swidden farming, 26, 155 , 246 Fine Paste wares at, 47 Symonds, S., 64, 136, 151 Group 1, 247, 248, 249–250 Group 2, 247, 248, 249–250 Tabasco lowlands Group 3, 247, 248, 249–250 interaction with Lowland Maya, 244 Group 4, 251 maize cultivation in, 64. See also Western Tabasco Hueyapan phase pottery at, 272 Plain ilmenite cubes at, 104–105 Takalik Abaj, Guatemala, 57, 224, 264–266, 273–274 large mounds/regular courts at, 39 tar/petroleum seeps, 67, 78, 90, 103 Late Formative pottery at, 244 Tatagapa series soil, 81 Middle Formative, 152 –154 Taube, Karl, 222, 298–299 Monument 29, 254 Taxco, 227, 232 Monument A, 250–251 Taylor, Walter W., 50–51 Monument C, 36, 255, 275 Tenochtitlan,´ 98 Monument F, 254 Monument 1, 114 Monument G, 254 Tenochtitlan´ series soil, 80–81, 82 Monument I, 251 tenoned monuments, 254 Monument J, 251 Teopantecuanitlan,´ 65, 195, 210–212, 231 Monument M, 251 Phase II, 230 Monument Q, 250–251 Phase III, 230–232 Mound A, 248 Structure 2, 237 Nestepe Group, 247, 248, 249, 250 Structure 3, 237 obsidian production at, 148 Tepila, 227 obsidian source for, 150 Terminal Formative Plaza A (Group 3), 248 Cerro de las Mesas Monument 5, 270 Plaza B (Group 3), 248 Epi-Olmec stelae, 167–169 Postclassic, 250 Tres Zapotes Plaza B, 248 relief stelae at, 251 Terminal Olmec Horizon, 220–221 sculptures-in-the-round at, 251 Texayac, 227 Stela A, 177, 223, 235, 251 theocratic state, 20 Stela C, 41–42, 246, 252–254, 256 Thompson, J. Eric S., 42, 45 Stela D, 251–252, 275, 277 thrones, table-top, 1, 2, 10, 57, 106, 110, 116, 127, 134, Stela F, 251 166, 228, 236–237. See also altars as transportation route, 247. See also Tres Zapotes, Ticoman, 39 Late Formative Ticoman phase, 226 Tres Zapotes, Late Formative, 246–255 tierra de primera, 80 busts, 254 Tierras Largas, 54–55, 202 competition in, 271–274 Tierras Largas phase, 9, 199 formal architecture/political organization at, tiger-face sculpture, 38 248–250 Tiltepec, 177, 222, 223 Izapan influence on, 255 Tlapacoyan, 9, 254 natural resources of, 246–247 Tlatilco, 9, 54–55, 207–209 plaza groups at, 248–250 toad imagery, 59 settlement patterns at, 247–248. See also Tres tobacco plantation, in Tuxtlas region, 87 Zapotes Tolstoy, Paul, 207–208 Tulipan phase, 95 Tomaltepec, 199–200, 202 Tuxtla Gutierrez Roundtable, 56 trade. See exchange Tuxtla Mountains trade diaspora, 194 annual rainfall in, 86 transformation figure, 172, 225 as basalt source, 1, 68, 78, 103, 141 trekking, 137 early culture in, 94–95 Tres Zapotes Early Formative settlement/political organization basalt sources for, 146–147 in, 130–132 ceramic sequence at, 56–57 fish in diet, 77 Classic period, 250 ilmenite cubes at, 104–105 colossal heads at, 249, 250–251 Late Formative settlement patterns, 246

Index 353

maize cultivation in, 64, 73, 94–95, 146 interactions with Olman/Soconusco, 203–204 obsidian production at, 148 lack of formal ranking by, 198 obsidian source for, 150 mortuary practices in, 196, 199–200, 201 origins of Olmec in, 94–95 population/settlement hierarchy, 198 petrographs and, 58 public buildings, 199 population growth in, 152 , 155 settlements/building materials in, 196–198 residential mobility in, 137, 155 settlements/subsistence in, 196–198 salt production in, 77–78 social differences, household/burial evidence for, salt springs in, 86 199–200 specialization of grinding stones at, 146 sociopolitical organization, 202–203 tobacco plantation in, 87 writing at, 263–264 volcanic activity in, 67–68, 88–89. See also Veracruz. See Central Veracruz, interaction with Bezuapan; Chuniapan de Abajao; La Joya; Olman Matacapan Verbena phase tomb, 274 Tuxtlas region, 86–89 Villa Alta phase, 98 agricultural practices in, 86–88 von Nagy, Christopher L., 221 mineral resources in, 86 votive axes, 35–36, 38, 58, 62, 108–109, 116, 223 volcanic activity in, 88–89 Tuxtla Statuette, 40, 42, 260, 261, 262, 263, 270 warfare tzolkin glyph (sacred almanac), 41–42 archaeological evidence and, 138–139 Tzutzuculli, Chiapas, 57 art evidence and, 139 effect on sociopolitical organization, 26–27, 135, 139 Uaxactun, 39 wattle-and-daub, 102, 186, 196, 207, 247, 270 Group E, 294 Wauchope, Robert, 48 Pyramid E-VII-sub, 41 Weaver, Muriel Porter, 3–4 Ujuxte, 224 Webster, David, 19, 26, 27, 81 Ulua´ Valley/Lake Yojoa region of Honduras, 225 Wedel, Waldo, 46, 48 “Uncle Sam,” 167 Weiant, Clarence W., 41, 43–44, 48 untempered pastes, 244, 269 were-jaguar Upper Tres Zapotes ceramics, 47 baby ﬁgures, 114 Urcid, Javier, 61 ﬁre-serpent/were-jaguar motif, 200, 201–202 Usulatan,´ 220 God IV as, 117 as iconography subject/theme, 59, 114, 116, 117 Vaillant, George, 38, 39, 40, 45 mask with, 118 Valley of Mexico Olmec origin myth and, 58 chronological dating in, 39 shamanic, 56, 173–174 contact with Olmec, 54–55 in Valley of Oaxaca, 202 sociopolitical hierarchy in, 9, 226–227 were-jaguar baby, 112, 114 Valley of Oaxaca Western Mesoamerica, 225–227 contact with Olmec, 55–56 Western Tabasco Plain dogs, domestic, consumption of, 196 agriculture in, 85–86 foodstuffs in, 196 fauna of, 85 function/ecology/evolution research issues in, hydrographic setting of, 84 55–56 slash-and-burn agriculture in, 84, 85 maize agriculture in, 196 vegetation of, 84–85 population of, 196, 198, 225–226 Western Tabasco Plain, 83–86 prestige goods exchange in, 28 Weyerstall, Albert C., 39 settlement hierarchy in, 9 White, Leslie, 51 Tierras Largas phase, 196–198 Wicke, Charles, 18 writing in, 226, 258, 263–264 wild game, 75, 196 zoomorphic supernatural in, 200–202. See also wild resources, 6, 8, 64, 93, 284 Monte Alban;´ San Jose´ Mogote; Tierras Willey, Gordon, 8, 51 Largas; San Jose Phase; Valley of Oaxaca, Early Williams, Howell, 58, 148 Horizon Wing, Elizabeth, 75 Valley of Oaxaca, Early Horizon, 195–205 wooden artifacts, 62, 95, 97, 102 changes in motifs, 202–203 wooden batons, 78 deities, 200–202 wooden busts, 62, 78 exchange network, 200 world tree. See axis mundi

354 Index

writing Xoo` (Earthquake), 201 bar-and-dot numerical notation, 27, 271, 277, Xoo` Cociyo (Lightning’s Earthquake), 201 299 X-ray ﬂuorescence, 58 diffusion of, 297–298 early evidence of, 2, 226 Yojoa monochrome ceramic complex, 40–41 at Izapa, 264 Yucatan Peninsula, 57–58, 182–183 La Mojarra stela, 261–263, 269 at La Venta, 258 Zacatenco, 39 in Middle Formative Period, 169–170 Zacatenco phase, 226 at San Andres,´ 258 Zapotec, 271 at San San JoseMogote,´ 226, 258, 263–264 Zapotec language, 201 Tuxtla Statuette and, 40, 42, 260, 261, 262, 263, Zapotec writing system, 298 270 zapotes, 64, 75 tzolkin glyph, 41–42 Zaragoza, Puebla, 149, 240, 245, 247, 268 in Valley of Oaxaca, 226, 258, 263–264. See also zoomorphic supernatural writing system Cociyo (Lightning), 201 writing system Early Horizon, 181, 200–202 common features of, 256–257 feline (lightening), 100, 110, 238 evolution of Oaxacan/southeastern Mesoamerican, ﬁre-serpent, 97–98, 181, 199–200, 201–202 258 Olmec Dragon (earth monster), 110, 116, 117, 165, logo-syllabic, 276–277 167, 172, 206, 236–237, 238, 296 Maya-Izapan, 255–256 on painted mural, 228 other writing systems, 263–264 on rock carvings, 234 ultimate origins of, 257 serpent monster, 228 Zapotec, 298 Serpent X, 279 sky dragon, 200 X-Complex horizon, 181 sky serpent, 234, 235, 251, 296 X-Complex iconography, 133, 182 were-jaguar (see were-jaguar) Xoc, 57, 222, 227 Xoo` (Earthquake), 201 Xochipala, 57, 228 Xoo` Cociyo (Lightning’s Earthquake), 201