Free Software History
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Android (Operating System) 1 Android (Operating System)
Android (operating system) 1 Android (operating system) Android Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance [1] Programmed in C (core), C++ (some third-party libraries), Java (UI) Working state Current [2] Source model Free and open source software (3.0 is currently in closed development) Initial release 21 October 2008 Latest stable release Tablets: [3] 3.0.1 (Honeycomb) Phones: [3] 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) / 24 February 2011 [4] Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, Power, x86 Kernel type Monolithic, modified Linux kernel Default user interface Graphical [5] License Apache 2.0, Linux kernel patches are under GPL v2 Official website [www.android.com www.android.com] Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[6] [7] Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[8] Android's mobile operating system is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[9] [10] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[11] The Android operating system is the world's best-selling Smartphone platform.[12] [13] Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 150,000 apps available for Android.[14] [15] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. -
Logiciel Libre, Une Introduction Part I Perspective Historique Des Étapes
Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Part I Roberto Di Cosmo Perspective historique Université Paris Diderot UFR Informatique Laboratoire Preuves, Programmes et Systèmes [email protected] 7 Février 2012 Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Une brève histoire du logiciel Une brève histoire du logiciel Des étapes importantes Une brève histoire du logiciel I Années 50-60: Logiciel libre ante litteram Logiciel Libre aux origines La propriétarisation du logiciel I Années 70: La proprietarisation du logiciel I Années 70-80: Les briques de base I Donald Knuth et TEX Le logiciel libre ante litteram I X Windows System Le système TEX I AT&T et Unix Le système X I Années 80: le matériel devient suffisamment puissant pour des AT&T et Unix vrai OS Linux I Années 80: Richard Stallman, GNU et la Free Software Foundation Le logiciel libre formalisé I Années 1990: Linux, GNU/Linux etc.: la prise de conscience I Années 2000 : l’expansion Les années 1990 Logiciel libre, une introduction Logiciel libre, une introduction Une brève histoire du logiciel Une brève histoire du logiciel Logiciel Libre aux origines Logiciel Libre aux origines Au début le logiciel fût distribué librement. c’était une nécéssité Jusqu’à la fin des années 1960, le logiciel, avec les sources, était N’oublions pas les raisons techniques de cette réalité: distribué gratuitement, comme un complément pour les ordinateurs I modèle de service clé en main comprenant hw & sw & vendus (très chers) à l’époque. service I logiciel très dépendant de la machine utilisateur (n. -
Titans and Trolls of the Open Source Arena
Titans and Trolls Enter the Open-Source Arena * by DEBRA BRUBAKER BURNS I. Introduction .................................................................................... 34 II. Legal Theories for Open Source Software License Enforcement ................................................................................... 38 A. OSS Licensing .......................................................................... 38 B. Legal Theories and Remedies for OSS Claims .................... 40 1. Legal Protections for OSS under Copyright and Contract Law ..................................................................... 40 Stronger Protections for OSS License under Copyright Law ................................................................... 40 2. Copyright-Ownership Challenges in OSS ....................... 42 3. Potential Legal Minefields for OSS under Patent Law ...................................................................................... 45 4. Added Legal Protection for OSS under Trademark Law ...................................................................................... 46 5. ITC 337 Action as Uncommon Legal Protection for OSS ..................................................................................... 49 III. Enforcement Within the OSS Community .................................. 49 A. Software Freedom Law Center Enforces OSS Licenses .... 50 B. Federal Circuit Finds OSS License Enforceable Under Copyright Law ......................................................................... 53 C. Commercial OSS -
DVCS Or a New Way to Use Version Control Systems for Freebsd
Brief history of VCS FreeBSD context & gures Is Arch/baz suited for FreeBSD? Mercurial to the rescue New processes & policies needed Conclusions DVCS or a new way to use Version Control Systems for FreeBSD Ollivier ROBERT <[email protected]> BSDCan 2006 Ottawa, Canada May, 12-13th, 2006 Ollivier ROBERT <[email protected]> DVCS or a new way to use Version Control Systems for FreeBSD Brief history of VCS FreeBSD context & gures Is Arch/baz suited for FreeBSD? Mercurial to the rescue New processes & policies needed Conclusions Agenda 1 Brief history of VCS 2 FreeBSD context & gures 3 Is Arch/baz suited for FreeBSD? 4 Mercurial to the rescue 5 New processes & policies needed 6 Conclusions Ollivier ROBERT <[email protected]> DVCS or a new way to use Version Control Systems for FreeBSD Brief history of VCS FreeBSD context & gures Is Arch/baz suited for FreeBSD? Mercurial to the rescue New processes & policies needed Conclusions The ancestors: SCCS, RCS File-oriented Use a subdirectory to store deltas and metadata Use lock-based architecture Support shared developments through NFS (fragile) SCCS is proprietary (System V), RCS is Open Source a SCCS clone exists: CSSC You can have a central repository with symlinks (RCS) Ollivier ROBERT <[email protected]> DVCS or a new way to use Version Control Systems for FreeBSD Brief history of VCS FreeBSD context & gures Is Arch/baz suited for FreeBSD? Mercurial to the rescue New processes & policies needed Conclusions CVS, the de facto VCS for the free world Initially written as shell wrappers over RCS then rewritten in C Centralised server Easy UI Use sandboxes to avoid locking Simple 3-way merges Can be replicated through CVSup or even rsync Extensive documentation (papers, websites, books) Free software and used everywhere (SourceForge for example) Ollivier ROBERT <[email protected]> DVCS or a new way to use Version Control Systems for FreeBSD Brief history of VCS FreeBSD context & gures Is Arch/baz suited for FreeBSD? Mercurial to the rescue New processes & policies needed Conclusions CVS annoyances and aws BUT.. -
Everything You Need to Know About Openjdk's Move to Git and Github
Menu Topics Archives Downloads Subscribe Everything you need to know JAVA 17 about OpenJDK’s move to Git and GitHub Everything you need to know Blame or thank BitKeeper about OpenJDK’s move to Git Why not Mercurial? and GitHub Why Git? Why GitHub? Why the move, and why now? The move from Mercurial to Git Getting the source code and provided an opportunity to consolidate building the OpenJDK the source code repositories. Conclusion by Ian Darwin Dig deeper May 14, 2021 Download a PDF of this article Have you ever built your own Java Development Kit from source? Most end users of the JDK will not need to build their own JDK from the Oracle source code. I’ve needed to do that only a few times when I was running on the OpenBSD UNIX-like system, which is not one of the three supported platforms. Sure, you might want to build your own JDK to try out a new feature that you think should be added to Java. You might choose to build from source to be sure you are running a more trustworthy binary. Having the complete source code readily available, and now in a more commonly used download format, means it is easier than ever to build your own JDK. Yes, it’s a better-documented, easily configured process than in the past. But it’s still a bit confusing. The source code for the OpenJDK recently moved from the Mercurial version control system (VCS) to the Git VCS and the GitHub repository system, and that’s probably a good thing. -
BSD Projects IV – BSD Certification • Main Features • Community • Future Directions a (Very) Brief History of BSD
BSD Overview Jim Brown May 24, 2012 BSD Overview - 5/24/2012 - Jim Brown, ISD BSD Overview I – A Brief History of BSD III – Cool Hot Stuff • ATT UCB Partnership • Batteries Included • ATT(USL) Lawsuit • ZFS , Hammer • BSD Family Tree • pf Firewall, pfSense • BSD License • Capsicum • Virtualization Topics • Jails, Xen, etc. • Desktop PC-BSD II – The Core BSD Projects IV – BSD Certification • Main Features • Community • Future Directions A (Very) Brief History of BSD 1971 – ATT cheaply licenses Unix source code to many organizations, including UCB as educational material 1975 – Ken Thompson takes a sabbatical from ATT, brings the latest Unix source on tape to UCB his alma mater to run on a PDP 11 which UCB provided. (Industry/academic partnerships were much more common back then.) Computer Science students (notably Bill Joy and Chuck Haley) at UCB begin to make numerous improvements to Unix and make them available on tape as the “Berkeley Software Distribution” - BSD A (Very) Brief History of BSD Some notable CSRG • 1980 – Computer Science Research Group members (CSRG) forms at UCB with DARPA funding to make many more improvements to Unix - job control, autoreboot, fast filesystem, gigabit address space, Lisp, IPC, sockets, TCP/IP stack + applications, r* utils, machine independence, rewriting almost all ATT code with UCB/CSRG code, including many ports • 1991 – The Networking Release 2 tape is released on the Internet via anon FTP. A 386 port quickly follows by Bill and Lynne Jolitz. The NetBSD group is formed- the first Open Source community entirely on the Internet • 1992 – A commercial version, BSDI (sold for $995, 1-800-ITS-UNIX) draws the ire of USL/ATT. -
Linux on the Move
Guest Editors’ Introduction What is Linux? And why should you care? This focus section has insights for both newcomers and diehard fans. Linux on the Move Terry Bollinger, The Mitre Corporation Peter Beckman, Los Alamos National Laboratory inux is a free, open-source operating system that looks like Unix, L except that it runs on PCs as well as other platforms. Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Today, Linux is cooperatively improved by Torvalds and thousands of volunteers from around the world using open-source development methods. At this point in time, “Linux” generally refers to the entire suite of software in a distribution, from the operating system kernel to the Web server and graphical user interface. When we say that Linux is “free” we mean, well…free. You do not need to pay money to get a copy of it, although it is usually more convenient to buy an inexpen- sive CD-ROM copy than download an entire distribution over the Internet. Once you get a copy of Linux, you also have the right to make as many copies of it as you want. 30 IEEE Software January/February 1999 0740-7459/99/$10.00 © 1999 . DEFINING TERMS GETTING RESULTS By “open source”we mean that you also have the The only traditional software practice that open- right to get copies of all the source code from which source software developers do follow is peer review, Linux and its associated tools were originally com- and they do that with a vengeance. Each piece of piled. There are no magical, mysterious binary files, source code is placed on display in front of a global although you can of course get the Linux system precompiled if you prefer. -
History of Unix.Pdf
History of Unix In order to define UNIX, it helps to look at its history. In 1969, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and others started work on what was to become UNIX on a "little-used PDP-7 in a corner" at AT&T Bell Labs. For ten years, the development of UNIX proceeded at AT&T in numbered versions. V4 (1974) was re-written in C -- a major milestone for the operating system's portability among different systems. V6 (1975) was the first to become available outside Bell Labs -- it became the basis of the first version of UNIX developed at the University of California Berkeley. Bell Labs continued work on UNIX into the 1980s, culminating in the release of System V (as in "five," not the letter) in 1983 and System V, Release 4 (abbreviated SVR4) in 1989. Meanwhile, programmers at the University of California hacked mightily on the source code AT&T had released, leading to many a master thesis. The Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD) became a second major variant of "UNIX." It was widely deployed in both university and corporate computing environments starting with the release of BSD 4.2 in 1984. Some of its features were incorporated into SVR4. As the 1990s opened, AT&T's source code licensing had created a flourishing market for hundreds of UNIX variants by different manufacturers. AT&T sold its UNIX business to Novell in 1993, and Novell sold it to the Santa Cruz Operation two years later. In the meantime, the UNIX trademark had been passed to the X/Open consortium, which eventually merged to form The Open Group.1 While the stewardship of UNIX was passing from entity to entity, several long- running development efforts started bearing fruit. -
Introduction to Free Software-SELF
Introduction to Free Software Jordi Mas Hernández (coordinador) David Megías Jiménez (coordinador) Jesús M. González Barahona Joaquín Seoane Pascual Gregorio Robles XP07/M2101/02708 © FUOC • XP07/M2101/02708 Introduction to Free Software Jordi Mas Hernández David Megías Jiménez Jesús M. González Barahona Founding member of Softcatalà and Computer Science Engineer by the Professor in the Department of Tele- of the telematic network RedBBS. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona matic Systems and Computation of He has worked as a consultant in (UAB, Spain). Master in Advanced the Rey Juan Carlos University (Ma- companies like Menta, Telépolis, Vo- Process Automatisation Techniques drid, Spain), where he coordinates dafone, Lotus, eresMas, Amena and by the UAB. PhD. in Computer Sci- the research group LibreSoft. His Terra España. ence by the UAB. Associate Profes- professional areas of interest include sor in the Computer Science, Multi- the study of free software develop- media and Telecommunication De- ment and the transfer of knowledge partment of the Universitat Oberta in this field to the industrial sector. de Catalunya (UOC, Spain) and Di- rector of the Master Programme in Free Software at the UOC. Joaquín Seoane Pascual Gregorio Robles PhD. Enigeer of Telecommunicati- Assistant professor in the Rey Juan ons in the Politechnical University Carlos University (Madrid, Spain), of Madrid (Spain). He has worked where he acquired his PhD. de- in the private sector and has al- gree in February 2006. Besides his so taught in the Computer Scien- teaching tasks, he researches free ce Faculty of that same university. software development from the Nowadays he is professor in the De- point of view of software enginee- partment of Telematic Systems En- ring, with special focus in quantitati- gineering, and has taught courses ve issues. -
Android (Operating System) 1 Android (Operating System)
android text PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sun, 11 Sep 2011 07:56:19 UTC Android (operating system) 1 Android (operating system) Android Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google, running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer Google Inc, Open Handset Alliance [1] Programmed in C (core), Java (UI), C++ Working state Current [2] [3] Source model Mixed (free and open source software and proprietary software) Initial release 21 October 2008 [4] [4] Latest stable release Tablets: 3.2 (Honeycomb) Phones: 2.3.6 (Gingerbread) / 2 September 2011 Package manager APK [5] [6] Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, x86 Kernel type Linux kernel (monolithic) Android (operating system) 2 Default user interface Graphical [7] License Apache License 2.0 before 3.0, closed source for 3.0, 3.1 and 3.2: Linux kernel patches under GNU GPL v2 [8] Official website android.com Android is an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google.[9] [10] Google purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[11] The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 84 hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[12] [13] [14] [15] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software license.[16] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[17] Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel, with middleware, libraries and APIs written in C and application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. -
Novell's Motion for a More Definite Statement Was Also Scheduled to Be Heard at the Court's Hearing. but the Parties Inform
Case 2:04-cv-00139-DAK Document 139 Filed 08/21/2006 Page 1 of 9 ______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH CENTRAL DIVISION THE SCO GROUP, INC., Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM DECISION vs. AND ORDER NOVELL, INC., Defendant. Civil Case No. 2:04CV139DAK This matter is before the court on Defendant Novell, Inc.’s Motion to Stay Claims Raising Issues Subject to Arbitration. The court held a hearing on the motion on July 17, 2006.1 At the hearing, Defendant was represented by Michael A. Jacobs and Thomas R. Karrenberg, and Plaintiff was represented by Stuart H. Singer, William Dzurilla, and Brent O. Hatch. The court took the motion under advisement. The court has considered the memoranda submitted by the parties as well as the law and facts relating to the motion. Now being fully advised, the court renders the following Memorandum Decision and Order. BACKGROUND In January 2004, this case originated in state court as a single claim for slander of title. Novell removed SCO’s state court action to this court. After this court’s ruling on SCO’s 1 Novell’s Motion for a More Definite Statement was also scheduled to be heard at the court’s hearing. But the parties informed the court at the hearing that they had reached an agreement that had resolved the motion. Therefore, the motion is moot. 1 Case 2:04-cv-00139-DAK Document 139 Filed 08/21/2006 Page 2 of 9 motion to remand and Novell’s motion to dismiss, SCO filed its First Amended Complaint. -
Version Control
Version Control Consider the following simple scenario: • a software system contains a source code file x.c • system is worked on by several teams of programmers • Ann in Sydney adds a new feature in her copy of x.c • Bob in Singapore fixes a bug in his copy of x.c Ultimately, we need to ensure that • all changes are properly recorded (when, who, why) • both the new feature and the bug fix are in the next release • if we later find bugs in old release, they can be fixed Version Control Systems A version control system allows software developers to: • work simultaneously and coperatively on a system • document when, who, & why changes made • discuus and approve changes • recreate old versions of a system when needed • multiple versions of system can be distributed, tested, merged This allows change to be managed/controlled in a systematic way. VCSs also try to minimise resource use in maintaining multiple versions. Unix VCS - Generation 1 (Unix) 1970’s ... SCCS (source code control system) • first version control system • centralized VCS - single central repository • introduced idea of multiple versions via delta’s • single user model: lock - modify - unlock • only one user working on a file at a time 1980’s ... RCS (revision control system) • similar functionality to SCCS (essentially a clean open-source re-write of SCCS) • centralized VCS - single central repository • single user model: lock - modify - unlock • only one user working on a file at a time • still available and in use Unix VCS - Generation 2 (Unix) 1990 ... CVS (concurrent version system) • centralized VCS - single central repository • locked check-out replaced by copy-modify-merge model • users can work simultaneously and later merge changes • allows remote development essential for open source projects • web-accessible interface promoted wide-dist projects • poor handling of file metadata, renames, links Early 2000’s ..