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Floods of March-April 1973 in Southeastern United States

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Floods of March-April 1973 in Southeastern United States FLOODS OF MARCH-APRIL 1973 IN SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Report prepared jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 998 FLOODS OF MARCH-APRIL 1973 IN SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Chattanooga Municipal Airport Inundated area along South Chickamauga Creek in Chattanooga, Tenn., March 18, 1973. Photograph courtesy of Ten­ nessee Valley Authority. FLOODS OF MARCH-APRIL 1973 IN SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By GEORGE W. EDELEN, JR., of the U.S. Geological Survey and JOHN F. MILLER, of the National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 998 Report prepared jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary FREDERICK B. DENT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION V. E. McKelvey, Director Robert M. White, Administrator Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Edelen, George W Floods of March-April 1973 in Southeastern United States. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 998) Bibliography: p. 1. Floods Southeastern States. I. Miller, John Frederick, 1928- joint author. II. United States. Geological Sur­ vey. III. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. IV. Title. V. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 998. GB1399.4.S68E33 551.4'8 76-8427 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 FOREWORD The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Weather Service have a long history of cooperation in monitoring and describing the Nation's water cycle the movement of wa­ ter as atmospheric moisture, as precipitation, as runoff, as streamflow, as ground water, and finally, through evaporation, its return to the atmosphere to begin the cycle over again. The cooperative effort has been a natural blending of technical talent and responsibility. The National Weather Service is the Federal agency responsible for monitoring and pre­ dicting atmospheric moisture and precipitation, for forecasting riverflow, and for issuing warnings of destructive weather events. The U.S. Geological Survey is the primary agen­ cy for monitoring the quantity and quality of the earthbound water resources, including both ground water and surface water. This report represents another step in the growth of our cooperative efforts. In some ways, this closer working arrangement has been spurred by six major flood disasters that have struck the Nation in the last 5 years. In August 1969, the remnants of Hurricane Camille caused flooding of the James River and other streams in central Virginia that left 152 people dead or missing. In February 1972, the failure of a coal-waste dam sent a flood wave down the Buffalo Creek Valley of West Virginia, leaving 118 people dead or missing. On June 9, 1972, extremely heavy rains over the eastern Black Hills of South Dakota produced record-breaking floods on Rapid Creek and other streams, leaving 237 dead and 8 missing. Beginning on June 18, 1972, the remains of Hurricane Agnes pro­ duced floods in the Eastern United States from Virginia to New York that killed 117 peo­ ple in what has been called the worst natural disaster in American history. In March 1973, torrential rains in seven States in the Southeastern United States resulted in severe flood­ ing in nine major river basins, including the Tennessee River basin. Seven lives were lost, hundreds were made homeless, and heavy damages occurred in urban and industrial areas. Most recently, the spring 1973 floods on the Mississippi River produced a record 89 days of floodflow at Vicksburg, Miss., and 78 days at St. Louis, Mo., and inundated more than 11 million acres of land. More than 30,000 homes were damaged during the flood. These disasters emphasize the need to know more about and respect the force and flow of floodwater. Hopefully, the documentation of floods in the Southeastern States dur­ ing March-April 1973 will aid the understanding of such flood disasters and will help improve human preparedness for coping with future floods of similar cata­ strophic magnitudes, JOSEPH S. CRAGWALL, JR. GEORGE P. CRESSMAN Chief Hydrologist Director U.S. Geological Survey National Weather Service Department of the Interior Department of Commerce CONTENTS Page Page Foreword ______________________________ V Major river basins Continued Glossary _____________________________ VIII Ohio river basin Continued Abstract ________________________ 1 Tennessee River upstream from Watts Bar Introduction ______________________________ 1 Dam Continued Acknowledgments ___-_____-________ 2 Holston River basin ________________ _ 19 Conversion of English units to International Sys­ Left bank tributaries to Fort Loudoun tem of Units ______________________ 2 Lake and Watts Bar Lake _____ 20 Meteorological situation for the storm of March 14- Clinch River basin ___________ 20 18, 1973, in Southeastern United States ___ 3 Tennessee River, between Wheeler Dam and Chronology of events ______________________ 3 Watts Bar Dam __________________ 20 Prior to storm March 10-13 _____________ 3 Hiwassee River basin ______________ 21 The storm period March 14-18 _________ 3 Sequatchie River basin ___________ 21 Pertinent characteristics ___________________ 10 Wheeler Lake tributaries ______________ 21 Rainfall ___________________________ 10 Paint Rock River and Flint River__ 21 General description of floods ____________________ 10 Elk River basin _____________ 21 Magnitude of flood __________________ 12 Wheeler Lake and Wilson Lake ____ ____ 25 Flood damage _______________ ._____ 13 Pickwick Lake and tributaries _____ ______ 25 Flood frequency ____________________ 16 Kentucky Lake tributaries ____________ 25 Reservoirs _________________________ 16 Duck River basin _____ ____ _ 25 Major river basins ________________________ 16 Kentucky Lake __________________ 25 Mobile River basin ___________________ 16 Flood damage in Tennessee River basin _______ 26 Tombigbee River basin ________________ 16 Lower Mississippi River basin _______________ 26 Pearl River basin ____________________ 18 Hatchie River basin _______________________ 26 Ohio River basin ________________ 18 Yazoo River basin ____________________ 26 Cumberland River basin ___________ 18 Big Black River basin ____________ 27 Tennessee River basin ________________ 18 Flood-crest stages ____________________ 27 Tennessee River upstream from Watts Bar Flood hydrograph data _______________ 27 Dam ________________________ 18 Aerial photography ___________________________ 27 French Broad River basin ________ 19 Selected references ___________________ 29 ILLUSTRATIONS FRONTISPIECE. Photograph showing inundated area along South Chickamauga Creek, Chattanooga, Tenn. Page FIGURES 1-5. Surface weather chart and 500-mb chart for 0700 EST: 1. March 13, 1973 _________________________________________________ 4 2. March 14, 1973 ________________________________________________ 5 3. March 15, 1973 ______________________________________________ 7 4. March 16, 1973 ________________________________________________ 8 5. March 17, 1973 ________________________________________________ 9 6. Isohyetal map of total rainfall for March 14-17, 1973________________________-__ 11 7, 8. Mass curves of rainfall: 7. Ripley, Miss., Epps 6W, La., and Murfreesboro 5N., Tenn __________________ 12 8. Hamilton 3S, Ala.; Cagle, Chattanooga WSO, and Knoxville WSO, Tenn ____________ 12 9. Map showing area affected by floods on the Cumberland, Hatchie, Mobile, and Tennessee Rivers and their tributaries in March-April 1973 _____________________________________ 13 10. Map of flood area showing location of flood determination sites _________________________ 14 VII VIII CONTENTS Page FIGURE 11. Comparison of March-April 1973 peak discharges to maximum known flood peaks within the area covered by this report _____________ 17 12. Hydrographs of discharge of the Buttahatchee River, March 14-24, 1973, at gaging stations near Sulligent, Ala., and near Aberdeen, Miss ____ 18 13. Hydrographs of discharge, mass rainfall, and mass runoff, March 15-18, 1973, Little Chickamauga Creek tributary near Ringgold, Ga ________ 20 14. Hydrographs of discharge, March 15-19, 1973, at selected gaging stations on small water-sheds in the Tennessee River basin in southeastern Tennessee____________ _ _ 21 15,16. Photograph showing 15. Apartment development in flooded area along Spring Creek Road in East Ridge (suburb of Chattanooga), Tenn., March 17, 1973 ________________________________ 22 16. Overflow from Huntsville Spring Branch and Pinhook Creek, Huntsville, Ala., March 16, 1973 ____________________________________________________ 23 17. Hydrographs of discharge, March 14-31, 1973, at selected gaging stations on the Elk River in Ten­ nessee _______________________________________________________ 24 18. Hydrographs of discharge, March 14-24, 1973, at selected gaging stations on the Duck River in Ten­ nessee _______________________________________________________ 25 19. Map showing location of flight lines along streams where aerial photography was obtained at or near crest of flood, March 18-22, 1973 _______________________________________ 28 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Maximum 6-, 12-, 24-,
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