DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of the Metathoracic Tympanal Ear and Its Mesothoracic Homologue in the Macrolepidoptera (Insecta)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of the Metathoracic Tympanal Ear and Its Mesothoracic Homologue in the Macrolepidoptera (Insecta) Zoomorphology (1999) 119:93–103 © Springer-Verlag 1999 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Jayne E. Yack · Geoff G.E. Scudder James H. Fullard Evolution of the metathoracic tympanal ear and its mesothoracic homologue in the Macrolepidoptera (Insecta) Accepted: 18 June 1999 Abstract Two independent methods of comparison, se- current phylogenies of the Macrolepidoptera, we demon- rial homology and phylogenetic character mapping, are strate that the three-celled wing-hinge chordotonal or- employed to investigate the evolutionary origin of the gan, believed to be a wing proprioceptor, represents the noctuoid moth (Noctuoidea) ear sensory organ. First, plesiomorphic state from which the tympanal organ in neurobiotin and Janus green B staining techniques are the Noctuoidea evolved. This ‘trend toward simplicity’ used to describe a novel mesothoracic chordotonal organ in the noctuoid ear contrasts an apparent ‘trend toward in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, which is shown to be complexity’ in several other insect hearing organs where serially homologous to the noctuoid metathoracic tympa- atympanate homologues have been studied. The advanta- nal organ. This chordotonal organ comprises a proximal ges to having fewer rather than more cells in the moth scolopidial region with three bipolar sensory cells, and a ear, which functions primarily to detect the echolocation long flexible strand (composed of attachment cells) that calls of bats, is discussed. connects peripherally to an unspecialized membrane ventral to the axillary cord of the fore-wing. Homology to the tympanal chordotonal organ in the Noctuoidea is A. Introduction proposed from anatomical comparisons of the meso- and metathoracic nerve branches and their corresponding pe- With the exception of certain degenerate forms (Fullard ripheral attachment sites. Second, the general structure et al. 1997), most members of the Noctuoidea possess (noting sensory cell numbers, gross anatomy, and loca- physiologically sensitive tympanal ears on each side of tion of peripheral attachment sites) of both meso- and the posterior metathorax (Fig. 1). The tympanal mem- metathoracic organs is surveyed in 23 species represent- brane is a thinned region of cuticle that forms part of the ing seven superfamilies of the Lepidoptera. The structure thoracic skeletal framework (Fig. 4b). A chordotonal or- of the wing-hinge chordotonal organ in both thoracic gan, hereafter referred to as the tympanal organ, attaches segments was found to be remarkably conserved in all to the inner surface of the membrane and contains either superfamilies of the Macrolepidoptera examined except one (Notodontidae) or two (all other Noctuoidea) bipolar the Noctuoidea, where fewer than three cells occur in the sensory cells (Eggers 1919). These cells respond best to metathoracic ear (one cell in representatives of the Not- high-frequency sounds (20–50 kHz) and are used to de- odontidae and two cells in those of other families exam- tect the echolocation calls of insectivorous bats and, in ined), and at the mesothoracic wing-hinge (two cells) in some cases, conspecific sounds (see, for example, the Notodontidae only. By mapping cell numbers onto Spangler 1988; Surlykke and Fullard 1989; Sanderford et al. 1998). When a moth hears a bat, a series of evasive flight maneuvers is initiated, which can allow it to es- J.E. Yack (✉) cape predation (for reviews of hearing in the Noctuoidea, Department of Biology, Carleton University see Roeder 1974; Miller 1983; Spangler 1988; Fullard 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6 e-mail: [email protected] 1998). Tel.: +1-613-5203887, Fax: +1-613-5204497 All other Lepidoptera lack the external skeletal modi- fications associated with metathoracic ears (Forbes 1916; G.G.E. Scudder Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Richards 1932). In earlier studies, we described the Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada structure and function of a chordotonal organ located at J.H. Fullard the base of the metathoracic wing in two atympanate Department of Zoology, Erindale College, University of Toronto species, Manduca sexta (Bombycoidea, Sphingidae) and Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Actias luna (Bombycoidea, Saturniidae) (see Yack and 94 Macrolepidoptera, serial homology and phylogeny. We examine a previously undescribed chordotonal organ, and proposed serial homologue of the tympanal organ, in the atympanate mesothorax. We then examine tympanal organs and/or their thoracic homologues in 23 species representing seven ditrysian superfamilies [six from the present study and one from a previous study (Hasenfuss 1997)], and map the evolution of chordotonal organ cell numbers using a recent phylogeny of the Macrolepidop- tera (Kristensen and Skalski 1998). B. Materials and methods I. Taxa examined Table 1 lists the species of Lepidoptera examined in this study. In- dividuals were obtained from four different sources: 1. Actias luna (Linné, 1758), Antheraea polyphemus (Cramer, 1776), Samia cynthia (Drury, 1773), Hyalophora cecropia (Linnaeus, 1758), Manduca sexta (Linné, 1763), and Vanessa cardui (Linné, 1758) pupae were purchased from a commercial supplier (North Carolina Biological, Burlington, N.C., USA). 2. Lirimiris meridionalis Schaus, 1904, one Geometroidea1, and Oxytenis spp. were collected in the field in Panamà. Fig. 1 Lateral view of a noctuid moth, indicating the location of 3. Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck, 1818), Pantographa limata the tympanic cavity (arrowhead) and the abdominal hood (arrow) (Grote and Robinson, 1867), Callosamia promethea (Drury, covering the cavity. The tympanic membrane is situated within 1773), Tolype laricis (Fitch, 1856), T. velleda (Stoll, 1791), the cavity, set within the skeletal framework of the posterior meta- Smerinthis jamaicensis (Drury, 1773), Biston betularia (Linné, thorax 1758), Catocola coccinata Grote, 1872, Pyrrharctia isabella (J.E. Smith, 1797), Lymantria dispar (Linné, 1758), Hetero- campa obliqua Packard 1864, Nadata gibbosa (J.E. Smith, 1797), and Peridea angulosa (J.E. Smith, 1797) were collected Fullard 1990; Yack 1992; Yack and Roots 1992). In both from black-lights at the Queen’s University Biology Station (Leeds County, Ontario, Canada). cases, the atympanate chordotonal organ has three bipo- 4. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner [1803]) were provided by Dr. J. Myers lar sensory neurons, attaches to a non-tympanal mem- from the Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia. brane or cuticle ventral to the axillary cord of the meta- thoracic wing, and appears to function as a proprioceptor detecting vibrations and movements of the hind-wing. It II. Anatomical nomenclature was suggested that the three-celled wing-hinge chordo- Anatomical nomenclature used for muscles and nerves follows tonal organ represents the plesiomorphic, preauditory that of Nüesch (1953, 1957) and Yack and Fullard (1990). Nomen- state and that, through evolutionary modifications of pe- clature relating to tympanal structures was taken from Eggers (1919) and Treat (1959), and terms describing the atympanate me- ripheral structures, the chordotonal organ changed func- so- and metathoracic skeletal structures, from Eaton (1988) and tionally from a proprioceptor to a hearing organ. The hy- Nüesch (1953). pothesis of the proprioceptive origin of lepidopteran tympanal sensilla (von Kennel and Eggers 1933), how- ever, has never been tested systematically. III. Dissection and anatomical procedures Recent studies have demonstrated the value of study- A sagittal dissection approach was used to describe the peripheral ing the evolution of behavioral and morphological traits projections of the mesothoracic IIN1 nerve in M. sexta. Before by mapping these traits onto existing phylogenies of each dissection, the moth was cooled for 30 min. Once cooled, large taxa (see, for example, Brooks and McLennan both the head and abdomen were removed, and the descaled tho- rax was cut in half in a sagittal plane and pinned to Sylgard (Dow 1991; Gwynne 1995), but few have employed phyloge- Corning, Midland, Mich., USA) in a petri dish. Drawings of the netic analyses to learn about the evolution of insect ner- mesothoracic nerve branch IIN1 were carried out by staining and vous systems (see, for example, Shaw and Meinertzha- following the whole branch from the ganglion to the periphery gen 1986; Edgecomb et al. 1995; Strausfeld et al. 1998). with a 0.05% solution of Janus green B in saline (Paul 1974). The branches of IIN1b were traced as closely as possible to their target The evolutionary origin of moth hearing organs can be muscles or tissues and drawn with the aid of a Wild (M3) dissec- conveniently studied using this method, since the ears tion microscope and camera lucida attachment, or photographed. (and their proposed atympanate homologues) consist of Since Janus green B stains only the whole nerve branch lead- very few cells, whose presence or absence can be easily ing to the chordotonal organ (Yack 1993), it was necessary to em- quantified. ploy a second staining method to determine the number of sensory In the present study, we use two comparative methods 1 This individual was identified as a Geometroidea based upon the to examine the evolution of the metathoracic ear in the external skeletal characteristics of the abdominal ear 95 Table 1 Survey of the number of scolopidia (based on number of scolopale caps) in Noctuoidea tympanal chordotonal organs and wing- hinge chordotonal organs of atympanate Lepidoptera. Numbers in parentheses indicate data taken from other studies. (–: Data
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extreme Diversity of Tropical Parasitoid Wasps Exposed by Iterative Integration of Natural History, DNA Barcoding, Morphology, and Collections
    Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections M. Alex Smith*†, Josephine J. Rodriguez‡, James B. Whitfield‡, Andrew R. Deans§, Daniel H. Janzen†¶, Winnie Hallwachs¶, and Paul D. N. Hebert* *The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada; ‡Department of Entomology, 320 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; §Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, 2301 Gardner Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613; and ¶Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018 Contributed by Daniel H. Janzen, May 31, 2008 (sent for review April 18, 2008) We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgas- A detailed recognition of species in parasitoid communities is trine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud necessary because of the pivotal role parasitoids play in food web forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservacio´ n Guanacaste (ACG) in structure and dynamics. While generalizations about the effects of northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of parasitoids on community diversity are complex (7), a common- caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether place predictor of the impact of a parasitoid species on local host barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and dynamics is whether the parasitoid is a generalist or specialist. A whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent generalist, especially a mobile one, is viewed as stabilizing food webs with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 (see ref.
    [Show full text]
  • Lirimiris Meridionalis (Schaus), a Notodontid Moth Associated with Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) in Belize
    Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 37(2), 1983, 182-186 LIRIMIRIS MERIDIONALIS (SCHAUS), A NOTODONTID MOTH ASSOCIATED WITH COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) IN BELIZE Knowledge of the biology of the large Neotropical notodontid moth, Lirimiris meridi­ ana lis (Schaus), is limited to the early descriptions of adults of this species and allied ones from Costa Rica (Schaus, 1901, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 1901:257-343; 1904, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 30:135-178; 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7:262-285; 1912, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8:34-57). But, one early report fl'om Argentina mentions that the caterpillar of the related species, L. lignitecta Walker, feeds on Charisia insignis Kth. (Bombacaceae) and pupates in the soil (Schreiter, 1943, Acta Zool. Lilloana 1:7-44). Seitz (1907, Macrolepidoptera of the World, American Rhopalocera, Notodontidae 6: 901-1452, A. Kernan, Stuttgart) was, therefore, correct in stating that, although the Notodontidae of the Neotropical Region were diverse, very little is known about the life cycles and larval food plant associations of most genera and species. This note reports the discovery of L. meridionalis feeding on cocoa, Theabroma cacao L. (Ster­ culiaceae), in Belize. It constitutes not only the first published record of a larval food plant for this species but also the first description of the larval and pupal stages, in­ cluding notes on behavior. During August 1981 I discovered three caterpillars of L. meridianalis feeding on the mature leaves of T. cacao in Field Block 18 of the Hummingbird Hershey Cocoa Farm (88°38'W, 17°8'N) located about 18 road miles southeast of Belmopan.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera, Tachinidae) Are Not All Generalists
    DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently SEE COMMENTARY generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists M. Alex Smith*†, D. Monty Wood‡, Daniel H. Janzen†§, Winnie Hallwachs§, and Paul D. N. Hebert* *Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; ‡Diptera Unit, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6; and §Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018 Contributed by Daniel H. Janzen, December 30, 2006 (sent for review December 26, 2006) Many species of tachinid flies are viewed as generalist parasitoids exceptions are truly generalists, we cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) because what is apparently a single species of fly has been reared DNA-barcoded (e.g., as in ref. 12) the 16 most generalist mor- from many species of caterpillars. However, an ongoing inventory of phospecies, all being species that have been reared by the inventory the tachinid flies parasitizing thousands of species of caterpillars in from many species of caterpillars in a few to many families and all Area de Conservacio´n Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, has being species reared tens to hundreds of times [see supporting encountered >400 species of specialist tachinids with only a few information (SI) Table 1 and SI Appendices 1 and 2] . When generalists. We DNA-barcoded 2,134 flies belonging to what ap- barcoded, this select group of exceptionally generalist morphospe- peared to be the 16 most generalist of the reared tachinid morphospe- cies dissolved into 64 species of specialists and 9 generalists (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 2-29-2012 An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Honduras Jacqueline Y. Miller University of Florida, [email protected] Deborah L. Matthews University of Florida, [email protected] Andrew D. Warren University of Florida, [email protected] M. Alma Solis Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, [email protected] Donald J. Harvey Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Miller, Jacqueline Y.; Matthews, Deborah L.; Warren, Andrew D.; Solis, M. Alma; Harvey, Donald J.; Gentili- Poole, Patricia; Lehman, Robert; Emmel, Thomas C.; and Covell, Charles V., "An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Honduras" (2012). Insecta Mundi. 725. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/725 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Jacqueline Y. Miller, Deborah L. Matthews, Andrew D. Warren, M. Alma Solis, Donald J. Harvey, Patricia Gentili-Poole, Robert Lehman, Thomas C. Emmel, and Charles V. Covell This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ insectamundi/725 INSECTA A Journal of World Insect Systematics MUNDI 0205 An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Honduras Jacqueline Y. Miller, Deborah L.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Morphological Characters for a Phylogenetic Classifica Tion of The
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology Jahr/Year: 1995 Band/Volume: 45 Autor(en)/Author(s): Speidel Wolfgang, Naumann Clas M. Artikel/Article: Further morphological characters for a phylogenetic classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). 119-135 ©www.senckenberg.de/; download www.contributions-to-entomology.org/ Beitr. Ent. Berlin ISSN 0005-805X 45(1995)1 S. 119-135 07.04.1995 Further morphological characters for a phylogenetic classifica­ tion of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) With 13 figures W o l f g a n g S p e id e l 1 & C l a s M . N a u m a n n Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn Abstract The authors describe seven characters which provide useful information for phylogenetic analyses in the family Noctuidae and which had not been sufficiently evaluated by previous authors. These characters include (1) the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of the tip of the proboscis, (2) the structure of the male subcostal retinaculum, (3) the position of the male genitalic muscle 4, (4) development of the dorsal phragma on the second abdominal segment, (5) presence of sclerotized ridges on the abdominal tergites and stemites, (6) the presence of pre-abdominal brush-organs, and (7) certain modifications of the internal female genitalia. Using these characters, the authors provide arguments for the monophyly of the camptolomine-chloephorine- sarrothripine-noline lineage, and for the probable monophyly of a complex consisting of the so-called "trifine" noctuids, including the Bryophilinae and possibly the Acronictinae and Pantheinae.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Protostome Species Lista De Especies De Protostomas
    List of Protostome Species Lista de Especies de Protostomas Updated April 2018 / actualizado abril 2018 This list includes taxa otherwise called invertebrates including annelids, mollusks, flatworms nematodes, velvet worms, and arthropods. No doubt this is the largest group of eukaryotic organisms in the Reserve with thousands of species. Esta lista representa los taxa que son conocidos como invertebrados e incluyen caracoles, gusanos y artrópodos. Las protostomas es el grupo más diverso de eukaryotos en la Reserva con miles de especies. Annelida Ringed Worms Haplotaxida Mollusca Snails and Slugs Gastropoda Hydrobiidae Mud Snails Platyhelminthes Flatworms Turbellaria Tricladida Geoplanidae Bipalium sp. (invasive) Planariidae Nematomorpha Horsehair Worms Onychophora Velvet Worms Arthropoda Arthropods Chelicerata Arachnida Acari Mites and Ticks Amblypygi Whip Scorpions Araneae Spiders Opisthothelae Mygalomorphae 1 Theraphosidae Tarantulas Araneomorphae Scytodoidea Scytodidae Spitting Spiders Scytodes sp. Pholcoidea Pholcidae Daddy long-leg Spiders Uloboroidea Uloboridae Hackled orb-weaving Spiders Araneoidea Araneidae Orb-weaving Spiders Araneus sp. Argiope argentata Argiope savignyi Micrathena espinosa Tetragnathidae Long jawed Orb-weaving Spiders Nephila clavipes Theridiidae Cobweb Spiders Argyodes elevatus Faitidus caudatus Theridiosomatidae Ray Spiders Lycosoidea Ctenidae Tropical Wolf Spiders Cupanius sp. Pisauridae Nursery Spiders Salticoidea Salticidae Jumping Spiders Phiale formosa Opiliones Harvestmen Scorpiones Scorpions Mandibulata
    [Show full text]
  • Brachyptery and Aptery in Lepidoptera
    Vol. 2 No. 1 1991 HEPPNER: Brachyptery 11 TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 2(1): 11-40 BRACHYPTERY AND APTERY IN LEPIDOPTERA J. B. HEPPNER1 Florida State Collection of Arthropods Bureau of Entomology, DPI, FDACS, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614, USA ABSTRACT.- The conditions of wing reduction (brachyptery) and loss of wings (aptery), and modifications thereof, are reviewed across all known families of Lepidoptera where this has been observed in either males or females, or both sexes. Brachyptery or aptery is known in 35 families of Lepidoptera, including families or species where a kind of brachyptery is only evident as extreme wing reduction of the hind wings. Examples from most families known to have brachyptery of some form are illustrated among 147 figures. KEY WORDS: Alucitidae, Anthelidae, Arctiidae, Blastobasidae, Brachodidae, Carposinidae, Cosmopterigidae, Cossidae, Ctenuchinae, Elachistidae, Epiplemidae, Eriocottidae, Gelechiidae, genetics, Geometridae, Glyphipterigidae, Gracillariidae, Hepialidae, Heterogynidae, Himantopteridae, Lasiocampidae, Lecithoceridae, Limacodidae, Lycaenidae, Lymantriidae, Lyonetiidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Oecophoridae, Oxychirotidae, Papilionidae, Psychidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Scythrididae, Sesiidae, Somabrachyidae, Sphingidae, Syntominae, Thyretidae, Thyrididae, Tineidae, Tortricidae, Yponomeutidae, Zygaenidae. Brachyptery (wing reduction) or aptery (loss of wings) is an unusual phenomenon in adults among several orders of insects (La Greca, 1954). In Lepidoptera, brachyptery has been reviewed
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Metabolic Rate in Terrestrial Ectotherms Taryn Stephanie Crispin Bmarst (Hons)
    The evolution of metabolic rate in terrestrial ectotherms Taryn Stephanie Crispin BMarSt (Hons) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of Biological Sciences ABSTRACT Metabolic rate (MR) is the rate of all biochemical processes that underlie an animal’s demand to sustain life. In a complex environment with interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, the MR of an animal also represents the physiological cost of adaptation and survival. The MR within and between species varies considerably, even after the effects of body mass are accounted for. For terrestrial ectotherms (animals which do not regulate body temperature using metabolically- produced heat), much of the variation in MR is directly attributable to variation in body temperature, which influences the rates of energy turnover from the molecular level to the level of the whole animal. Given the pervasive effect of temperature on metabolic processes, elucidating the selection pressures that environmental temperature and other key environmental factors place on the evolution of ectotherm MR is thus important for understanding the evolution of ectotherm life histories, physiology and behaviour. The goal of this thesis was to explore the hypothesis that variation in environmental factors explains variation in terrestrial ectotherm MR. There are many mechanistic species-level studies that examine variation in ectotherm MR, however, uncovering the evolutionary causes for variation among species requires a broad-scale comparative approach. Examination of the current scientific literature suggests that large-scale comparative investigations into variation in terrestrial ectotherm MR are rare; this thesis addresses this issue by presenting findings from a series of studies that seek correlations between MR in terrestrial ectotherms (reptiles, amphibians and insects) and habitat temperature, precipitation and net primary productivity (NPP), whilst accounting for the effects of body mass, measurement temperature, and phylogenetic affiliations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
    doi:10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i2.330 e-ISSN 1983-0572 Publicação do Projeto Entomologistas do Brasil www.ebras.bio.br Distribuído através da Creative Commons Licence v3.0 (BY-NC-ND) Copyright © EntomoBrasilis Copyright © do(s) Autor(es) Annotated Checklist of Brazilian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Daniell Rodrigo Rodrigues Fernandes¹, Helena Carolina Onody², Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara³ & Nelson Wanderley Perioto¹,³ 1. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias/Universidade Estadual Paulista, e-mail: [email protected] (Autor para correspondência), [email protected]. 2. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, e-mail: [email protected]. 3. Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - Centro Leste, e-mail: [email protected]. _____________________________________ EntomoBrasilis 7 (2): 124-133 (2014) Abstract. The aim of this study was to provide an updated checklist of the species of Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reported for Brazil. Were catalogued 86 nominal species of Ophioninae, of which 61 of Enicospilus, nine of Thyreodon, five of Stauropoctonus, three of Ophiogastrella and of Ophion, two of Alophophion and of Rhynchophion and one of Prethophion. Enicospilus, to occur in 19 states and, is the most widely distributed genus. The present study reveals that knowledge of the fauna of Ophioninae is incipient in Brazil, much of the country remains subsampled and should have priority in future studies. Keywords: Biodiversity; Parasitoids; Species list; Taxonomy. Lista Anotada dos Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Brasileiros Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma lista atualizada das espécies de Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) relatadas para o Brasil. Foram catalogadas 86 espécies, dentre as quais 61 de Enicospilus, nove de Thyreodon, cinco de Stauropoctonus, três de Ophiogastrella e de Ophion, duas de Alophophion e de Rhynchophion e uma de Prethophion.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Check List of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America North of Mexico
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysAnnotated 40: 1–239 (2010) check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.40.414 MONOGRAPH www.pensoftonline.net/zookeys Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico J. Donald Lafontaine1, B. Christian Schmidt2 1 Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, Biodiversity Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 2 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 Corresponding authors: J. Donald Lafontaine ([email protected]), B. Christian Schmidt (Chris. [email protected]) Academic editor: James K. Adams | Received 30 November 2009 | Accepted 14 February 2010 | Published 19 March 2010 Citation: Lafontaine JD, Schmidt BC (2010) Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico. ZooKeys 40: 1–239. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.40.414 Abstract An annotated check list of the North American species of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) is presented, consist- ing of 3693 species. One-hundred and sixty-six taxonomic changes are proposed, consisting of 13 species- group taxa accorded species status (stat. n. and stat. rev.), 2 revalidated genus-group taxa (stat. rev.), and 2 family-group taxa raised to subfamily. Sixty-nine species-group taxa are downgraded to junior synonyms or subspecies (stat. n., syn. rev., and syn. n.), and 6 genera relegated to synonymy.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Exploring Semantic Concept Co-Occurrences for Image Based Applications Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ng735zv Author Feng, Linan Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Exploring Semantic Concept Co-Occurrences for Image Based Applications A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science by Linan Feng December 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Bir Bhanu, Chairperson Dr. Chinya Ravishankar Dr. Tao Jiang Dr. Vagelis Hristidis Copyright by Linan Feng 2014 The Dissertation of Linan Feng is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments Upon the completion of this work, I own my gratitude to a great number of people. I would first like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Bir Bhanu, for his support and guidance as my advisor during my PhD study. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Chinya Ravishankar, Dr. Tao Jiang and Dr. Vagelis Hristidis for their constructive comments to improve this work. I would also like to thank Dr. Marek Chrobak and Dr. Vassilis Tsotras who were in my oral qualifying exam committee and gave me insightful feedback and suggestions. I am grateful to Zhixing Jin, Xiaojing Chen and Dr. Ninad Thakoor, with whom I collaborated extensively and shared a lot of inspirational ideas. I am also grateful to Suresh Kumar, as my colleague and friend, who had brought enormous optimism to all of us. I am indebted and grateful to my wife, Yimei Zhang, for her companion and support to my research and all other aspects in my life.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Progress on the Phylogeny of Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Using an Expanded Gene Sample
    Systematic Entomology (2016), DOI: 10.1111/syen.12199 Further progress on the phylogeny of Noctuoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) using an expanded gene sample JEROME C. REGIER1, CHARLES MITTER1, KIM MITTER1, MICHAEL P. CUMMINGS2,ADAML.BAZINET2, WINIFRED HALLWACHS3, DANIEL H. JANZEN3 andANDREAS ZWICK4 1Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 2Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 3Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. and 4Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Ecosystem Science, Canberra, Australia Abstract. Major progress has been made recently toward resolving the phylogeny of Noctuoidea, the largest superfamily of Lepidoptera. However, numerous questions and weakly supported nodes remain. In this paper we independently check and extend the main findings of multiple recent authors by performing maximum-likelihood analyses of 5–19 genes (6.7–18.6 kb) in 74 noctuoids representing all the families and a majority of the subfamilies. Our results strongly support the six family system of Zahiri et al., with the former Lymantriidae and Arctiidae subsumed within the huge family Erebidae, and Noctuidae restricted largely to the subfamilies with so-called trifine hindwing venation. Our data also strongly corroborate monophyly of the setof four families with quadrifid forewing venation, to the exclusion of Notodontidae, and removal from the latter of Oenosandridae. Other among-family relationships, however, remain unsettled. Our evidence is equivocal on the position of Oenosandridae, which are sister group to either Notodontidae alone or to all other noctuoids. Like other recent nuclear gene studies, our results also provide no strong support for relationships among the four quadrifid forewing families.
    [Show full text]