Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-Gaisha Tōshiba), Denumită Anterior Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K

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Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-Gaisha Tōshiba), Denumită Anterior Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba), denumită anterior Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K. (asemeni districtului Shibaura din Tokyo), este o corporație japoneză, conglomerat internațional, cu sediul în Tokyo, Japonia. Principala activitatea a companiei sunt produsele pentru utilizatori, dispozitive și componente electronice. În 2009, Toshiba a fost al cincilea producător de computere din lume, după Hewlett- Packard din SUA, Dell din SUA, Acer din Taiwan, șiLenovo din China , și al patrulea mare producător mondial de semiconductoare. În anul 2007, compania a vândut în România 35.000 de laptopuri, adjudecandu-și 10% din piața de profil. WIKIPEDIA Conceptul Dynabook Cum inovaţiile încep mai întâi cu un pic de imaginaţie, primul care şi-a imaginat posibilitatea de a crea un computer portabil a fost Alan Kay, în anul 1968. Conceptul său se numea „Dynabook” şi fusese creat cu scop educaţional, gândit drept un „manipulator de informaţii personal şi portabil” pentru copii. A fost dezvoltat în cadrul Xerox PARC şi prezentat ca atare într-o lucrare a lui Kay din 1972. Un lucru foarte interesant este faptul că Dynabook a reprezentat un punct de pornire atât pentru laptop-uri, cât şi pentru tablet PC-uri şi e-readers. The Xerox NoteTaker The Xerox NoteTaker – portabil la 22 de kilograme (?) Din păcate, Dynabook era imposibil de realizat cu tehnologiile de la vremea respectivă. Aşa că cercetătorii au fost nevoiţi să mai aştepte un timp. Aşadar, primul computer portabil din lume a fost considerat The Xerox NoteTaker, creat în 1976 tot la Xerox PARC, care a plecat de la conceptul Dynabook. Mititelul încorpora tehnologia de ultimă oră (din acele timpuri îndepărtate): un monitor monocrom integrat, floppy disk drive, mouse, 128 KB memorie RAM şi un procesor de 1 MHz, plus sistemul de operare Smalltalk. Bine, poate că „mititel” nu e tocmai un adjectiv potrivit pentru „laptop-ul” nostru, deoarece cântărea cam 22 de kilograme. În ceea ce priveşte design-ul, avea o carcasă asemănătoare cu o maşină de cusut portabilă, iar tastatura era lăsată în jos pentru a dezvălui display-ul şi floppy disk-ul. Din păcate, Xerox NoteTaker nu a ajuns niciodată pe linia de producţie, fiind realizate doar 10 prototipuri. Cu toate acestea, portabilul a influenţat forma modelelor ulterioare Osborne 1 şi Compaq Portable. Osborne 1 Osborne 1 – primul computer portabil disponibil pe piaţă Xerox NoteTaker nu şi-a putut face loc pe piaţă, însă design-ul său tip „valiză” a inspirat un alt dispozitiv de acest gen, numit Osborne 1, considerat primul computer portabil care a avut şi succes comercial. Lansat în aprilie 1981 de către Osborne Computer Corporation, costa 1795 de dolari şi cântărea cam pe jumătate cât NoteTaker, adică 10.7 kilograme. În ciuda formei sale de maşină de cusut / valiză butucănoasă (avea chiar şi un mâner pentru transport), era portabil, fiind promovat pe piaţă drept singurul computer care încape sub scaunul de avion. Din punctul de vedere al specificaţiilor tehnice, vorbim de un display monocrom de 5 inch, sistemul de operare CP/M 2.2, două floppy disk-uri, un procesor de 4 MHz Z80, memorie principală de 64 Kb şi o tastatură cu 64 de taste care servea şi drept capac pentru computer. Iniţial, nu dispunea de baterie internă, însă ulterior a fost disponibilă pe piaţă o baterie care îi oferea lui Osborne 1 o autonomie de 1 oră. Compaq Portable Compaq Portable – alt strămoş al laptop-urilor de astăzi Un alt urmaş al lui Xerox NoteTaker şi totodată un strămoş al laptop-urilor din ziua de astăzi a fost Compaq Portable, lansat în 1983, care se baza pe sistemul de operare MS-DOS şi care a avut un succes comercial mai mare decât Osborne 1. Cântărea 12.5 kg şi avea acelaşi design tip maşină de cusut / valiză, cu tastatura care servea drept capac. Sistemul venea cu o memorie de 128 KiB (suporta până la 640 KiB), două floppy disk drive-uri şi un display de 9 inch moncrom. A intrat pe piaţă cu un preţ de 3590 de dolari. Epson HX-20 Epson HX-20 – primul portabil cu dimensiunile unui laptop: doar 1.6 kg Dacă ar fi să ne luăm strict după dimensiuni şi să lăsăm de-o parte design-ul, Epson HX-20 ar putea fi considerat primul laptop din lume. A fost anunţat pentru prima dată în noiembrie 1981, dar ajuns pe piaţă ceva mai târziu, în 1983. Cam de dimensiunea unei coli A4, cântărea doar 1.6 kg, ceea ce îl făcea cu adevărat portabil, chiar şi după standardele de astărzi. Din punctul de vedere al specificaţiilor tehnice, vorbim de un display LCD de 120×30 pixeli, tastatură full-transit cu 68 de taste, baterii reîncărcabile Ni-Cd şi 16 KB memorie RAM (cu posibilitate de upgradare la 32 KB). Cu toate acestea, în zilele noastre, când ne gândim la un notebook nu vorbim numai de anumite dimensiuni, ci şi de un design caracteristic, cel asemănător unei cărţi (sau al unui caiet, la urma urmelor), cu un capac / display care se deschide pentru a dezvălui tastatura. Calculatoarele portabile cu această formă, pe care le-am considera „adevăratele” laptop-uri, au apărut tot la înceutul anilor 1980, şi merită menţionate trei modele care ar putea candida la titlul de primul laptop adevărat: Dulmont Magnum, GRiD Compass 1100 şi Galivan SC. Cititi si interviul cu Liana Mitroi – posesoarea unui model Radio Shack TRS-80 PC2 lansat comercial în 1982. Dulmont Magnum Dulmont Magnum – primul laptop australian Creat la sfârşitul anilor 1970 – începutul anilor 1980 de către Dulmison Pty Ltd, Dulmont Magnum a fost lansat pe piaţa din Australia în 1981-1982, dar a ajuns pe piaţa internaţională de abia din 1984 (unde era cunoscut drept Kookaburra –nume folosit în scopuri comerciale). Reprezintă unul dintre primele computere portabile care se bazau pe forma actuală a laptop-urilor, cu ecran închis peste tastatură, şi de asemenea unul dintre primele computere care au folosit procesorul Intel 80186 la 8 MHz. Măsura 32 cm x 27.5 cm x 5.5 cm şi cântărea 4.8 kg. Alte caracteristici ale lui Dulmont Magnum includeau o tastatură cu 76 de taste, memorie RAM între 96 KB şi 384 KB, respectiv memorie ROM între 128 KB-384 KB. Computerul se baza pe sistemul de operare MS-DOS, iar o cutie specială de expansiune permitea adăugarea unui hard disk de 10 MB. GRiD Compass GRiD Compass – primul laptop din lume GRiD Compass este în principiu considerat primul laptop din lume şi primul care a introdus tastatura clamshell. A fost proiectat în anii 1979-1980 de către designer-ul britanic Bill Moggridge, iar primul model, GRiD Compass 1101, a fost introdus pe piaţă în aprilie 1982. Din punctul de vedere al design- ului, dispunea de o carcasă din aliaj de magneziu, iar display-ul se închidea peste tastatură, ca la notebook-urile actuale. Cântărea în jur de 5 kilograme şi putea funcţiona pe baza unei baterii. Specificaţiile tehnice includeau: un display cu rezoluţie de 320 x 200 pixeli, o memorie de 384 KB, un procesor Intel 8086, un sistem de operare special numit Grid OS şi un modem care îi permitea să se conecteze la serverele centrale. Ţinând cont de preţul foare piperat, între 8000-10.000 de dolari, nu este de mirare că principalul cumpărător al acestui portabil a fost Guvernul SUA, GRiD Compass 1101 fiind utilizat de către NASA şi de Forţele Speciale americane (paraşutiştii îl puteau utiliza în timpul operaţiunilor). Una peste alta, GRiD a stabilit o mare parte din design-ul de bază al laptop-urilor actuale. Gavilan SC Gavilan SC – primul laptop vândut ca „laptop” Deşi Gavilan SC a intrat pe piaţă cu un an mai târziu decât GRiD Compass, în mai 1983, a fost primul computer portabil lansat şi vândut sub denumirea de „laptop”. Creat de Gavilan Computer Corp, avea un display LCD de 400 x 64 pixeli, se baza pe sistemul de operare MS-DOS, pe un procesor Intel 8088 la 5 MHz şi dispunea de un floppy disk drive. Cântărea doar 4 kg şi funcţiona pe baza unor baterii integrate – conform companiei, autonomia bateriilor Ni-Cd ajungea până la nouă ore. Gavilan SC dispunea şi de un dispozitiv inovator, tip touchpad, plasat deasupra tastaturii. Nu în ultimul rând, era mai accesibil ca GRid din punct de vedere al preţului, costând în jur de 4000 de dolari.(MONEY.RO) Osbourne 1 a fost primul microcomputer portabil comercial, lansat în aprilie 1981 HP a scos primul său laptop, HP 110, 3 ani mai târziu 1968 a fost anul în care s-a decis că un computer ar putea fi şi portabil. Aşa a apărut primul concept Dynabook. Conceptul se adresa iniţial copiilor. Ca şi în cazul oamenilor, Neanderthalienii laptop- urilor erau mari, urâţi şi gândeau puţin…, dar fără aceştia nu aveam laptop-urile de astăzi. De abia după 13 ani de la Dynabook urma să apară şi primul laptop comercial. Osbourne 1 a fost primul microcomputer portabil comercial, lansat în aprilie 1981 de către cei de la Osbourne Computer Corporation. El cântărea aproximativ 11 kg şi costa în jur de 1.800 de dolari. Sistemul de operare pe care funcţiona era CP/M 2.2. Printre marile lui deficienţe se număra şi ecranul mic (cu o diagonală de numai 13 cm). Designul său semăna foarte mult cu cel al lui Xerox Note Taker, un prototip dezvoltat în 1976 la Xerox Parc. IBM, pionieri pe piaţa computerelor desktop, a lansat primul laptop în anul 1992, acesta numindu-se ThinkPad 700C. Standardul acestuia era unul destul de ridicat, având în vedere că avea ecran TFT color de 10,4 inci. ThinkPad 700C cântărea 2,3 kg şi avea o memorie de 120 MB.
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