2015 Minerals Yearbook

SAUDI ARABIA [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior May 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of By Mowafa Taib

In 2015, Saudi Arabia was the leading economy in the Middle Monetary Agency, 2016, p. 143; General Authority of Statistics, East and North Africa region and the world’s 20th-ranked 2016; Ministry of Energy, Industry, and Mineral Resources, 2016). economy in terms of the value of its nominal gross domestic product (GDP). The country was the world’s second-ranked Minerals in the National Economy producer of petroleum and other hydrocarbon liquids after the Saudi Arabia’s GDP increased in real terms by 3.5% in 2015 United States. As of yearend 2015, Saudi Arabia was also the compared with an increase of 3.6% in 2014 (revised). The world’s second-ranked country after Venezuela in terms of its contribution of the mining and quarrying sector, which included proven crude petroleum reserves and held 267 billion barrels, crude petroleum and natural gas and other minerals, to the which was 15.7% of the world’s total. Saudi Arabia was the country’s GDP at 2015 prices decreased to 25.7% in 2015 from world’s sixth-ranked country in terms of its proven natural 40.3% in 2014 and 44.5% in 2013. The contribution of the gas reserves; it held 8.3 trillion cubic meters of proven natural manufacturing sector, which included aluminum, fertilizer, gas reserves, which was 4.5% of the world’s total (BP p.l.c., petroleum refining, and steel production, was 12.4% of the GDP; 2016, p. 6; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016a, b; and that of the construction sector was 6.8% of the GDP at 2015 World Bank, The, 2016). prices (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2016, p. 130−131). In 2015, Saudi Arabia was the world’s third-ranked producer of direct-reduced iron (DRI) and was among the world’s Production top producers of ammonia, cement, and sulfur. The country also produced alumina, aluminum, and bauxite; copper; Notable increases in Saudi Arabia’s mineral commodity dolomite; feldspar; gold; granite; gypsum; iron and steel; production in 2015 compared with that of 2014 included kaolin; limestone; magnesite; marble; natural gas; nitrogen; the production of marble blocks, which increased by phosphate rock and phosphate-based fertilizers; pozzolanic 1,725%; kaolin, by 45%; barite, by 34%; copper, by 29%; material; pyrophyllite; refined petroleum products; sand and aluminum, by 27%; phosphate rock, by 20%; ammonia and gravel; schist; silica sand; silver; and zinc. Saudi Arabia’s pyrophyllite, by 14% each; silver and total refined petroleum mineral commodity exports included aluminum, copper, crude products, by 13% each; and sulfur, by 11%. Output of low-grade petroleum and refined petroleum products, gold, nitrogen bauxite decreased by 27% in 2015 compared with that of 2014; (urea), phosphate-based fertilizers, sulfur, and zinc (table 1; crude steel, by 17%; and DRI and zinc in concentrate, by 10% Midrex Technologies Inc., 2016, p. 3; Apodaca, 2017a, b; each. The Ras Al Khair alumina refinery produced 846,000 van Oss, 2017). metric tons (t) of alumina in 2015, which was the company’s first full year of production and Saudi Arabia’s first production Government Policies and Programs of alumina. Data on mineral production are in table 1.

Royal Decree No. 47 M (the mining investment code) of Structure of the Mineral Industry October 4, 2004, regulates the mining and quarrying industry in Saudi Arabia. The Deputy Ministry of Energy, Industry, and In 2015, the Government was the sole owner of Saudi Aramco Mineral Resources (DEIMR) within the Ministry of Energy, and had majority interest in several companies that operated Industry, and Mineral Resources (MEIMR) supervises the in the mineral sector. The Government played a significant country’s mining activities, promotes investments, provides role in supporting the private mineral sector through the services, and issues mining licenses and concessions in Public Investment Fund and the Saudi Industrial Development the country. In 2015, DEIMR issued licenses for five types Fund. The major mining companies that operated in Saudi of mining activities—exploration, prospecting, quarrying Arabia included Al Masane Al Kobra Mining Co. (AMAK), for building materials, quarrying and mining for mineral Al-Ittefaq Group, Saudi Arabian Mining Co. (Ma’aden), and commodities not used in construction, and small-scale mining. Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC) as well as more than The mining investment code allows the granting of mining 15 private cement companies. Table 2 is a list of mineral rights to other corporations and individuals and transferring production facilities. them to other persons with technical and financial competence At the end of 2015, Ma’aden was owned by the Public and expertise. In 2015, the DEIMR issued 2,031 mining Investment Fund (50%), the General Organization for Social licenses—1,355 for quarrying of building materials; 517 for Insurance (8%), the Public Pension Agency (7.45%), and exploration; 87 for quarrying and mining of copper, gold, private investors (34.55%). Ma’aden was listed on the Saudi and zinc ores, and such industrial minerals as clay, dolomite, Stock Exchange following partial privatization in 2008. The iron, and schist; and 72 for small mines—and 1 prospecting company produced, through its subsidiaries, aluminum, alumina, license. The MEIMR managed the petroleum sector in the ammonia, copper, gold, kaolin, magnesite, metallurgical and country through the Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) nonmetallurgical bauxite, phosphate rock and phosphate- and its subsidiaries (International Mining, 2012; Saudi Arabian based fertilizers, and zinc. Ma’aden subsidiaries included

SAUDI ARABIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 60.1 three wholly owned companies—Ma’aden Infrastructure Co. fuel oil ($101 million), and precious metals (other than gold) (MIC), Ma’aden Industrial Minerals Co. (IMC), and Ma’aden ($41 million) (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016a). Gold and Base Metals Co. (MGBM). Ma’aden Aluminium The value of Saudi Arabia’s imports decreased by 2% to Co. (MAC), Ma’aden Bauxite and Alumina Co. (MBAC), $164 billion in 2015 from $168 billion in 2014. Gold imports and Ma’aden Rolling Co. (MRC) were joint ventures of were valued at about $5.1 billion in 2015 compared with Ma’aden (74.9%) and Alcoa Inc. of the United States (25.1%). $4.6 billion in 2014. In 2015, Saudi Arabia was the world’s Ma’aden Phosphate Co. (MPC) was a joint venture of seventh-ranked net importer of steel products; it imported more Ma’aden (70%) and SABIC (30%). Ma’aden Wa’ad Al- than 6.4 Mt of steel products (United Nations, 2016; World Steel Shamal Phosphate Co. (MWSPC) was a joint venture of Association, 2016, p. 27). Ma’aden (60%), Mosaic Co. of the United States (25%), and Saudi Arabia’s imports from the United States increased SABIC (15%). Ma’aden Barrick Copper Co. (MBCC) was slightly to $19.7 billion in 2015 from about $18.7 billion in 2014. a 50–50 joint venture of Ma’aden and Barrick Gold Corp. of The main minerals and mineral-related imports categories were Canada (table 2; Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 14, 34, 48). drilling and oilfield equipment ($378 million), finished metal shapes ($208 million), excavation machinery ($138 million), Mineral Trade petroleum products ($135 million), iron and steel products ($123 million), steelmaking materials ($50 million), aluminum In 2015, the value of Saudi Arabia’s total exports decreased and alumina ($15 million), and fertilizers ($12 million) considerably by 41% to $202 billion from $342 billion in 2014 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016b). and by 46% from $376 billion in 2013. The sharp decrease in the value of exports in 2015 was attributed to the decrease Commodity Review in crude petroleum prices on world markets, which averaged for Saudi Arabia $49.85 per barrel in 2015 compared with Metals $97.18 per barrel in 2014 and $110.22 per barrel in 2012. Saudi Arabia’s crude petroleum exports decreased to Bauxite and Alumina, and Aluminum.—In May 2014, $130 billion in 2015 from $251 billion in 2014 and $294 billion MBAC began producing metallurgical bauxite for use in in 2013 (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, aluminum production from the Al Ba’itha Mine and, in June, 2016, p. 86; United Nations, 2016). the company produced the country’s first can sheet coil at the Saudi Arabia crude petroleum exports averaged 7.2 million Ras Al Khair rolling mill from Saudi-mined bauxite. In 2015, barrels per day (Mbbl/d) in 2014 and 2015 compared with MBAC produced about 1.15 Mt of bauxite and was planning to 7.6 Mbbl/d in 2013. The majority of Saudi Arabia’s crude increase its output by 5% annually through 2018. The Al Ba’itha petroleum exports went to Asia and the Pacific (64%), bauxite mine, which was in Qassim Province, was located North America (17%), Europe (12%), the Middle East (4%), about 600 kilometers (km) northwest of the aluminum smelter Africa (2%), and Latin America (1%). Refined petroleum at Ras Al Khair. At the end of 2015, the Al Ba’itha Mine’s total products exports increased to about 1.15 Mbbl/d in 2015 measured, indicated, and inferred mineral resources at a cutoff from 988,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2014. Saudi Arabia’s grade of 40% total available alumina (TAA) were 253.4 Mt refined petroleum products were shipped to Asia and the grading 49.9% TAA, and proven and probable reserves at a Pacific (50%), Africa and the Middle East (17% each), and cutoff rate of 40% TAA were 212 Mt grading 49.4% TAA. Europe (16%). In 2015, Ma’aden’s mineral exports included Bauxite ore was crushed at the Al Ba’itha Mine and transported about 2.6 million metric tons (Mt) of diammonium phosphate by rail to the alumina refinery in Ras Al Khair, where it was (DAP), which was received mainly by India and by countries slurried with a solution of caustic soda (NaOH) and alumina in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia; 611,000 metric (Al2O3) was separated and removed (Arab News, 2015; tons (t) of aluminum, which was shipped to countries in Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 54, 55, 69, 121). Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and In December 2014, MBAC commissioned the Ras Al Khair North America; 461,000 t of ammonia, which went to India alumina refinery, which had a nameplate capacity of 1.8 million and countries in East Asia; 33,000 t of unspecified industrial metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of alumina. The first full year of minerals, which went to countries in Africa, Asia and the output was 846,000 t of alumina. The Ras Al Khair refinery, Pacific, and Europe; and 5,100 kilograms (kg) of gold, which which was the largest alumina refinery in the Middle East and was shipped to Singapore and Switzerland (Organization of North Africa region in terms of capacity, supplied alumina for the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2016, p. 8, 49, 51, 52, 55; the MAC aluminum smelter and MRC rolling mill (table 2; Saudi Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 98). Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 71; 2017). Saudi Arabia’s exports to the United States decreased by MAC increased its output of primary aluminum by 27% to 53% to $22.1 billion in 2015 from $47.0 billion in 2014 and 839,000 t in 2015 from 662,000 t in 2014. MRC, which was one by 60% from $55.7 billion in 2012. The decrease was mainly of the three operating companies at MAC, produced 59,000 t of attributed to the decrease in crude petroleum exports, which flat-rolled aluminum products for the first time in 2015 (Saudi were valued at about $20.4 billion in 2015 compared with Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 71). $44.9 billion in 2014 and $54 billion in 2012. Other mineral- Copper and Zinc.—AMAK, which was a joint venture of related exports categories from Saudi Arabia to the United States local investors (50%), Trecora Resources of the United States included chemicals ($271 million), fertilizers ($183 million), (35%), and Arab Mining Co. of (15%), produced copper, aluminum ($177 million), petroleum products ($136 million), gold, silver, and zinc at the Al Masane Mine, which is located

60.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 in Province. In 2015, the Al Masane Mine’s output of its gold production after the commissioning of the Ad Duwayhi copper in concentrate increased to 56,126 t from 43,390 t in Mine in October 2015. The Ad Duwayhi Mine, which is 2014, and zinc output decreased to 37,513 t from 41,804 t in 2014. located in Makkah Province, was expected to account for By the end of June 2015, Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC)- 43% of MGBM’s gold production over the next 5 years. JORC- compliant resources at the mine were estimated to be 8.3 Mt. The compliant reserves at the mine increased by 13% in 2015; these mine was operating for 3 years and it was expected to be mined were estimated to be 23.8 Mt grading 2.75 grams per ton (g/t) for another 10 years (table 1; Trecora Resources, 2016). gold at a cutoff grade of 0.68 g/t gold (Saudi Arabian Mining Co., In 2014, Ma’aden and Barrick Gold signed an agreement to 2016a, p. 12, 55, 58, 73–74, 99). create a 50–50 joint venture company to develop the copper JORC-compliant estimates of gold resources in the Central deposit at the Jabal Sayid, which is located 350 km northeast Arabian gold region of Saudi Arabia, which included the of . The Jabal Sayid deposit was estimated to have about country’s operating gold mines, were about 272 Mt grading 630,000 t of contained copper in measured and indicated copper between 0.82 and 8.14 g/t gold. Ma’aden’s Mansourah-Massarah resources. The company began precommercial production in gold project was part of the development in the Central Arabian late 2015 and expected to ship its first copper concentrate in gold region in 2015 where a prefeasibility study revealed a early 2016. The Jabal Sayid Mine was expected to ramp up deposit containing a total resource of 90.5 Mt at an average production in 2017 and 2018. At full production, the mine was grade of 1.87 g/t gold at a cutoff grade of 0.8 g/t gold. MGBM expected to produce 165,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of carried out a feasibility study for the project in 2015. The study copper concentrate (44,000 t/yr of copper). In addition to was expected to be completed in 2016 (Saudi Arabian Mining Co., copper, the Jabal Sayid project was expected to produce 2016a, p. 58, 73). unspecified quantities of cobalt, lead, nickel, silver, sulfur, Iron and Steel.—In 2015, Saudi Arabia’s crude steel and and zinc. The project’s mining license permitted further DRI output was mainly produced by Saudi Iron and Steel Co. mining exploration in the surrounding licensed area, aiming (Hadeed), which was a wholly owned subsidiary of SABIC, and to extend the mine’s life, which was estimated to be 17 years Al-Ittefaq Steel Products Co. (ISPC), which was a subsidiary (Barrick Gold Corp., 2015; Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, of Al-Ittefaq Group. Output of DRI decreased by about 10% to p. 54, 75; 2016b, c). 5.80 Mt from 6.46 Mt in 2015. Crude steel production decreased The Khnaiguiyah Mining Co. LLC (KMC) was a joint by about 17% to 5.23 Mt from 6.29 Mt in 2014. Hadeed has the venture of Alara Resources Ltd. of Australia (50%) and the capacity to produce 5.5 Mt/yr of DRI at its five plants, which United Arabian Mining Co. (Manajem) (50%) to develop copper are located in . Direct Reduction Iron Co. Ltd., which was a and zinc deposits at the Khnaiguiyah deposit, which is located subsidiary of ISPC, operated two DRI plants (I and II) in 200 km west of . KMC completed a definitive feasibility . The plants have the combined capacity to produce study (DFS) for the Khnaiguiyah copper-zinc deposit in 2013. 2.0 Mt/yr of DRI (Al-Ittefaq Steel Products Co., 2016; Midrex The DFS established the financial and technical feasibility Technologies Inc., 2016, p. 11; Saudi Basic Industries Corp., 2016). for producing 2 Mt/yr of copper and zinc ores for 13 years. ISPC was the leading private steel producer in Saudi Arabia. Production was expected to begin in the fourth quarter of The company comprised Al Faisal Steel Products Co., Arab 2015 at a rate of 5,800 t/yr of copper and 80,000 t/yr of zinc in Steel Co., Direct Reduction Iron Co. Ltd., Metal Recycling concentrate but the development of the project was postponed Mill, National Steel Co., and Tauwarqi Energy, all of which are indefinitely owing to the cancellation of the mining license by located in Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia. ISPC produced the Government in December 2015. The cancellation came billet, DRI, reinforced steel bar, and other semifinished and after Manajem, which was the mining permit holder, asked finished steel products. The company was building a 2.5-Mt/yr the DEIMR to stop the transfer of the mining permit to the iron pelletization plant at its complex in Dammam (Al-Ittefaq joint-venture company in 2014. JORC-compliant proven and Steel Products Co., 2016). probable ore reserves were estimated to be 26.08 Mt grading Titanium.—Construction of the new titanium plant at 0.24% copper and 3.3% zinc. The JORC-compliant measured Industrial City on the coast in western Saudi Arabia and indicated resource in domains 1 (zinc) and 2 (copper-zinc) continued in 2015. The plant was owned by a joint venture of at cutoff grades of 0.17% copper and 1.5% zinc were 25.32 Mt Toho Titanium Co. of Japan (35%), National Industrialization grading 0.17% copper and 4.03% zinc. The JORC-compliant Co. (Tasnee) (32.5%), and National Titanium Dioxide Co. measured and indicated resource of domain 3 (copper) was Ltd. (Cristal) (32.5%). The plant was expected to use imported

8.53 Mt grading 0.64% copper (Alara Resources Ltd., 2016a–c). titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) supplied by Cristal as feedstock Gold.—MGBM operated five gold mines in Saudi Arabia. from its eight plants, which are located in Asia, Europe, and The company mined 4.34 Mt of gold ore in 2015 compared with the Americas. The plant would have the capacity to produce 3.86 Mt in 2014 and produced 5,078 kg of gold, which was a 15,600 t/yr of titanium sponge, and was expected to start 6.3% increase compared with the 4,789 kg of gold produced in production in 2017 (Baxter, 2014, 2015; Cristal, 2014; National 2014. Most of the increase was attributed to a full year of Titanium Dioxide Co., 2016). production at the As Suq Mine, which was commissioned in March 2014. In 2015, the Bulghah Mine produced the most Industrial Minerals gold (1,677 kg), followed by the Al Amar Mine (1,369 kg), the Bauxite, Nonmetallurgical.—The quantity of the Mahd Adh-Dahab Mine (1,070 kg), the As Suq Mine (692 kg), industrial (low-grade) bauxite produced by the IMC from the and the Sukhaybarat Mine (280 kg). MGBM planned to double

SAUDI ARABIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 60.3 Az Zabirah Mine decreased by 27% to 797,000 t in 2015 from Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Co. (Safco) was a joint venture of about 1.1 Mt in 2014. The company’s total mineral resources SABIC (42.99%) and private investors (57.01%) created to of bauxite at the Az Zabirah Mine were estimated to be 192 Mt produce, process, manufacture, and market ammonia and urea and its proved and probable reserves were 22 Mt (table 1; Saudi fertilizers. In 2014, Safco acquired 50% interest in the National Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 54–55). Chemical Fertilizer Co. (Ibn Al Bitar), which produced nitrogen Cement.—Saudi Arabia’s cement output increased to 61.9 Mt fertilizers at its plant in Jubail Industrial City. In 2015, Safco in 2015 from 57.2 Mt in 2014. The Government provided completed the construction of its Safco-5 urea plant, which subsidized fuel oil and natural gas and regulated trade activities is located 100 km north of Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia. in the country to ensure a sufficient supply of cement on the Safco-5 had the capacity to produce 1.1 Mt/yr of urea. The plant domestic market. By 2018, the Saudi Arabian cement production used carbon capture technology to compress about 1,500 metric capacity was expected to increase to more than 81 Mt/yr from tons per day of raw CO2, which was then sent by pipes to 62 Mt/yr in 2014. Most of the increase would be coming manufacture urea. Safco’s total output of urea was 4,886 t in from expansion projects at Arabian Cement Co. Ltd., Eastern 2015 compared with 4,846 t in 2014 (Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Co., Province Cement Co., Qassim Cement Co., Southern Province 2016, p. 10–11). Cement Co., Tabuk Cement Co., and Yamama Cement Co. Ltd. Phosphate Rock.—Saudi Arabia holds several undeveloped Arabian Cement was adding a new line, which would increase phosphate rock deposits, which are located in the northern part capacity to 350,000 t/yr in 2017. Southern Province Cement Co., of the country. Estimates of phosphate rock measured reserves which was a majority Government-owned company, added two at the Al Amud, the Al Jalamid, the As Sanam, the Quraymiz, new 1.5-Mt/yr clinker production lines to the company’s plants the Thaniyat Turaif, and the Umm Wu’al deposits were in Bishah and Tahama in 2015. Umm Al-Qura Cement Co. was 680 Mt. In 2015, MPC produced about 4.1 Mt of phosphate building a new cement plant in Hurat Hadon, near Radwan rock at the Al Jalamid Mine and about 2.7 Mt of DAP at Ras village in Ta’if, Makkah Province. The plant would have the Al Khair Industrial City. MWSPC continued the development capacity to produce 1.98 Mt/yr of clinker and 2.22 Mt/yr of of the Wa’ad Al Shamal phosphate rock and phosphate-based- cement by the first quarter of 2016. The slowdown in the fertilizer project. The project, which is located about 150 km level of construction sector activity in Saudi Arabia resulted east of Turaif in northern Saudi Arabia, included the Al Khabra in decreased demand for cement in the country, which in turn phosphate rock mine and six phosphate manufacturing plants; led to the high quantity of the clinker inventory, which was it was expected to have the capacity to produce 15 Mt/yr estimated to be 22.8 Mt at the end of 2015 (table 2; International of phosphate rock and phosphate-based fertilizer, including Cement Review, 2015, p. 295–298; Aljazira Capital, 2016). 3 Mt/yr of DAP and 440,000 t/yr of other downstream products. Clay (Kaolin).—IMC was the sole producer of kaolin in Production of ammonia, DAP, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric Saudi Arabia at its Az Zabirah Mine. In 2015, IMC’s output of acid was expected to start in 2017 (Saudi Arabian Mining Co., kaolin increased by 45% to 120,000 t. At the end of 2015, the 2016a, p. 13, 62–63; Jasinski, 2017). company’s total mineral resources of kaolin at the Az Zabirah Mine were 194 Mt and its proven and probable reserves were Mineral Fuels 3.6 Mt (table 1; Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 54−55). Natural Gas.—In 2015, Saudi Arabia produced 106.4 Lime.—Astra Mining produced hydrated lime and quicklime billion cubic meters of dry natural gas compared with a revised at its plant in Al Kharj Industrial City, which is located 100 km 102.4 million cubic meters in 2014. Natural gas production southeast of Riyadh. The company was owned by Astra in the country came from both onshore and offshore fields. Industrial Group (60%) and Tharawat Holding (40%). Astra Offshore gasfields (including the Arabiyah, Hasbah, and Karan started lime production in 2013 and was expected to complete fields) and onshore natural gasfields were associated with phase 1 expansion at its plant in 2016; it would have the major Saudi crude petroleum fields, including the Ghawar, capacity to produce 66,000 t/yr of hydrated lime and 99,000 t/yr the Safaniya, and the Zuluf fields. Saudi Arabia has been of quicklime (Astra Mining, 2016). gradually increasing its output of natural gas in recent years and Magnesium Compounds (Magnesite).—The output of planned to double it in the next decade (BP p.l.c., 2016, p. 22; caustic calcined magnesia by ICM from its Al Ghazalah Mine Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2016a, p. 22). was 37,000 t in 2015 compared with 36,000 t in 2014. The IMC In October 2015, Saudi Aramco completed the construction total mineral resources of magnesite at the Al Ghazalah Mine of the Wasit Gas Plant, which is located in Jubail Industrial were estimated to be 2.84 Mt and the estimates of proven and City, and started processing natural gas fed from two offshore probable reserves were 2.32 Mt. The ICM planned to develop gasfields near the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. The plant has the Zarghat magnesite deposit, which is located in north-central the capacity to process about 27.8 billion cubic meters per year Saudi Arabia (table 1; Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 54−55). of nonassociated natural gas and about 88 million barrels per Nitrogen.—Ma’aden produced ammonia at its plant in Ras year of natural gas liquids. Saudi Aramco continued building Al Khair for use in the manufacturing of DAP and for direct the Midyan gas plant in the Tabuk region in northwestern sales. The company produced 1.1 Mt of ammonia in 2014 and Saudi Arabia. The plant was expected to commence production in 2015. Production of DAP fertilizer increased by 15% to about by yearend 2016 and would have the capacity to produce 2.6 Mt in 2015 from 2.3 Mt in 2014. The increase was attributed 2.1 million cubic meters per day of nonassociated natural gas to ramping up production to reach full capacity of 3 Mt/yr and 4,500 bbl/d of condensate. Saudi Aramco planned to build (Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, p. 63).

60.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 the Fadhili Gas Plant, which would be located 30 km west of in Saudi Arabia is expected to expand, both in the number Jubail in the Eastern Province. The plant would process natural of mineral commodities being produced, such as secondary gas from offshore and onshore fields to produce 70.8 million aluminum and titanium sponge, and in the output of such metal cubic meters per day of natural gas by 2019, and would be commodities as alumina, aluminum, copper, gold, crude steel, able to recover 99.9% of the sulfur contained in the natural gas and zinc, as well as in such industrial minerals as nitrogen, (Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2016a, p. 22, 59) phosphate rock and phosphate-based fertilizers, and sulfur. Petroleum.—Saudi Arabia’s output of crude petroleum Several cement plants are expected to idle some of their kilns in increased to 10.2 Mbbl/d in 2015 from 9.5 Mbbl/d in 2014. 2016 owing to high clinker inventories at many of the country’s Saudi Aramco’s strategy in 2015 continued to focus on cement plants as a large share of the cement production would maintaining 12 Mbbl/d of petroleum-production capacity and be from the grinding of stockpiled clinker (Aljazira Capital, increasing nonassociated natural gas processing capacity by 2016, p. 4; International Monetary Fund, 2015, p. 39). more than 142 million cubic meters per day (5 billion cubic feet per day) by 2019 from 329 million cubic meters per day in 2015 References Cited (11.6 billion cubic feet per day) (Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2015; Alara Resources Ltd., 2016a, JORC mineral reserves and resources: Alara 2016a, p. 8, 15, 23, 94–95). Resources Ltd. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at http://www.alararesources.com. Production at the offshore Manifa oilfield continued at au/irm/content/jorc-mineral-reserves-and-resources.aspx?RID=323.) 0.9-Mbbl/d capacity in 2015. Saudi Aramco was working on Alara Resources Ltd., 2016b, Project updates: Alara Resources Ltd., October 25. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at http://www.alararesources.com/irm/ increasing Arabian Light crude petroleum production at the PDF/2297/ProjectUpdates.) Shaybah oilfield, which is located about 40 km off the northern Alara Resources Ltd., 2016c, Saudi Arabia project—Khnaiguiyah edge of the Rub’ Al Khali, by 250,000 bbl/d to 1 Mbbl/d. zinc-copper: Alara Resources Ltd. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at The project was expected to be completed by the first half http://www.alararesources.com.au/irm/content/saudi-arabia-project- khnaiguiyah-zinc-copper.aspx?RID=291.) of 2016. Saudi Aramco was also building a new natural gas Al-Ittefaq Steel Products Co., 2016, Overview: Al-Ittefaq Steel Products Co. liquids recovery plant at Shaybah, which was expected to begin (Accessed February 3, 2016, at http://www.ispc.com.sa/About-Us/Overview.) production in 2015 (Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2016a, p. 19, 21–22). Aljazira Capital, 2016, Saudi Cement Sector—2016 outlook: Aljazira Capital, In 2015, Saudi Aramco had nine domestic refineries with May, 7 p. (Accessed November 8, 2016, at http://www.aljaziracapital.com.sa/ report_file/ess/SEC-319.pdf.) a combined capacity of 2.9 Mbbl/d. Saudi Aramco produced Apodaca, L.E., 2017a, Nitrogen (fixed)—Ammonia: U.S. Geological Survey refined petroleum products through its four wholly owned Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017, p. 118−119. subsidiaries in Jeddah, , Riyadh, and Yanbu and five Apodaca, L.E., 2017b, Sulfur: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity joint ventures with major international oil companies. The five Summaries 2017, p. 162−163. Arab News, 2015, Ma’aden, Alcoa aluminum smelter output to top initial joint ventures were Rabigh Refining and Petrochemical Co. target this year: Arab News, May 13. (Accessed April 8, 2016, at (Petro Rabigh) [Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical Co. of http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/746026.) Japan (37.5% each) and private investors (25%)]; Saudi Aramco Astra Mining, 2016, Astra milestones: Astra Mining. (Accessed November 1, 2016, Mobil Refining Co. Ltd. (SAMREF) [Saudi Aramco (50%) and at http://www.astramining.sa/index.php/about-2/milestones.) Barrick Gold Corp., 2015, Operations—Saudi Arabia—Jabal Sayid: Barrick Mobil Yanbu Refining Co. Inc., a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil Gold Corp. (Accessed January 13, 2015, at http://www.barrick.com/ Corp. of the United States (50%)]; Saudi Aramco Shell Refining operations/jabal-sayid/default.aspx.) Co. (SASREF) [Saudi Aramco (50%) and Shell Saudi Arabia Baxter, Kevin, 2014, Tasnee, Cristal and Toho plan $420m titanium Refining Ltd. (50%)]; Saudi Aramco Total Refining and plant in Yanbu: MEED, January 26. (Accessed March 11, 2015, at http://www.meed.com/sectors/industry/metals-and-mining/tasnee-cristal-and- Petrochemical Co. (SATORP) [Saudi Aramco (62.5%) and toho-plan-420m-titanium-plant-in-yanbu/3188695.article.) Total S.A. of France (37.5%)]; and Yanbu Aramco Sinopec Baxter, Kevin, 2015, Tasnee awards titanium plant: MEED, April 27. (Accessed Refining Co. Ltd. (YASREF) [Saudi Aramco (62.5%) and China February 1, 2016, at http://www.meed.com/sectors/petrochemicals/ Petrochemical Corp. (SINOPEC) (37.5%)] (Saudi Arabian Oil tasnee-awards-titanium-plant/3208673.article.) BP p.l.c., 2016, BP statistical review of world energy—June 2016: London, Co., 2016a, p. 96). United Kingdom, BP p.l.c., 45 p. (Accessed November 5, 2016, at In 2015, Saudi Aramco continued construction at the Jazan http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical- refinery and terminal project at Jazan Economic City in review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-full-report.pdf.) the southwest. The project was designed to build a General Authority of Statistics, 2016, Statistical yearbook of 2015— Industry: General Authority of Statistics. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at 400,000-bbl/d-capacity refinery capable of processing Arabian http://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/all/modules/pubdlcnt/pubdlcnt.php?file=http:// Heavy and Medium crude petroleum and an integrated www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/Table12-10.xls&nid=7904.) gasification combined cycle (IGCC) powerplant, which would International Cement Review, 2015, Saudi Arabia, in The global cement review have 4,000 megawatts of generating capacity. The completion (11th ed.): Dorking, United Kingdom, International Cement Review, p. 195–198. International Mining, 2012, Mining in the oil kingdom: International Mining, of the Jazan refinery and the IGCC powerplant was expected in August, p. 150−156. (Accessed March 20, 2017, at http://www.saudi-mining.com/ 2018 (table 2; Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2016a, p. 13, 31; 2016b). images/uploads/documents/Mining_Report.pdf.) International Monetary Fund, 2015, Saudi Arabia—2015 article IV consultation: Outlook International Monetary Fund Country Report 15/251, September, 59 p. (Accessed February 1, 2016, at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ Saudi Arabia’s GDP growth is expected to decrease to 2.4% scr/2015/cr15251.pdf.) in 2016 owing to the continued low crude petroleum prices on Jasinski, S.M., 2017, Phosphate rock: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017, p. 124−125. international markets. The Government is expected to continue Midrex Technologies Inc., 2016, World DRI statistics 2015: Midrex Technologies its efforts of attracting foreign direct investment to develop Inc., June 30, 15 p. (Accessed November 2, 2016, at http://midrex.com/assets/ the country’s untapped mineral resources. The mineral sector user/news/MidrexStatsBook2015.pdf.)

SAUDI ARABIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 60.5 Ministry of Energy, Industry, and Mineral Resources, 2016, The Ministry’s Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2016b, Jazan refinery and terminal: Saudi Arabian Oil Co. objectives: Ministry of Energy, Industry, and Mineral Resources. (Accessed (Accessed January 29, 2016, at http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home/ November 5, 2016, at http://www.mopm.gov.sa/arabic/ministry/Pages/ our-business/maximising-value/domestic-refining-and-chemicals.html.) ministryobjectives.aspx.) Saudi Basic Industries Corp., 2016, Products—Metals: Saudi Basic Industries National Titanium Dioxide Co., 2014, Cristal and Tasnee announce joint Corp. (Accessed October 25, 2016, at http://www.sabic.com/corporate/en/ venture with Toho: National Titanium Dioxide Co., January 22. (Accessed productsandservices/metals/.) November 28, 2017, at http://www.cristal.com/news-room/news/Pages/ Trecora Resources, 2016, Al Masane Al Kobra Mining Co.: Trecora Resources. Cristal-and-Tasnee-Announce-Joint-Venture-with-Toho-.aspx.) (Accessed February 4, 2016, at http://www.trecora.com/subsidiaries/ National Titanium Dioxide Co., 2016, About Cristal: National Titanium Dioxide al-masane-al-kobra-mining-co.) Co. (Accessed November 2, 2016, at http://www.cristal.com/about-us/Pages/ United Nations, 2016, Country profile—Saudi Arabia: United Nations Comtrade default.aspx.) Database. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at http://comtrade.un.org/pb/ Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2016, Annual statistics FileFetch.aspx?docID=6241&type=country%20pages.) bulletin—2016: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, U.S. Census Bureau, 2016a, U.S. exports to Saudi Arabia from 2006 to 2015 125 p. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at http://www.opec.org/opec_web/ by 5-digit end-use code: U.S. Census Bureau. (Accessed October 20, 2016, static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/ASB2016.pdf.) at https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/enduse/exports/ Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Co., 2016, Annual report 2015: Saudi Arabian Fertilizer c5170.html.) Co., 59 p. (Accessed November 2, 2016, at http://www.safco.com.sa/system/ U.S. Census Bureau, 2016b, U.S. imports from Saudi Arabia from 2006 to 2015 aspx/ImageHandler.aspx?file=/en/images/safco-annual-report-2015.pdf.) by 5-digit end-use code: U.S. Census Bureau. (Accessed October 20, 2016, Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016a, Annual report 2015: Saudi Arabian Mining at https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/enduse/imports/ Co., 179 p. (Accessed November 9, 2016, at http://www.maaden.com.sa/ c5170.html.) download/2014-Annual-Report-En.pdf.) U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016a, Saudi Arabia: U.S. Energy Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016b, Ma’aden at glance: Saudi Arabian Mining Co. Information Administration Country Analysis Brief, September 10. (Accessed October 13, 2016, at http://www.maaden.com.sa/en/about/glance.) (Accessed January 20, 2017, at https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/ Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2016c, Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Maaden) country.cfm?iso=SAU.) announces the beginning of commercial production at Jabal Sayid U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016b, Total petroleum and other copper mine of its affiliate Madden Barrick Copper Company (MCC): liquids production 2015: U.S. Energy Information Administration. (Accessed Saudi Arabian Mining Co. press release, June 30. (Accessed June 30, 2016, at November 9, 2016, at https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/rankings/ https://www.maaden.com.sa/en/news_details/302.) index.cfm#?iso=SAU&cy=2015.) Saudi Arabian Mining Co., 2017, Aluminium: Saudi Arabian Mining Co. van Oss, H.G., 2017, Cement: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity (Accessed November 28, 2017, at https://www.maaden.com.sa/en/ Summaries 2017, p. 44−45. business/aluminium.) World Bank, The, 2016, Gross domestic products ranking table: The World Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 2016, Fifty second annual report 1437H (2016): Bank. (Accessed November 5, 2016, at http://data.worldbank.org/ Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, 168 p. (Accessed March 20, 2017, at data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table.) http://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/EconomicReports/AnnualReport/Fifty%20 World Steel Association, 2016, World steel in figures 2016: Second%20Annual%20Report.pdf.) World Steel Association, 30 p. (Accessed November 2, 2016, at Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2015, Annual review 2014: Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 88 p. http://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:1568363d-f735-4c2c-a1da- (Accessed January 12, 2016, at http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/dam/ e5172d8341dd/World+Steel+in+Figures+2016.pdf.) Publications/annual-review/2014/AR-2014-SaudiAramco-English-full.pdf.) Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 2016a, Annual review 2015: Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 88 p. (Accessed November 28, 2017, at http://www.saudiaramco.com/content/dam/ Publications/annual-review/2015/English/AR-2015-SaudiAramco-English- full.pdf.)

TABLE 1 SAUDI ARABIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 METALS Alumina ------846 Aluminum, primary -- -- 187 662 r 839 Bauxite, metallurgical -- -- 1,044 r 1,096 r 1,148 Copper, mine, concentrate: Gross weight metric tons 1,954 17,639 41,332 43,390 56,126 Cu content (25%) do. 490 4,400 10,000 11,000 14,000 Gold, mine kilograms 4,612 5,215 4,655 4,954 r 5,078 Iron and steel: Direct-reduced iron 5,810 5,660 6,070 6,460 5,800 Ferroalloys 212 196 196 196 200 Iron sand, gross weight 578 897 644 676 708 Steel, crude 5,275 5,203 5,471 6,291 5,229 Lead, Pb content of concentrate metric tons 543 r 396 r -- r -- r -- Silver, mine kilograms 5,839 5,212 4,655 4,888 5,530 Zinc, Zn content of concentrate metric tons 4,934 21,213 39,813 41,804 37,513 See footnotes at end of table.

60.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 1—Continued SAUDI ARABIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Barite 32 32 30 32 43 Bauxite, nonmetallurgical 634 835 934 1,086 r 797 Cement, hydraulic 48,450 53,332 56,238 57,223 61,900 Clay: Common clay 6,090 8,300 6,880 7,220 7,650 Kaolin 65 137 101 83 r 120 Feldspar 44 227 160 168 176 Gypsum 2,205 1,700 1,700 1,780 1,860 Limestone (for cement) 48,038 48,615 56,700 59,500 62,300 Magnesite 159 57 30 36 37 Nitrogen: N content of ammonia 3,100 3,250 3,185 3,600 r 4,100 N content of urea 1,700 1,600 1,560 2,229 r 2,248 Phosphate rock, gross weight -- -- 3,262 3,425 4,100

P2O5 content (32%) -- -- 1,044 1,096 1,312 Diammonium phosphate 650 1,800 1,821 2,301 2,656 Salt 1,890 1,611 1,900 1,990 2,080 Stone: Dolomite 612 153 181 190 199 Granite 1,155 834 1,100 1,155 1,210 Gravel 291,000 300,000 300,000 315,000 330,000 Limestone 269 484 1200 1260 1,320 Marble: Blocks 50 25 11 12 219 For industrial use 1,575 1,300 3,000 3,150 3,300 Pozzolan and scoria 961 941 460 480 500 Pyrophyllite 25 8 6 7 8 Sand 27,300 30,000 29,000 30,400 31,800 Schist 633 683 650 680 710 Silica sand 861 1,270 1,160 1,210 1,260 Sulfur, byproduct, hydrocarbon processing 4,579 4,092 3,900 4,400 4,900 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Natural gas: Gross million cubic meters 102,000 111,220 114,120 116,841 119,943 Dry do. 92,300 r 99,300 100,000 102,400 r 106,400 Ethane do. 8,198 r 8,799 r 8,231 r 8,365 r 8,210 Petroleum: Crude million 42-gallon barrels 3,398 3,564 3,518 3,545 3,708 Natural gas liquids: Propane do. 175 189 177 181 181 Butane do. 114 123 114 120 120 Condensate do. 93 82 87 84 83 Natural gasoline and other do. 78 89 78 87 91 Refinery products: Liquefied petroleum gases thousand 42-gallon barrels 11,970 11,250 13,860 16,170 16,758 Gasoline do. 142,580 145,489 134,685 160,928 179,901 Kerosene do. 60,736 59,460 77,320 77,307 76,954 Naphtha do. 62,120 64,180 58,650 70,270 68,770 Distillate fuel oil do. 229,402 234,120 219,766 274,845 351,471 Residual fuel oil do. 152,168 168,380 166,200 175,680 163,676 Asphalt do. 18,720 17,690 19,600 20,060 21,596 Coke do. ------8,570 26,821 Total do. 677,696 700,569 690,081 803,830 905,947 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through April 5, 2018. 2In addition to the commodities listed, carbon black, lime, and methanol were produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.

SAUDI ARABIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 60.7 TABLE 2 SAUDI ARABIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies Annual Commodity and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Aluminum Ma’aden Aluminium Co. (MAC) [Saudi Arabian Mining Ras Al Khair, 90 kilometers 760 Co. (Ma’aden), 74.9%, and Alcoa Inc., 25.1%] northwest of Jubail Bauxite, metallurgical Ma’aden Bauxite and Alumina Co. (MBAC) Al Ba’itha, Qassim Province 2,000 [Saudi Arabian Mining Co. (Ma’aden), 74.9%, and Alcoa Inc., 25.1%] Bauxite, nonmetallurgical Ma’aden Industrial Minerals Co. (IMC) [Saudi Arabian Az Zabirah, Ha’il Province 1,100 Mining Co. (Ma’aden), 100%] Cement: Gray portland Al Jouf Cement Co. Plant at Al Jouf, South of Turaif 3,500 Do. Arabian Cement Co. Ltd. Plant at Rabigh 4,800 Do. Eastern Province Cement Co. Plant at Al Khursaniyah 3,500 Do. Hail Cement Co. Plant at Trubah, Ha’il Province 1,800 Do. Najran Cement Co. Grinding mill at Aakfa, 2,000 Do. do. Plant at Al Mundfin, Najran Province 4,100 Do. Northern Region Cement Co. Plant at Turaif, Northern Border 1,700 Do. Qassim Cement Co. Jal al Watah, north of Buraydah 4,400 Do. Riyadh Cement Co. Plant, 30 kilometers southwest of Riyadh 3,800 Do. Saudi Cement Co. Plant at Al , 120 kilometers 9,700 southwest of Dammam Do. Southern Province Cement Co. (Government, 52%) Plant at Suq Al Ahad, Jazan 2,300 Do. do. Plant at Bishah, southeast Jeddah 2,000 Do. do. Plant at Tahama 5,000 Do. Tabuk Cement Co. Plant at Tabuk 1,200 Do. Yamama Cement Co. Ltd. Plant at Riyadh 6,300 Do. Yanbu Cement Co. Plant at Yanbu, Al Madinah Province 9,000 White Al-Gharbiah Cement Factory Plant at Jeddah 120 Do. Northern Region Cement Co. Plant at Arar, Northern Borders Province 850 Do. Saudi White Cement Co. Plant 30 kilometers southwest of Riyadh 200 Clay, kaolin Ma’aden Industrial Minerals Co. (IMC) [Saudi Arabian Az Zabirah, Ha’il Province 120 Mining Co. (Ma’aden)] Copper in concentrate metric tons Ma’aden Gold and Base Metals Co. (MGBM) [Saudi Al Amar Mine, Ar , 1,000 Arabian Mining Co. (Ma’aden)] and Mahd Adh-Dahab Mine, Al Madinah Province Do. do. Al Masane Al Kobra Mining Co. (AMAK) (local Al Masane Mine, Najran Province 10,000 investors, 50%; Trecora Resources, 35%; Arab Mining Co., 15%) Gold kilograms Ma’aden Gold and Base Metals Co. (MGBM) [Saudi Al Amar Mine, Ar Riyadh Province; 8,000 Arabian Mining Co. (Ma’aden)] Al-Hajar Mine, Asir Province; As Suq Mine, Makkah Province; Bulghah Mine, Al Madinah Province; Mahd Adh-Dahab Mine, Al Madinah Province; Sukhaybarat Mine, Al Madinah Province Iron and steel: Iron, direct-reduced Saudi Iron and Steel Co. (Hadeed) [Saudi Basic Plants A, B, C, D, and E, Jubail, Eastern 5,500 Industries Corp. (SABIC), 100%] Province Do. Direct Reduction Iron Co. Ltd. (Al-Ittefaq Group, Plants I and II, Dammam, Eastern 2,000 100%) Province Steel, crude National Steel Co. (Al-Ittefaq Group, 100%) Plant at Dammam, Eastern Province 800 Do. Saudi Iron and Steel Co. (Hadeed) [Saudi Basic Plants at Jubail, Eastern Province 5,500 Industries Corp. (SABIC), 100%] See footnotes at end of table.

60.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 2—Continued SAUDI ARABIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies Annual Commodity and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Lime: Hydrated Astra Mining (Astra Industrial Group, 60%, and Tharawat Al Kharj Industrial City 66 Holding, 40%) Do. Saudi Lime Industries Co. Riyadh 100 Quicklime Astra Mining (Astra Industrial Group, 60%, and Tharawat Al Kharj Industrial City 99 Holding, 40%) Do. Saudi Lime Industries Co. Riyadh 400 Magnesium: Magnesite ore Ma’aden Industrial Minerals Co. (IMC) [Saudi Arabian Mine at Al Ghazalah, Al Madinah 79 Mining Co. (Ma’aden)] Province Magnesia, caustic do. Processing plant, Al-Madinah 39 calcined Al-Munawwara Industrial City Natural gas, gross Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) (Government, Ghawar field 75,000 100%) Do. do. Karan field 5,000 Do. do. Safaniya field 10,000 Do. do. Zuluf field 10,000 Nitrogen: Ammonia Ma’aden Phosphate Co. (MPC) [Saudi Arabian Mining Plant at Ras Al Khair, Jubail 2,000 Co. (Ma’aden), 70%, and Saudi Basic Industries Corp. Industrial City, Eastern Province (SABIC), 30%] Do. Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Co. (Safco) (Saudi Basic Jubail Industrial City 2,300 Industries Corp. (SABIC), 42.99%, private investors, 57.01%) Urea do. do. 5,000 Petroleum: Crude million Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) (Government, Eastern, region, and 4,500 42-gallon 100%) offshore; includes the Ghawar, barrels Hawtah, Khurais, Safaniya, and Shaybah fields Refined products do. Jeddah Oil Refinery Co. [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Jeddah 28 Aramco), 100%] Do. do. Rabigh Refining and Petrochemical Co. (PetroRabigh) Rabigh 146 [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), 37.5%; Sumitomo Chemical Co., 37.5%; private investors, 25%] Do. do. Riyadh Oil Refinery Co. [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Riyadh 46 Aramco), 100%] Do. do. Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) (Government, Ras Tanura 201 100%) Do. do. do. Yanbu, Al Madinah Province 89 Do. do. Saudi Aramco Mobil Refinery Co. Ltd. (SAMREF) do. 146 [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), 50%, and Mobil Yanbu Refining Co. Inc., 50%] Do. do. Saudi Aramco Shell Refining Co. (SASREF) Jubail, Eastern Province 110 [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), 50%, and Shell Saudi Arabia Refining Ltd., 50%] Do. do. Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petrochemical Co. do. 146 (SATORP) [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), 62.5%, and Total S.A., 37.5%] Do. do. Yanbu Aramco Sinopec Refining Co. Ltd. (YASREF) Yanbu, Al Madinah Province 146 (SATORP) [Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), 62.5%, and China Petrochemical Corp. (SINOPEC ), 37.5%] See footnotes at end of table.

SAUDI ARABIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 60.9 TABLE 2—Continued SAUDI ARABIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies Annual Commodity and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Phosphates: Ammonium phosphate Ma’aden Phosphate Co. (MPC) [Saudi Arabian Mining Plant at Ras Al Khair, Jubail 3,000 Co. (Ma’aden), 70%, and Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC), 30%] Phosphate rock do. Al Jalamid Mine, Northern Borders 6,000 region Silica sand Al-Raddadi Group , 10,000 Stone: Dolomite Saudi Lime Industries Co. Plant at Riyadh NA Do. Saudi Dolomite Co. Ltd. Mine at Al NA Granite cubic meters Red Sea Mining Co. Ltd. 11 quarries in Najran Province and 18,000 Ranyah in Makkah Province Do. do. Tanhat Mining Co. Ltd. Quarries in Jamour (1), Najran (2), 360,000 Ranyah in Makkah Province (2), Rowaidah (3), and Samakh (1) Titanium dioxide National Titanium Dioxide Co. Ltd. (Cristal) Yanbu, Al Madinah Province 100 [National Industrialization Co. (Tasnee), 79%; Gulf Investment Corp. (GIC), 20%; Al Shair Group, 1%] Zinc metric tons Ma’aden Gold and Base Metals Co. (MGBM) [Saudi Al Amar Mine, Ar Riyadh Province, 2,000 Arabian Mining Co. (Ma’aden)] and Mahd Adh-Dahab Mine, Al Madinah Province Do. do. Al Masane Al Kobra Mining Co. (AMAK) (local investors, Al Masane Mine, Najran Province 20,000 50%; Trecora Resources, 35%; Arab Mining Co., 15%) Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available.

60.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015