The San Francisco Zoo Tiger Escape and Attack 3D Visualization Is Used to Reconstruct the Escape and Attack

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SEPTEMBER 2009

The San Francisco Zoo tiger escape and attack 3D visualization is used to reconstruct the escape and attack

BY JORGE MENDOZA chief if it escapes” is, indeed, woven into the fabric of modern law. AND LEX EVAN A B While common sense might argue On December 25, 2007, a 243 that a 243-pound tiger would qualify as pound, four-year old Siberian tiger something “likely to do mischief if it es named Tatiana escaped its open-air capes,” the defendants argued in pretrial habitat at the San Francisco Zoo, stalked proceedings that strict liability should not and attacked three young men who were be applied to the facts of this case. In visiting the Zoo. The tragic event made The true rule of law is, that the per support of their position, the defendants headlines around the world. Brothers son who for his own purposes brings on referred to an older case where a zoo pa Kulbir and Paul Dhaliwal suffered serious his lands and collects and keeps there tron was bitten on the hand and arm injuries and their friend, Carlos Sousa, anything likely to do mischief if it es while reaching towards or into a zoo cage Jr., 17, died from his injuries. capes, must keep it in at his peril, and, while attempting to feed a polar bear. Mark Geragos represented Kulbir if he does not do so, is self evident an (McKinney v. City & County of San Francisco and Paul Dhaliwal in federal court in a swerable for all the damage which is the (1952) 109 Cal.App.2d 844, 847 [241 lawsuit naming the Zoo, the San Fran natural consequence of its escape. P.2d 1060].) cisco police department and the public- Although the “true rule of law” re It is unclear whether or not the relations firm hired by the Zoo. On May cited by Justice Blackburn is not techni plaintiff in McKinney was actually reach 29, 2009, the Zoo settled with the two cally the rule of the case, many people ing inside the bear’s cage or whether his brothers for $900,000. cite it as such. The concept of holding a hand was still outside the enclosure. Nev Michael Cardoza represented the party liable for “anything likely to do mis ertheless, the salient aspect of the case family of Carlos Sousa, Jr. and filed a wrongful death suit in San Francisco Su perior Court. On February 13, 2009, the Sousa family reached a confidential settle ment with the Zoological Society and the zoo’s insurance carrier paid the entire amount.

Legal basis of the claims The seminal case Rylands v. Fletcher, UKHL 1 (1868) established a rule of strict liability for abnormally dangerous conditions and activities. Although Ry lands itself involved the breach of a water reservoir that flooded nearby coalmines, Justice Colin Blackburn added dicta to the opinion comparing the case to tres passes involving cattle and “dangerous animals,” declaring:

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ity to zoos and require that isted a greater duty on the defendants all claims must sound in than in McKinney. negligence. (See, e.g., Finally, plaintiffs’ primary con Alaska Statutes 09.65.180.) tention was that the tiger enclosure was Many legal observers be demonstrably inadequate according to lieve, however, that McKin all applicable safety standards. The phys ney would not have been a ical configuration of the enclosure would serious impediment to the likely have been the crux of the case for plaintiffs in this case for the plaintiffs, and it became the most im several reasons. portant factor in the successful media First, McKinney is more tion of the case on behalf of the family of than a half-century old and Carlos Sousa, Jr., according to plaintiff ’s therefore might not be an attorney Cardoza. accurate statement of the David Levine, Professor of Law at law today in light of devel Hastings College of the Law, opined opments in liability theory. that “the inadequacies of the enclosure lies in the appellate court’s determina Many authorities believe that the public- were so egregious that an expert would tion that strict liability would not apply policy underpinnings of the case are no conclude that ‘any idiot would know a and, instead, the court decided the case longer applicable and that the case would dry moat with a 12-foot wall’ wasn’t based on a negligence standard. The likely be limited if not actually rejected as enough protection from a tiger.” More court found that it would be necessary to precedent now. over, Professor Levine minimized the show “a dangerous or defective condi Matt Davis, a former deputy city at significance of any allegation that the tion” of public property that the officials torney who now practices with Walkup, plaintiffs taunted or teased the tiger. “It should have known about and failed to Melodia, Kelly & Schoenberger, believes depends on what they’ve done, but it’s repair (a standard that the plaintiff in that the McKinney decision has dubious pretty unlikely that merely taunting the McKinney was unable to meet). authority today in light of the fact that animal would lead to a finding of sub In the present case, the question of California overhauled its laws on suits stantial fault. You shouldn’t do it, but it whether strict liability or negligence against government agencies in 1963. happens all the time. It’s not like com would apply as a legal standard could “It remains subject to the traditional rule ing in and unlocking the cage.” One have been dispositive due to allegations that a zookeeper, like a dynamite-hauler goal of the law of torts, or injuries, he that conduct of the plaintiffs may have or anyone else engaged in what the law said, is “to create liability rules that will been a contributing factor in the attack. classifies as ‘ultra-hazardous activities,’ make people act in the right way.” After Although the case was resolved prior to can be held responsible for injuries a verdict in the San Francisco case, he trial, press accounts suggested that the caused by those activities even when said, “zoos would know more about how defendants were intending to present ev nothing is done wrong.” they need to act.” idence that the young men had alcohol The second difference between the Reconstructing the attack and marijuana in their systems and that tiger attack and McKinney is that the they teased and taunted the tiger. If the tiger attack involved an actual escape of The attorney for the Sousa plaintiffs, defendants had been successful in con a dangerous animal, as opposed to Mc Michael Cardoza, explained why he vincing the trial court to apply a negli Kinney where the polar bear remained chose to use 3D visualization to press his gence standard, such contributory confined in its cage. demands for settlement: “I felt it was conduct, if proven, might have provided Third, the tiger Tatiana had actually very important to realistically show what a whole or partial defense to the action. mauled a keeper while patrons watched occurred. I was able to effectively Many courts have declined to apply in horror in 2006. Thus, the complaint demonstrate the path of the tiger as it strict liability to claims against govern would include the contention that defen jumped the grotto wall, approached Car mentally run zoos on grounds that the op dants had actual knowledge of the ani los, and ultimately took Carlos’ life. erations constitute public enterprises. mal’s vicious propensities. “Being able to show a moving visual (See, Guzzi v. New York Zoological Soc’y Fourth, in 1952 the zoo was open to image of the tiger jumping out of the (N.Y. App. Div. 1920) 182 N.Y.S. 257) (girl the public at no charge. At the time of grotto and attacking a young man was an injured by bear). Several state legislatures the 2007 tiger attack, zoo patrons were extremely powerful and persuasive tool. have also enacted statutes that expressly charged $11 to $15 for adult tickets, The image allowed the viewers to emo prohibit judicial application of strict liabil leading to the argument that there ex tionally connect to the event. The visual

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3D animation reconstructs the events as they were reported.

image made the situation come to life for Their tongues are so rough that they University of Guelph in Ontario, the viewers.” lick the meat from the bones of animals Canada, who studies the effect that these Extensive research was done on the that they have killed. Fearless nocturnal tiny habitats have on animals’ mental Siberian tigers to include all the data hunters, this species of tigers kill bear, health, says that repetitive behavior such necessary to reconstruct the tiger’s moose, deer, ox and wolves. It is a true as pacing back and forth is one sign that escape and attack on the boys. The com carnivore, meaning that it has to eat meat an animal is distressed. puter software used by Litigation Anima to survive. Tigers eat about 20 pounds of Dr. Freeman Dunker, the San Fran tion, Inc. (LAI) in the reconstruction was meat per day. Siberian tigers in the wild cisco Zoo veterinarian, performed a developed by the French National Insti primarily live in eastern Russia and may necropsy (the animal equivalent of tute for Research in Computer Science occupy an area of approximately 15 human autopsy) on Tatiana after she was and Control (INRIA). The software square miles (418,175,999 square feet), shot by four San Francisco police officers (Match Mover Pro) was developed specif dependent on how much prey is available. at the Zoo’s Terrace Cafe. He reported ically as a critical component for an au They mark their territory by scratching that her claws were not frayed, tonomous robot’s vision system. This trees and spraying urine. Tatiana had a suggesting that she made the 12-foot highly refined camera-matching software total living space of 3,500 square feet at 9-inch leap on her first attempt. Dr. technology has become a standard in the San Francisco Zoo. The tiger grotto Dunker also reported that there was no Hollywood and is used by innovative was constructed in the 1930s and had not disease or signs of trauma on the body forensic animation companies around changed in design from 1940 to 2007. other than bullet wounds. the country. Design criteria requiring that the Emergency 911 timeline The tiger habitat at the Zoo meas tiger habitat have a specific level of water ured 56 feet long by 76 feet wide with a in the moat was not found during the re On December 25, 2007, the sun set 29-foot wide moat. The moat wall that search, but in the 1960s a Bengal tiger at 4:57 p.m. on the San Francisco Zoo. was supposed to protect the public from jumped out of the same enclosure and At 5:04 p.m., a security guard at the Zoo Tatiana was 12 feet 9 inches high, which paced inside the fence before jumping made a call to the 911 dispatcher asking was 4 feet lower than the national stan back into the habitat on its own. The for an ambulance. At 5:11 p.m., a police dard (16 feet 4 inches), set by the Associ moat was then filled with water for the officer broadcast over the radio to the ation of Zoos and Aquariums. In remainder of the tiger’s stay to prevent emergency dispatcher that they were comparison, the Singapore Zoological him from repeating the jump. After the responding to a zoo call reporting an Gardens lion’s habitat has a moat wall Bengal tiger was relocated, the moat was escaped tiger. approximately 22 feet high. drained. Zoo personnel then said that there Siberian tigers are super predators So what happens when a Siberian were two males who they think... are 800 at the top of the food chain, the largest tiger with highly evolved hunting and (code for mentally disturbed) and making of six subcategories of tigers and consid killing instincts is placed in an artificial something up... but one is, in fact, bleed ered the strongest and most dangerous. habitat approximately 100,000 times ing from the back of the head, according Siberian tigers have canines 2.5 to 3 smaller than its natural environment and to a police log entry at 5:10 p.m. inches long and claws 3.5 to 4 inches in fed without having to hunt and kill? Dr. At 5:16 p.m., Kulbir Dhaliwal called length. Georgia Mason, a professor from the 911 from the Terrace Café asking for

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measurement to 19 feet. In addition, an ple, walking, running, falling or fighting electric wire was added surrounding the motion data can be seamlessly blended to inside of the habitat at about 12 feet gether. from the moat floor. • Newtonian physics uses ridge- body dynamics to simulate the required Building the computer model movement. The 3D biomechanical mod The first step in the recreation els are carefully prepared with real-world process was to build accurate 3D com attributes such as forces, gravity, mass, puter models of the tiger habitat and the friction and range of movement. The three people attacked. The next step was computer simulation program used by to apply texture maps to the wireframe LAI is Working Model 3D. models to give the appearance of fur, • Rotoscoping is an animation tech skin, and clothing. This process is similar nique that uses reference video of the sub to applying wallpaper. ject of interest as a moving template. The At this point the 3D wireframe sur skeleton is articulated by matching the face model of the habitat was geometri movement in the video. Reference video cally overlaid with the reference of Siberian tigers walking, running and real-world digital images of the habitat. jumping were used by David Violante, an The process is described in engineering LAI computer animator specializing in peer-reviewed papers. animating quadrupeds. LAI uses 3D Stu Next, the 3D wireframe models of dio MAX software for animation. the tiger and people are rigged with in It is not unusual for LAI’s animators ternal skeletons. These internal skeletons to combine all the four motion techniques are used to apply motion to the tiger and to achieve the necessary movement. people. The skeletons are programmed In the final step, virtual lights and to have the same range of motion as cameras are placed in the 3D scene for their real world counterparts. The skin the final animation ren surfaces deform realistically as the skele dering. When com ton is articulated and can be made to plete, the animation is help. He stayed on the line with the 911 show ligament and muscle movement if reviewed by animators dispatcher for 11 minutes. The medical needed. and accident recon crews were let in under police escort, and The motion is created in four ways: struction experts for by 5:20 p.m. they found Sousa’s body, ac key frame animation, motion capture, relevance and accuracy. cording to police dispatch logs. Newtonian physics, and rotoscoping. Mendoza Alex Bevan and Jorge Kulbir’s call was cut off at 5:27 p.m. • Key-frame animation means that Mendoza are co-owners of due to the tiger attacking him. The a skilled animator articulates the 3D Litigation Animation, Inc., officers reported that they saw the tiger skeleton on a frame-by-frame basis to a consulting firm in San at 5:25 p.m., 2 minutes before it attacked create the desired motion. Jose, California, specializ Kulbir. They fired on the tiger when it • Motion-capture is 3D motion data ing in 3D computer ani moved toward them. At 5:28 p.m., generated from real-world actors wearing mation, photo analysis, and officers broadcast over the radio that specialized optical suits. The motion is surveillance video analysis, they had shot the cat. recorded with multiple high-speed optical vehicle crush analysis and The San Francisco Zoo reopened on cameras using special computer algo Bevan visibility studies. Mendoza January 3, 2008, nine days after the rithms. Motion-capture data can be al is a member of the Society of Forensic Engineers escape of Tatiana. The moat wall is now tered by blending with other motion- and Scientists (SFES). Their work can be 16 feet 4 inches high with an additional capture data to create a unique sequence viewed at www.litigationanimation.com. transparent barrier bringing the wall of motion that fits the scenario. For exam E-mail: [email protected].