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The 'True Inventor'
The ‘true inventor’ of the telescope. A survey of 400 years of debate Huib J. Zuidervaart There is no nation which has not claimed for itself the remarkable invention of the telescope: indeed, the French, Spanish, English, Italians, and Hollanders have all maintained that they did this. Pierre Borel, De vero telescopii inventore (1656) I. introduction Cultural Nationalism and Historical Constructs Who invented the telescope? From the very moment the telescope emerged as a useful tool for extending man’s vision, this seemingly simple question led to a bewildering array of answers. The epigram above, written in the mid- seventeenth century, clearly illustrates this point. Indeed, over the years the ‘invention’ of the telescope has been attributed to at least a dozen ‘inventors,’ from various countries1. And the priority question has remained problematic for four centuries. Even in September 2008, the month in which the 400th anniversary of the ‘invention’ was celebrated in The Netherlands, a new claim was put forward, when the popular monthly History Today published a rather speculative article, in which the author, Nick Pelling, suggested that the hon- our of the invention should nòt go to the Netherlands, but rather to Catalonia on the Iberian Peninsula.2 Pelling’s claim was picked up by the Manchester 1 Over the years the following candidates have been proposed as the ‘inventor of the telescope’: (1) from the Netherlands: Hans Lipperhey, Jacob Adriaensz Metius, Zacharias Jansen and Cornelis Drebbel, to which in this paper – just for the sake of argument – I will add the name ‘Lowys Lowyssen, geseyt Henricxen brilmakers’; (2) from Italy: Girolamo Fracastoro, Raffael Gualterotti, Giovanni Baptista Della Porta and Galileo Galilei; from (3) England: Roger Bacon, Leonard Digges and William Bourne (4) from Germany Jacobus Velser and Simon Marius; (5) from Spain: Juan Roget, and (6) from the Arabian world: Abul Hasan, also known as Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haith- am. -
Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633)
CORNELIS DREBBEL (1572-1633) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WIS - E N N A T U U R - KUNDE AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE LEIDEN , OP GEZAG VAN DEN RECTOR - MAGNIFICUS, Dr J.J. BLANKSMA, HOOGLEERAAR IN DE FACUL - TEIT DER WIS - EN NATUURKUNDE, V O O R D E FACULTEIT DER WIS - EN NATUURKUNDE TE VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG 10 JUNI 1932, DES NAMIDDAGS TE 3 UUR, DOOR GERRIT TIERIE GEBOREN TE AMSTERDAM H. J. P A R I S AMSTERDAM MCMXXXII Gedigitaliseerd door Francis Franck 1 INTRODUCTION Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel (1572 - 1633) was undoubtedly the best known of the numerous inventors we find in Europe at the beginning of the 17th century and his fame, which spread over the whole of the civilized world of that day, remained undimmed for many years after his death. It seemed to us that it might be of interest, therefore, to publish a short account of the life and work of this remarkable man, a great part of whose life was spent in the service of English Kings James I (1603-1625) and Charles I (1625-1649) — and whose inventions were worked out later by others, especially after the foundation of the Royal Society of London. Fig. 2 - From 'The Elements' (Ed. 1621). 2 CHAPTER I CORNELIS DREBBEL : THE STORY OF HIS LIFE § 1 - Drebbel in Holland (1572-1605) Cornelis Drebbel was born at Alkmaar in 1572 as the son of Jacob. The chronicler of the city of Alkmaar, Cornelis van der Woude, tells us in 1645 that Drebbel 'is descended from an honourable and well born family, who have occupied the ruler's chair.' 1 De Peiresc (1580-1634), a French savant, to whom, as we shall see in chapter III, we are indebted for many details concerning Drebbel, informs us, that the Drebbels were land-owners. -
This Document Has Been Prepared to Commemorate the Researchers Who Have Made Great Efforts in Plankton and Related Studies
1 This document has been prepared to commemorate the researchers who have made great efforts in plankton and related studies. Alain Sournia passed away on May 28th, 2018 at 77. After his degree in Biological Oceanography from the Faculty of Science of the Paris University (France) in 1962, he obtained a position in 1965 as research assistant at the Overseas Fisheries Laboratory of the French National Museum of Natural History (MNHN, Paris, France). He then completed a PhD thesis on planktonic diatoms from the Mozambique Channel and Mauritius (Fig. 1), which he defended in 1968. He was a laureate of the "Foundation for the Vocation" in 1969. In the late 70’s-early 80's, Alain Sournia worked at the MNHN antenna on Moorea Island and at Takapoto (French Polynesia). He became Assistant Professor in Zoology at the MNHN Alain Sournia (1981) where he worked in the General and Applied Ichthyology (1940-2018) Laboratory. In 1983, he joined the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) as "Directeur de Recherche". He spent several years at the Roscoff Marine Station (1984-1987) and then at the Geology Laboratory of MNHN (1987-1995). The last ten years of his career in Paris were devoted to the research management, acting as "chargé de mission" (policy officer) first at the CNRS "National Institute of Sciences of the Universe" (INSU), from 1994 to 1999, then at the Living Resources Department of the French “National Research Institute for Sustainable Development” (IRD) from 2000 to 2005, notably as a member of the “National Fleet Commission”. Alain Sournia was awarded the French Academic Palms in 1982 and the Medal of the French Society of Oceanography in 1983. -
Capitalism and Accounting in the Dutch East-India
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2011 Capitalism and accounting in the Dutch East-India Company 1602-1623: an historical study of determining influences and practices Jeffrey Stephen Robertson University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Robertson, Jeffrey Stephen, Capitalism and accounting in the Dutch East-India Company 1602-1623: an historical study of determining influences and practices, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Accounting and Finance, University of Wollongong, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3329 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. CAPITALISM AND ACCOUNTING IN THE DUTCH EAST-INDIA COMPANY 1602-1623: AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF DETERMINING INFLUENCES AND PRACTICES VOLUME I PARTS I & II A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from University of Wollongong by Jeffrey Stephen Robertson B.Com(Hons) (UNISA), MBS (Massey University) Faculty of Commerce School of Accounting and Finance 2011 CERTIFICATION I, Jeffrey Stephen Robertson, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Accounting and Finance, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other -
A Survey of the Networks Bringing a Knowledge of Optical Glass-Working to the London Trade, 1500-1800
A SURVEY OF THE NETWORKS BRINGING A KNOWLEDGE OF OPTICAL GLASS-WORKING TO THE LONDON TRADE, 1500-1800 Anita McConnell Edited by Jenny Bulstrode Figure 1: 'Venetia', by the Italian designer, engraver and dealer in books and prints Giacomo Franco, 1597. The hand-coloured engraving shows Venice with the island of Murano top centre right. Murano hosted the origin of European glass-working in an attempt to sequester and monopolise the valuable skills of the Levant glass-makers implanted there. The engraving highlights the containment of the islands state. Nonetheless, it was from here that skilled knowledge of glass-working moved with people through Europe and to the London trade. Giacomo Franco, Venetia, 1597, Peacay, bibliodyssey.blogspot.co.uk, CC BY 2.0. Ó Anita McConnell 2016 Ó Jenny Bulstrode 2016 Ó Liba Taub 2016 Published by the Whipple Museum of the History of Science, 2016 ISBN-13: 978-0-906271-28-5 ISBN-10: 0-906271-28-2 The Whipple Museum of the History of Science has used its best endeavours to secure the permissions necessary to reproduce the illustrations in this work. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include appropriate acknowledgments in any reissue of the book. i Contents Foreword — iii Preface and acknowledgements — v Figures and tables — vii Abbreviations — x A vocabulary of glass and glass-working materials — xiii Editor’s introduction — 1 Chapter One: The implantation and transmission of European glass- working knowledge — 5 Venetian manufacture of cristallo glass — 5 Migration from Venice