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Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Menorah Review VCU University Archives 1992 Menorah Review (No. 25, Spring, 1992) Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/menorah Part of the History of Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons © The Author(s) Recommended Citation https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/menorah/24 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the VCU University Archives at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Menorah Review by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. • SPRING 1992 NUMBER 25 • CENTER FOR JUDAIC STUDIES OF VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY For the Enrichment of Jewish Thought set the tone of new scholarship and traineda generation of graduate students, who, in turn,carr ied the orientation of their mentors deep into the community of educated Americans. That orientation was both anti autocraticand anti-Bolshevist It held that a great reservoir of humane and democratic sentiment amongst the Russian people had been stifled first by the arrogance of the reactionary right and then by the doctrinal rigidity of the revolutionary left. The clear message to American students was that in matters of social/politicaldevelopment there was not much about Russia to love. Archibald Coolidge had helped Michael Karpovich (1888-1959) onto the college lecture circuit in 1918 when the III. Between 1920 and the reestablishment native of Russian Georgia found himself out ofRussian-American treatyrelations in 1933, of a job as confidential secretary to Boris A. intellectuals among the Russian emigres Bakhmeteff, the Provisional Government's began to exert considerable influence on ambassador to the United States. Then in lrn American ideas aboutRussia. The proportion 1927 Coolidge supported Karpovich for a of scholars among emigres was unusually faculty position at Harvard and thereby gave high, and historians formed a notable group Harvard its first great strength in Russian among them. Perhaps those who established studies. Karpovich directed more than 30 expatriate in Europe and in 1927 joined the Russian history as a field of professional Ph.D. dissertations in Russian history. faculty at Yale. Perhaps V ernadsky's greatest study were most important; it was they, Mostly through his students,who included influence on America was through the written through their academic alliances, teaching to name only a few-Richard Pipes,Donald word, particularly his textbook,A Historyof and writing, who created new and lasting Treadgold, George Fischer,Robert Daniels, Russia. First published in 1929,fiveeditions images of Russia in the minds of America's Hans Rogger and Robert Paul Browder, he later and 17 years after his death, it is still in leadership caste. To be sure, most of the influenced what educated Americans knew print. Vemadsky's monographic work, a scholars chose affiliations with universities and thought about Russia. series beginning with Ancient Russia, set a in Europe. Still, emigre historians played an George Vemadsky (1887-1973) left standard for scholarship in the West. Like important part in establishing Russian studies Russia in 1920, spent seven years as an Karpovich,Vernadsky told modernRussian in the United States; indeed, they came to history mostly as a story of wrong paths dominate the field. taken, a tale in which the good guys seldom American universities had been slow < ·U: :c;u won. Michael Florinsky (1895-1981), who than the United States, among the essential left Russia after the Bolshevik revolution, 7i In components of a higher education. The role spentthe immediate postwaryears in London. of founding Russian studies fell to Archibald �m In 1925, Florinsky came to the United States Cary Coolidge, a Harvard-trained, widely to work with Yale University Press and traveled, multilingual Boston Brahmin,just James T. Shotwell, the Carnegie after the turn of the century. But before Endowment's general editor. The self World War I very few native scholars showed proclaimed "outspoken critic of the Soviet interest. system" stayed on to finish his Ph.D. at During the 1920s curriculum reform Columbia, to teach there and to write, and the intellectual curiosity of a rapidly eventually, Russia: A History and an growing number of university students Interpretation, a two-volume workhailed as created jobs for Russian emigres. Three "the first comprehensive and yet concise Russian-Americans in particular- Michael • r-a rn tiavt, ... history ofRussia which is not a textbook." It Karpovich at Harvard, Michael Florinsky of • Letter to c, had gone through 10 editions when he died Columbia and George Vemadsky at Yale- in 1981. His study of the prospects for 2 Menorah Review, Spring 1992 European integration and his bookon social and Wallace before him, he apparently saw inconsistent with the evolutionary course of and economic policies in totalitarian states no conflictbetween scholarship and his own which Russia was set. Like the emigre are still in print. patriotic duty. Liberalizing Czarist Russia historians in the United States, they Of the trickle-down effect of seemed in Britishinterests; andPares fostered concentrated on the sins of the Communists Florinsky's scholarship there seems little high level visits between members of the and, for the earlier period, on "what went doubt. In 1985 a commission of Soviet Duma and British reformers to promote it wrong" with the movement toward scholarsinvestigating thecoverageofRussia The Bolshevik Revolution did not; and, constitutional monarchy. in American junior high and high school according to his own account,Pares gave "a This is not to say that no emigre textbooks was insulted by the failure of series of public addresses in Russian in all contributed significantlyto British thinking several authors even to get the name right of the chief towns in Siberia" justifying allied about Russia Paul Vinogradoff, Corpus the founder of the Soviet state. But those military intervention to put it down. Christi chair of jurisprudence at Oxford from authors, synthesizers all, obviously had Pares becamedirector of the Schoolof 1903 until his death in 1925, was an early drawn from Michael Florinsky, who, for Slavonic and East European Studies at the migrant who spoke out in times of Russian many years, explained that Vladimir Ilitch University of London in 1922 and within a crisis. Ulianov'spseudonym was"Nicholas"Lenin. decade made its work "a centralactivity" of In this age of flourishing centers and Otherexarniners ofRussian-Sovietcoverage the university. Equally important,he guided institutes for Russian studies and of in American-authored textbooks for school the development of the Slavonic Review information overload, it is easy to forget children agreed that "a negative emotional (also established in 1922) as a forum and how little was known and how few people tone is definitely evident either explicitly or outlet of scholarship. wereinvolved 60years ago. Even by the end implicitly in much of the content" of World War II, practitioners complained, These and selected other Russian "little scholarly and research material on scholars focusedattention on some common By the end of the 1930s the emigre Russia was available" in the United States. themes, none more importantthan the nature historians in Europe had begun to During the 1920s and 1930s, according to of the Russian state. They seemed to take another study, the number of American their theme from Paul Miliukov, an eminent publish the Russian studies that born scholars, equipped for research and prewar scholar and short-term Provisional would influence Englishreaders teaching in Russian studies, amounted to "not more than a dozen or so." This setting, Minister of Foreign Affairs. The general for the rest of the 20th century. features of Russia in the long run, they of itself,gave the dozen or so seminal books thought it important to convey, were They enshrined the basic premise published by Florinsky, Karpovich and European but different because of ... that the Bolshevik Revolution Vernadsky before 1940 greater impact on backwardness,the slow pace of development what Americans thought. The influence of and unique problems as well as contacts in was inconsistent with the evolu theseanti-autocratic,anti-Bolshevikemigres, expansion and defense. tionary course of which Russia it seems safe to assume, was a major reason In GreatBritain, public understanding educated readers ofEnglish found it difficult and attitudes toward Russian/Soviet life was set. to break with the ideas that the democratic derived much more from native scholars and spirit among Russians was no different than writers. Since the seventeenth century the Pares' A Historyof Russia, 1926; The that among Kansans or Cornishmen, that interests of the Russian and British empires Fall of the Russian Monarchy, 1939; and Bolshevism was a jarring anomaly in the alternatively clashed and coincided. Issues Russia, 1940, reflected the author's evolution of the Russian state, and that, of territorial expansion, trading rights and preference for a strengthened Duma and somehow, Russians would eliminate military might in the quarrels of Eurasia reliance on the liberal gentry and collectivism and one-party government. clearly figured large in the world view of intelligentsia. His tone and his descriptives Whatever the differences between educated Britons and created