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3. LARIX Miller, Gard. Dict., Abr. Ed. 4, 1: [744] Flora of China 4: 33–37. 1999. 3. LARIX Miller, Gard. Dict., Abr. ed. 4, 1: [744]. 1754. 落叶松属 luo ye song shu Trees deciduous; branches irregularly whorled, spreading; branchlets strongly dimorphic: long branchlets with leaves present only in 1st year, older parts with leaves in dense tufts on lateral short branchlets developed from axillary buds. Leaves spirally arranged on long branchlets, in dense clusters of 15–50 or more on short branchlets, sessile, turning yellow and falling in autumn, linear-needlelike, flattened, longitudinally keeled adaxially, sometimes also slightly so abaxially, ca. 1.8 mm wide, flexible, stomatal lines abaxial or on each surface, vascular bundle 1, resin canals 2, usually marginal. Cones borne at apex of short branchlets, solitary. Pollen not saccate, with a narrow, equatorial ridge. Seed cones shortly pedunculate, usually erect, purplish, reddish, or rarely green, maturing in 1st year. Seed scales thin, ± leathery, opening to release seeds, persistent. Bracts included or exserted, ovate or lan- ceolate, midvein prominent abaxially, forming an apical cusp. Seeds small; wing persistent, relatively long, membranous. Cotyledons 6–8. Germination epigeal. 2n = 24*. Fifteen species: boreal and temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America; 11 species (four endemic, two introduced) in China. 1a. Seed cones ovoid or narrowly ovoid; bracts included or slightly exserted, shorter than seed scales; branchlets not pendulous. 2a. Seed scales triangular-ovate, ovate, or subrhombic, usually densely purplish brown hairy abaxially, apex rounded .......................................................................................................................................... 7. L. sibirica 2b. Seed scales pentagonal- or quadrangular-ovate, glabrous, usually smooth and shining on exposed part abaxially, apex emarginate or ± truncate. 3a. Seed scales ± recurved at margin distally; 1st-year branchlets glaucous ............................ 11. L. kaempferi 3b. Seed scales not recurved distally; 1st-year branchlets not glaucous. 4a. Seed scales at middle of cones pentagonal-ovate, ± convex, longer than wide ................. 8. L. gmelinii 4b. Seed scales at middle of cones suborbicular, subrectangular, or ± square, as long as or longer than wide. 5a. First-year branchlets reddish brown or light brown, usually sparsely to densely pubescent; seed scales 16–40, broadly square-ovate or square-orbicular; tips of bracts not exposed .... 9. L. olgensis 5b. First-year branchlets light yellow or yellowish gray, glabrous; seed scales 45–50, suborbicular; tips of bracts slightly exposed .................................................................................... 10. L. decidua 1b. Seed cones cylindric or ovoid-cylindric; bracts obviously exserted, longer than or rarely equal to seed scales; branchlets pendulous. 6a. Bracts straight or slightly recurved at apex. 7a. Seed cones stout; seed scales gray or yellow-gray, square-orbicular or oblong, longer than wide, apex rounded or square-orbicular .................................................................................................. 5. L. himalaica 7b. Seed cones relatively slender; seed scales dark brown or dark gray, square-orbicular, obtriangular-orbicular, or subsquare, as wide as or wider than long, apex truncate, emarginate, or truncate-rounded 6. L. potaninii 6b. Bracts reflexed or recurved. 8a. Seed cones ellipsoid-cylindric, 2.5–4 cm; seed scales obtriangular- or reniform-orbicular, densely long hairy abaxially; short branchlets densely yellow hairy; leaves 1.2–3.5 cm, keeled on both sides 4. L. mastersiana 8b. Seed cones cylindric, 4.5–11 cm; seed scales obovate-quadrangular or suboblong, usually densely pubescent and tuberculate abaxially; short branchlets glabrous or subglabrous; leaves 2.5–5 cm; keeled only adaxially. 9a. Pollen cones ovoid, 6–8 mm; short branchlets wider than long .................................. 3. L. kongboensis 9b. Pollen cones ovoid-conical or columnar, 10–22 mm; short branchlets as wide as long. 10a. Bracts obviously reflexed, obovate- or ovate-lanceolate, 5–7 mm at widest part; short branchlets slender, only bases of scales persistent .................................................... 1. L. griffithii 10b. Bracts obliquely spreading and recurved, lanceolate, 3.5–5.5 mm at widest part; short branchlets stout, scales persistent, revolute .............................................................. 2. L. speciosa 1. Larix griffithii J. D. Hooker, Himal. J. 1: 255–256, 2: 44, 藏红杉 zang hong shan 481. 1854. Flora of China 4: 33–37. 1999. Larix griffithiana Carrière; Pinus griffithiana (Carrière) Trees to 25 m tall; long branchlets light reddish brown Voss; P. griffithii (J. D. Hooker) Parlatore (1868), not in 2nd year, later turning light gray, glabrous; short M’Clelland (1854). branchlets broadly obconical, 2–4.5 × 4.5–6 mm; leaf cushions glabrous. Leaves linear-oblong, straight or Trees to over 20 m tall; trunk to 80 cm d.b.h.; bark slightly falcate, 0.9–2.2 cm × 0.6–1.1 mm when mature, gray-brown or dark brown, deeply fissured keeled only adaxially and proximally. Pollen cones longitudinally; long branchlets initially reddish brown, reddish, broadly conical, 6–8 × 5.5–6.5 mm. Seed cones light brown, or yellowish brown; short branchlets 6–8 maturing gray-brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 4.5–5 × 2.2–2.5 mm in diam., nearly smooth, with remnants of bud cm. Seed scales broadly obovate-reniform, ca. 8 × 10 scales and rings of revolute scales bases; winter buds mm at middle of cones, minutely whitish pubescent ovoid-globose or globose, not resinous. Leaves 2.5–5.5 abaxially, apex broadly rounded, entire or shallowly cm × 1–1.8 mm, keeled abaxially and toward base retuse. Bracts exserted, lanceolate, exposed part ca. 8 × adaxially. Seed cones maturing brown or light brown, 5.5 mm, strongly reflexed, tapered gradually then cylindric or cylindric-ellipsoid, 5–11 × 2.2–3 cm. Seed finally more abruptly into a cusp, cusp 1.5–4 mm, scales obovate-square, ± flat, 1.1–1.4 × 1.1–1.4 cm at upturned at apex. Seeds not seen. Pollination Apr, seed middle of cones, pubescent toward base abaxially, maturity late summer–autumn. margin denticulate toward apex, apex truncate or • slightly emarginate. Bracts ovate- or obovate- Rocky slopes; 3200–3500 m. SE Xizang (Gongbo’gyamda). lanceolate, longer than seed scales, 5–7 mm at widest 4. Larix mastersiana Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 19. 1914. part, obviously reflexed. Seeds grayish white, with 川红杉 irregular purplish spots, obliquely obovoid, ca. 10 mm chuan hong shan including wing. Pollination Apr–May, seed maturity Larix griffithii J. D. Hooker var. mastersiana (Rehder Oct. & E. H. Wilson) Silba. Mountains; 3000–4100 m. S and E Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. Trees to 25 m tall; trunk to 0.8 m d.b.h.; bark grayish The timber is used for construction, pit props, railway sleepers, and brown or dark brown, irregularly and longitudinally making furniture, and the bark yields tannins. The tree is also used for fissured; branchlets pendulous; long branchlets afforestation. yellowish brown or brown, turning yellowish gray or 2. Larix speciosa W. C. Cheng & Y. W. Law in W. C. Cheng dark gray, initially puberulent; short branchlets 3–4 mm & al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 84. 1975. in diam., densely brownish yellow pubescent; winter 怒江红杉 nu jiang hong shan buds ovoid-orbicular. Leaves linear, 1.2–3.5 cm × ca. 1 Larix griffithiana Carrière var. speciosa (W. C. Cheng mm, keeled on both sides. Seed cones brownish purple, & Y. W. Law) Silba; L. griffithii J. D. Hooker var. maturing brown, cylindric-ellipsoid, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2 cm. speciosa (W. C. Cheng & Y. W. Law) Farjon. Seed scales cordate or obovate-reniform, 0.8–1.1 × 1–1.3 Trees to 25 m tall; bark dark red-brown, fissured, scaly; cm at middle of cones, densely brown pubescent branchlets pendulous; long branchlets initially purplish abaxially, apex emarginate. Bracts exserted, dark brown or brown, occasionally glaucous, glabrous; short brown-purple, broadly lanceolate, obviously reflexed, branchlets stout, 6–8 mm in diam., with several rings of 1.1–1.5 cm. Seeds light gray, obliquely obovoid, 7–9 revolute bud scales; winter buds red- or purple-brown, mm including wing. Pollination Apr–May, seed ovoid or conical. Leaves oblanceolate-linear, 2.5–5.5 maturity Oct. cm × 1.5–2 mm, flat or keeled toward base adaxially, • Mountains; 2300–3500 m. Sichuan. keeled abaxially, stomatal lines present on abaxial An endangered species. The timber is used for construction, pit props, surface. Seed cones pedunculate (peduncle 5–7 mm), railway sleepers, and making furniture, and the bark yields tannins. maturing red- or purple-brown, cylindric, 7–9 × 2–3 cm. The species is also used for afforestation. Seed scales ca. 100, obovate-oblong or suboblong, 1.2– 5. Larix himalaica W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu in W. C. Cheng 1.5 cm × 8–9 mm, densely pubescent and verruculose & al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 84. 1975. abaxially, base auriculate, apex truncate, emarginate. 须弥红杉 xu mi hong shan Bracts exserted, lanceolate, obliquely recurved, 3.5–4.5 Larix potaninii Batalin var. himalaica (W. C. Cheng & mm at widest part, apex tapered. Seeds pale gray, with L. K. Fu) Farjon & Silba. irregular yellow-brown spots, obliquely ovoid, ca. 5 Branchlets pendulous; long branchlets light yellow or mm; wing 5–7 mm. Pollination Apr–May, seed brownish yellow, bright in 2nd year, finally yellowish maturity Sep–Oct. gray; short branchlets 2–5 mm in diam., glabrous, with • Mountains; 2600–4000 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan. rings of reflexed bud scales; winter buds subglobose or conical-globose. Leaves linear, 1–2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, 3. Larix kongboensis R. R. Mill, Novon 9: 79. 1999. flat or keeled toward base adaxially, keeled abaxially. 贡布红杉 gong bu hong shan Seed cones erect, purplish brown, maturing dark brown, cylindric, 2–6.5 × 2.8–3.2 cm, apex obtuse. Seed Flora of China 4: 33–37. 1999. scales suborbicular or oblong-orbicular, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9– First-year long branchlets red-brown, purplish brown, 1.3 cm at middle of cones, longer than wide, densely or yellowish brown. Short branchlets slender, densely pubescent abaxially, finally glabrous, apex rounded or hairy at apex.
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