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The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-

Alexandra Bamji, Geert H. Janssen, Mary Laven

Confessionalization

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 Ute Lotz-Heumann Published online on: 22 Mar 2013

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 Luebke (ed.),TheCounter-Reformation:Essential Readings the EarlyModernPeriod (Cambridge,MA,2000);and Chapter 1inthisvolume. Trienter Konzil Trienter Gegenreformation? Ein Versuch zur Klärung der Begriffe nebst einer Jubiläumsbetrachtung über das Reformation terminology ‘CatholicreformandCounter-Reformation’. ‘Counter-Reformation’ and ‘Catholic Reformation’ and suggested the compromise in1946 treatise ashort wrote in whichhedescribedtheconceptualandterminological problemsoftheterms historian, church aCatholic Jedin, Hubert affairs, continued tousetheterm‘Counter-Reformation’. for anything otherthan theProtestantReformation. Protestant historians therefore because theydidnotwanthistorians –largely used theterm‘Reformation’ to be connotation of a mere reaction to . But itwas rejected by Protestant the possibilityofavoiding the term‘Counter-Reformation’, with itsproblematic term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecherintroducedtheterm‘CatholicReformation’in term wasCatholic historians.Even understandablyshunnedby whentheProtestant resistance toProtestantismandneglectedthatofreformwithinCatholicism.The a negativestressed theaspectofreactionand andone-dimensionalconceptthat of theKulturkampf:‘Counter-Reformation’was usedby Protestanthistoriansas Germany, thetermbecamepart In nineteenth-century the latereighteenthcentury. ‘Counter-’ (intheplural)have beenusedinGermanscholarshipsince for the term ‘Counter-Reformation’: ‘Counter-Reformation’ (Gegenreformation) and its advocatesasareplacement The conceptof‘Catholicconfessionalization’isseenby alternative conceptsto‘Counter-Reformation’ ‘Confession-building’ and‘confessionalization’as Catholic historianErnstWalter Zeeden,whosuggestedacompletelynewconcept 2 1 the by fundamentally changed was research historical of emphasis the 1958 In

e Hbr Jdn ‘ahlc eomto o CutrRfrain’ i Dvd M. David in Counter-Reformation?’, or Reformation ‘Catholic Jedin, Hubert See Evennett, Outram H. detail: more in see preceding, the For e. on os (abig, 98; uet Jedin, Hubert 1968); (Cambridge, Bossy John ed. , (Lucerne, 1946); John W. O’Malley, Confessionalization Ute Lotz-Heumann Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in 1 Respondingtothisstateof (Oxford, 1999),pp.19–45. 2 Katholische Reformation oder The Spirit of the Counter- 2 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 called the absolutist “imposition of social discipline”’. social of “imposition absolutist the called its subjects, making confessionalization ‘the first phase of what Gerhard Oestreich has but was alsoabletofostera‘nationalorterritorialidentity’and,above all,todiscipline engaging inconfessionalizingpolicies,thestategainedcontrol notonlyover thechurch, Readings (Oxford,1999),p.172. Theory of the Confessional Age’, in C. Scott Dixon (ed.), bibliography. der Glaubenskämpfe’,HistorischeZeitschrift introduced theconceptof‘confessionalization’. background, developed Zeeden’s approach further.ReinhardandSchilling Protestant of historian a Schilling, Heinz and background, Catholic of historian a extent.’ Therefore, ‘“confessionalization” turns out to be an early phase of modern modern European state formation, a phase found with remarkable regularity.’ of phase early an be to out turns ‘“confessionalization” Therefore, First, extent.’ Europe. seventeenth-century and sixteenth- ‘ecclesiastical andpoliticalactionstillcoincidedifnotentirely, thentoaconsiderable about observations basic four As WolfgangReinhardhasputit,theconceptofconfessionalizationproceedsfrom terminology The conceptofconfessionalization:basicobservations and applied toallchurches. process ‘confession-building’ (Konfessionsbildung),aneutraltermwhichcouldbe confessional churches, each of which centred on a confession of faith. He called this defined clearly modern, build to started Calvinism and Catholicism, century, sixteenth the of half second the in that stressed Zeeden terminology: and The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation the areasofreligionandchurch,butentiresocialpoliticalsystem. only affect not did Europe modern early in conflicts and divisions confessional the church history,intoaconceptofsocietalhistory(Gesellschaftsgeschichte).Intheirview, Zeeden’s conceptof‘confession-building’,whichwas concernedwithreligiousand modernization theory.Therefore,bothReinhardandSchillingsoughttobroaden religion inparticular,partofaconversation both thatfocusedonsocialdevelopments 1980s, and and 1970s the in Reinhard andSchillingsoughttomaketheearlymodernperiod, historiography German in influence dominant the modern implicationsoftheterm‘Counter-Reformation’.With socialhistorybeing main impetusinintroducingtheconceptwas tocritiquethenegative andanti- the interactionsofCalvinistsandLutheransinnorth-western Germany,Reinhard’s 6 4 3 While Schillingdeveloped theconceptofconfessionalizationfromhisresearchon 5

Reinhard, ‘Pressurestowards Confessionalization?’,p.183. a to Prolegomena Confessionalization? towards ‘Pressures Reinhard, Wolfgang For themostimportantarticles inEnglishbyReinhardandSchillingseetheselect See ErnstWalter Zeeden, ‘Grundlagen und Wege der Konfessionsbildung im Zeitalter 3 Two scholars of the next generation, Wolfgang Reinhard, Wolfgang generation, next the Twoof scholars , 185(1958):249–99. 34 4 The GermanReformation: The Essential 6 Third, as a result – and partly Third,asaresult–andpartly 5 Second, by Second, by Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 programmatic articlefirstpublishedin1983. consecutive historicalphasescannolongerbesupported’, asReinhardputitina that theReformationandCounter-Reformationwere irreconcilable oppositesand these were paralleldevelopments inallconfessionalstatesandchurches,‘theidea 251–2; Schilling,‘Confessionalization intheEmpire’,pp.209–10. (1977): 68 Reformationsgeschichte, für einer Theoriedeskonfessionellen Zeitalters’,Archiv confessionalization and theterm‘ageofconfessionalization’ or‘confessional age’. the paralleltermsCatholic,Calvinist(orReformed)andLutheran replaced by Reformation, Second Reformation (for Calvinism) and – were the development ofthethreeconfessional churches –Catholicreform/Counter- new terminology.The terms which were used by German historians to describe Emergence ofEarlyModernSociety: EssaysinGermanandDutchHistory Schilling, Heinz in 1620’, and 1555 between Germany in State: A Reassessment’,inLuebke, catechisms, sermons and broadsheets were used to influence the masses. Fourth: hand. Whilethepropagandaweapon ofscholarswas controversial theology, hand, andpreventing rival churchesfromusing theprintingpressonother meant makinguseoftheprintingpressforpropaganda purposesontheone and ‘dissidents’were toberemoved. Third:propagandaandcensorship. This for instance, theologians, clergy, teachers and secular officials – was to be ensured, subscription. In this way, the religious orthodoxy of personnel in key positions – and enforcement of these new norms, for example through confessional oaths and churches andeliminatingpossiblesourcesofconfusion.Second:thedistribution confession offaith.Thismeantdistinguishingoneconfessionalchurchfromother homogeneity. confessionalization whichwere usedby church and state to establish confessional wide process, Wolfgang Reinhard has identified seven methods or mechanisms of Proceeding fromhisinterpretationofCatholicconfessionalizationasaEurope- Methods ofconfessionalization for example through education and bureaucratic rationalization. as anunintendedconsequence–ofconfessionalization,societybecamemodernized, primarily interested in the differences of doctrine and ritual between the between and ritual doctrine developments and‘functionalsimilarities’. of differences the applied acomparativeconfessional churches,but approachwhichstressesparallel in interested primarily 11 10 9 8 7 Reinhard andSchillingwereolder historiography, In contrasttothe not

e Wlgn Rihr, Ggneomto as oenseug Poeoea zu Prolegomena Modernisierung? als ‘Gegenreformation Reinhard, Wolfgang See For thefollowing,seeReinhard, ‘Pressurestowards Confessionalization?’, pp.177–82. Heinz Schilling, ‘Confessionalization in the Empire: Religious and Societal Change Societal and Religious Empire: the in ‘Confessionalization Schilling, Heinz Reinhard, ‘Pressurestowards Confessionalization?’, p.173. See WolfgangReinhard,‘Reformation,Counter-Reformation, andtheEarlyModern 11 First:theestablishmentof‘puredoctrine’anditsformulationina Counter-Reformation, p.120. 35 8 9 Thishasalsoledthemtoemploya Religion, Political Culture andthe Confessionalization 7 (Leiden,1992),p.210. And finally, because 10 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 the selectbibliography. (Aldershot, 2004), especially the chapters by Thomas A. Brady Jr. and Heinz Schilling. See also . aaa (eds), Papalas J. Anthony and Hillerbrand J. Hans Headley, M. John 308–19; (2003): 94 Reformationsgeschichte, World’, Iberian the in Discipline Social and ‘Confessionalization Poska, M. Allyson and Social Discipline in France, 1530–1685’, (eds), Schilling Heinz and Reinhard (ed.), Wolfgang 1992); Konfessionalisierung inDeutschland(Gütersloh, Rublack Hans-Christoph 1986); (Gütersloh, der ‘Zweiten Reformation’ and their flocks; and fourth, confessionalization as a fundamental process in society, religious rituals, the religious cultures and identities – of the confessional churches about theblindspotsofconceptinterms propria–thetheologiesand confessionalization process, especially Catholic confessionalization; third, a debate categories: first, confessionalization as modernization; second, periodization of the articles. Reformationsgeschichte the in point focal a and 1995) betweenand essays 1986 of volumes three Reformed, on conferences three in of publication Lutheran andCatholicconfessionalization(whichresultedinthe resulted debate The 1980s. early and 1970s and Schillinghadpublishedtheirprogrammaticbooksarticlesinthelate The debateabouttheconceptofconfessionalization began soon after Reinhard confessionalization Historiographical debatesaboutthelimitsofconcept marriage was monitoredthroughthe keepingofregisters. the coherenceofconfessionalgroup, participation in rites likebaptismand Sixth: end. rites and thecontrolofparticipation in rites.In view of the importance of rites forthis to means a as served also minorities confessional of expulsion discipline were used to create a confessionally homogeneous population.The future generations.Fifth:discipliningthepopulation.Visitations andchurch ‘indoctrinate’ to and institutions rivals’ their attending from flock their keep to educational institutions,especiallyuniversities, allconfessional churcheshoped internalization ofthenewconfessionalnormsthrougheducation.Byfounding The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation avnss rfre nms rm h Od etmn wie ans nms were names particularly appealingtoCatholics,theseinturnbeingforbiddenGeneva. saints’ while Testament Old the from names preferred Calvinists that fact the mentions he example an As done. been field has research a little which in language, of even regulation confessional the to refers Reinhard lastly, servedwhich difference confessional of markers as cultivated.were Seventh and 13 12

(Gütersloh, 1995); James R. Farr, ‘Confessionalization ‘Confessionalization Farr, R. James 1995); (Gütersloh, Die katholischeKonfessionalisierung For aninterpretationoftheseritesinlightrecentscholarship, seeChapter10. See Heinz Schilling (ed.), 13 Thecritiquesoftheconceptconfessionalizationfallroughlyintofour Confessionalization inEurope,1555–1700. EssaysinMemoryofBodoNischan in 2003, as well as a number of other collections of essays and Die reformierte Konfessionalisierung in Deutschland – Das Problem Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 94 (2003): 276–93; 36 12 Inparticular,rites Die lutherische Die lutherische Archiv für Archiv Archiv für für Archiv

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 Reinhard and Heinz Schilling (eds), earlier generationsofhistorianstoshunitsusage. from banished have their mindstheimplicitvalue judgements associatedwiththetermwhichled to seem Catholicism modern early study who Historians the term‘Counter-Reformation’hasbeenstrippedofitsnegative connotations. of the three processes of confessionalization – have had some effect; it seems that effects of Catholic confessionalization – and Reinhard’s insistence on the equality in theearlymodernperiod seems toindicatethatthedebateonmodernizing of theterm‘Counter-Reformation’asaneutralshorthandtoreferCatholicism longer bemaintained.Interestinglyenough,however, theusageinhistoriography a result,theseteleologicalaspectsoftheconceptconfessionalizationcanno Weber.Max As following theory modernization of implications the rejected has Early ModernCatholicState 1580–1630 (Oxford, 2001); Ulrike Strasser, Wirkungen des religiösen Wandels im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert in Staat, Gesellschaft und Kultur und (Stuttgart, 1999),pp.63–77. Gesellschaft Staat, in Jahrhundert 17. und 16. (eds), im Wandels religiösen Strohmeyer des Wirkungen Arno and Bahlcke Joachim in Protestants in the 1731–32. of expulsion the with only ended confessionalization Catholic Reinhard, to that the heargues And Thirty Years Warof faith. was nottheendpointofconfessionalization.Rather,according confessions written of development the with periodization. He sees the beginning of the age of confessionalization in the 1520s confessionalization muchfurther,althoughhehasnotsuggestedadetailed of backgroundhistoriographical the of expression an as criticized been has process a top-to-bottomprocess. formation andthequestionofwhetherconfessionalizationcanbecharacterizedas in particularthequestionofrelationshipbetween confessionalization andstate after 1650, after the so-called Age of Confessionalism was over. It appears that appears It over. was Confessionalism of Age so-called the after 1650, after of bishopric Speyer, have shownthatCatholicconfessionalization‘reallydeveloped strongly the on Forster Mark by and Westphalia, on Holzem Andreas and Thirty Years War. Germany which spans the period between the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 and the similar experienced developments. Schillinghasproposedaperiodizationofconfessionalizationin churches confessional the stipulated, both they as which, never did,infact,agreeonatimeframeforthe‘ageofconfessionalization’ f h 1970s. the of Gesellschaftsgeschichte First, Reinhard’sandSchilling’sviewofconfessionalizationasamodernization 17 16 15 14 Second, with regard to periodization, Wolfgang Reinhard and Heinz Schilling

See Wolfgang Reinhard, ‘Was ist katholische Konfessionalisierung?’, in Wolfgang Wolfgang in Konfessionalisierung?’, katholische ist ‘Was Reinhard, Wolfgang See See Schilling,‘Confessionalization intheEmpire’,pp.210–32. Pörtner, Regina example, for See, See Luise Schorn-Schütte, ‘Konfessionalisierung als wissenschaftliches wissenschaftliches als Paradigma?’, ‘Konfessionalisierung Schorn-Schütte, Luise See 16 In contrast, Reinhard has extended the process of Catholic of process the extended has Reinhard contrast, In (Ann Arbor, MI,2007). Die katholischeKonfessionalisierung (Gütersloh, 1995), p. 435. 17 Regionalstudies,suchasthosebyWerner Freitag State of Virginity: Religion, Gender, and Politics in an The Counter-ReformationinCentral Europe:Styria 14 Morerecentsocialandculturalhistory 37 ofsinlseug n Ostmitteleuropa. in Konfessionalisierung 15 Confessionalization Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 Anselm Schubert and Kaspar von Greyerz (eds), Pluralität. Neue ForschungenzurKonfessionalisierungsthese binnenkonfessionelle – Transkonfessionalität Hartmut – and Interkonfessionalität Kaufmann Konfessionalisierungsthese’, Lehmann (eds), Thomas Jakubowski-Tiessen, zur Manfred Greyerz, Forschungen von Kaspar Neue in – Pluralität binnenkonfessionelle Gtrlh 20) Vle Lpi ad lih . in (eds), Wien A. Ulrich Wegmann Susanne 2005); and (Stuttgart, Neuzeit Frühen der in Siebenbürgen Leppin in Konfessionskultur Volker 2008); (Gütersloh, well asspaceanewcategorytoexploreconfessionaldifferences. as cultures confessional of aspects ritual and visual the example, for on, studies of wide tractionamongculturalhistorians,andwe areseeinganincreasingnumber The term ‘confessional cultures’, first suggested by Thomas Kaufmann, has gained history. cultural of areas’ ‘growth historiographical current the in effective most output, thisaspectofthecritiqueconceptconfessionalizationhasbeen research of terms in However, historians. church by voiced mostly was criticism Catholics experienced confessionalization, but perhaps later than Protestants’. than later perhaps but confessionalization, experienced Catholics The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation the characteristicsofconfessionalchurchesarethuslevelled. and society‘reductionist’because state function ofreligionwithin the at only looks concept the because ‘functional’ ‘functional-reductionist’; a described f it?’ of not as political or social force but as a yearning for the transcendent or an experience religion – itself of and in religion about forms. what ‘But writes: O’Malley John As as welland spirituality in theology,piety aslived religioninitsmanyshapesand the – characteristics specific the ignoring for Walter Ziegler and John O’Malley, have criticized the concept of confessionalization backwardness’. the chronological issue even threatened to bring back the notionof Catholic strong empirical evidence to the contrary: ‘For historians of Catholic Germany Forster haspointedoutthedangerofsuchastrictperiodizationinface Reformed confessionalizationaschronologicallyparalleldevelopments, Mark While WolfgangReinhardcontinuestoinsistonCatholic,Lutheran,and Forschungsdebatte’, eine Konfessionalisierung vonKircheundGesellschaft. Sammelberichtüber Konfessionalisierung undRegion ‘Kritisches zurKonfessionalisierungsthese’,inPeerZiegler, (eds), and RolfKießling Frieß des FürstbistumsMünster1570–1800 Holzem, Andreas Freitag, 1998); Werner (Bielefeld, also Pfarrer, Kircheundländliche Gesellschaft. DasDekanatVechta See 1400–1803 2012. January 31 http://www.h-net. accessed 2005, org/reviews/showrev.php?id=10402, April, Reviews, H-Net H-German, und konfessionellesZeitalter’, Third, both Protestant and Catholic scholars, for example Thomas Kaufmann, Thomas example for scholars, Catholic and Protestant both Third, 22 21 20 19 18

20 See Thomas Kaufmann,‘Einleitung:Transkonfessionalität,Interkonfessionalität, Kaufmann, ‘DieKonfessionalisierungvonKircheundGesells chaft’, p.1121. O’Malley, Forster, ‘ReviewofEhrenpreis/Lotz-Heumann’. Ute, Lotz-Heumann, Stefan; Ehrenpreis, of ‘Review Forster, R. Marc The treatment of religion in the concept ofconfessionalizationof religioninthehasbeen Thetreatment 19 Religion und Lebensformen. Katholische Konfessionalisierung im Sendgericht im Konfessionalisierung Katholische Lebensformen. und Religion 3. e as Toa Kumn, ‘Die Kaufmann, Thomas also See 139. p. Trent and All That, Theologische Literaturzeitung (Constance,1999),pp.41–53. (Paderborn, 2000). 38 (Gütersloh, 2003), p. 10; Thomas Kaufmann, Thomas 10; p. 2003), (Gütersloh, propria –oftheconfessionalchurches 11 19) 10–5 11–1 Walter 1112–21; 1008–25, (1996): 121 , rhezilce Konfessionskulturen Frühneuzeitliche ofsinblug und Konfessionsbildung 21 22 Initially,such Reformation 18

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 of Intellectual Authority inEurope,1500–1620(Oxford,2011). Germany (Oxford, 2000); Arnoud S.Q. Visser, Rummel, Erika 15–30; pp. 1999), (Cologne, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Konfessionalisierung im Herzogtum Berg vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (eds), Ehrenpreis Stefan and Dietz Burkhard in Zeitalters’, Winfried Schulze,‘KonfessionalisierungalsParadigma zurErforschungdeskonfessionellen 9–44; pp. 7, vol. 1997), und Konfessionalisierung.LandKonfession1500–1650(Münster, in Anton SchindlingandWalter Ziegler (eds),DieTerritorien desReichsimZeitalterderReformation Modern Europe(Cambridge,2005). (eds), Spicer Andrew and Coster Will 2007); (Korb, Neuzeit Frühen der (eds), Wimböck Gabriele and without much influence either by Tridentine reform or byconfessionalization measures ofthestate.Confessionalculturesand identitiescould,therefore, reform by Tridentine either influence much without Germany, wherethecommunitiesdeveloped aCatholicidentity‘frombelow’ to thebishopricofSpeyer andothersmallerCatholicterritoriesinsouth-western attention drawn has Forster Marc confessionalization. of concept the of critique make-up and/orwithaweak state have proven to be suitable ‘test cases’ for the population, ifonlypartially. eighteenth the by that concludes the on effect disciplining a He had eventually measures confessionalization century communities. local the in rejection and confessionalization ‘fromabove’ andthereactionsprocessesofappropriation church historian Andreas Holzem has drawn attention to the interaction between and groupsinsocietywere agentsintheprocessofconfessionalization. communities church, and state the in authorities the to Next society. in ground that theprocessofconfessionalizationcouldonlybesuccessfulifitfoundfertile that there were pressures toward confessionalization ‘from above’, theyargue and disciplinedbychurchstate. Although mostscholarswouldnotdeny process inwhichthecommonpeopleappearassubjectswhowere controlled top-to-bottoma as it interpreting thus confessionalization, of process the in state has emerged that Reinhard and Schilling have overemphasized theroleof the confessionalization andstateformation.Inrecenthistoriography,aconsensus controversial aspectoftheconceptconfessionalization:relationshipbetween alchemy, astrologyand,atleastinpart,thehumanistrepublicofletters. Roman lawandmanyaspectsofmatrimoniallaw,themystic-spiritualtradition, of confessionalization which were unconfessional or could not beconfessionalized: age the developments in and elements haveidentified historians factor, important by theprocessofconfessionalization. Although acknowledging thatreligion was an uninfluenced partially or largely were or of independent existed seventeenth which centuries and sixteenth the in processes and phenomena described have and Reinhard’s thesis thatconfessionalizationwas afundamentalsocial process 24 23 Catholic the Münster, of prince-bishopric the on study his in example, For The question of a ‘fundamental process’ is closely related to another from theveryFourth, beginning,historianshave doubtedSchilling’sand

See Holzem,ReligionundLebensformen . See Anton Schindling, See Anton ‘Konfessionalisierung und Grenzen von Konfessionalisierbarkeit’, ‘Konfessionalisierung und Grenzen von Konfessionalisierbarkeit’, Konfessionen im Kirchenraum. Dimensionen des Sakralraums in im Kirchenraum.Dimensionendes Konfessionen 24 In this context, territories of mixed confessional mixed of territories context, this In The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation The ConfessionalizationofHumanism inReformation Reading Augustine in the Reformation: The Flexibility 39 Drei Konfessionen in einer Region. Drei KonfessionenineinerRegion. Confessionalization Sacred SpaceinEarly 23

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 (Cambridge, 2009); Michael G. Müller, Müller, G. Michael 2009); (Cambridge, Bohemia: ForceandPersuasion intheCatholicReformation Konfessionalisierung in Ostmitteleuropa (eds), Strohmeyer and Bahlcke in Ostmitteleuropa’, in Konfessionalisierung strukturelle der Europe?’, Grundlagen und East-Central ‘Voraussetzungen Eberhard, Modern Winfried Early 403–25; (2004): in 11 Society Review ofHistory, and Politics, Religion, of Study (1999): 341–2. State?’, Modern Early an without Identities Confessional and Discipline 1630 (Münster,2000). Catholica. Gesellschaftliche Handlungsspielräume kirchlichen Wandels imErzstiftMainz, 1514– Jendorff, Alexander also see NY,1992); (Ithaca, the Bishopric of Speyer, 1560–1720 version ofabroaderprocesssocialandideologicaltransformation’. one only havebeen may … confessionalization ‘that and forces’ exogenous and became an arenaforcarryingoutunderlyingstrugglesthatderived frombothinternal conflict ‘confessional that process’, confessionalization the instigated three formulates Head consequence, a conclusions: ‘thatagentsbesidesinstitutionalstatesorchurchescouldhave As system’. political Bündner the by were strong enough to disrupt the ‘power of communal solidarity created the state‘was absent’,confessionalidentities emergedinGraubündenwhichalthough that, conclusion the to comes He confessionalization. of concept the test to study case a as Graubünden, territory, Swiss a used has Head Randolph concept of confessionalization is applied to European case studies. For example, the when modification important an be provento has below’ and/or middle the The aspectofagencybeyondstateandchurch‘confessionalizationfrom other regionsofEurope The applicabilityoftheconceptconfessionalizationto develop withoutconfessionalization‘fromabove’. The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation agents, for example the estates or urban elites. urban or estates the example for agents, wereand localized.Inaddition,they other by but state, the by centrally initiated not Bohemia, took place in a multiconfessional framework and were thus regionalized Confessionalization processes ineast centralEurope,especiallyinPolandand below butalso“fromthemiddle”’. above or from just not recatholicization of possibilities the … indicating officials toward ‘theimportanceofculturalintermediaries,parochialclergy,low-grade in hisstudyoftheCounter-ReformationUpperPalatinate haspointed Upper Palatinate 28 27 26 25 Similar resultshave beenpresentedbyhistoriansofeastcentralEurope.

See Jörg Deventer, ‘“Confessionalisation” – a Useful Theoretical Concept for the the for Concept Theoretical Useful a – ‘“Confessionalisation” Deventer, Jörg See adlh . ed ‘ahlc ad rtsat i Gabne: Confessional Graubünden: in Protestants and ‘Catholics Head, C. Randolph Johnson, Trevor Counter-Reformation intheVillages:See MarcR.Forster,The ReligionandReformin (Farnham,2009),p.9. Magistrates, Madonnas and Miracles: The Counter Reformation inthe Counter Magistrates, MadonnasandMiracles:The (Stuttgart, 1999), pp. 89–103; Howard Louthan, 26 40 28 Scholars working on the Dutch the on working Scholars 25 In addition, Trevor Johnson Trevor addition, In , 17 German History, 27 Converting Reformatio European European Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 the verythe brinkofdissolution’. of into rival confessions could bring even the era’s strongest states to hand, Benedictarguesthat‘France’s wars ofreligion…illustratehowthedivision one the On forward. put been have views different state, the of role the of terms Volker Reinhardt, ‘Rom im Zeitalter der Konfessionalisierung. Kritische Überlegungen zu der Konfessionalisierung.KritischeÜberlegungen Reinhardt, ‘Romim Zeitalter Volker in Confessionalize Dioceses TuscanCenturies?’, Seventeenth and Sixteenth the ‘Did Comerford, M. Kathleen see Spain and Italy of pp. 57–73. (eds), Papalas and Hillerbrand Mack P. Holt, ‘Confessionalization beyond the Germanies: The Case of France’, in Headley, 1993); PA, (Philadelphia, France: Catholic Century andProtestantCoexistencein Aquitaine Hanlon, Gregory France’; in Discipline Social pp. 2002), (eds), (Cambridge, Spicer Huguenot World 1559–1685 Andrew and Mentzer A. Raymond in Evidence’, there was arelatively consistentstatepolicyofcatholicization’inFrance. an intentionofstatepolicyandnotnecessarily as asuccess, ‘then we canseethat as understood is confessionalization if and 1530–1685 to broadened is frame time orthopraxy, demonized their rivals, and built group cohesion and identity’. and cohesion group built and rivals, their demonized orthopraxy, and orthodoxy of versions particular their enforced and defined Reformation the rivalry andemulationbywhichthereligions thatemergedfromtheupheavals of of process a as confessionalization ‘defines theory weak the words, Benedict’s In of confessionalization’isregardedasausefulresearchtoolfortheFrenchcase. (Stuttgart, 1999), pp. 123–37; Stefan Plaggenborg, ‘Konfessionalisierung in Osteuropa im 17. 17. Jahrhundert. ZurReichweite einesForschungskonzeptes’,Bohemia,44(2003):3–28. im Osteuropa in ‘Konfessionalisierung Plaggenborg, Stefan 123–37; pp. 1999), (Stuttgart, (eds), Strohmeyer and Bahlcke in Preußen’, Königlichen ‘Unionsstaat undRegioninderKonfessionalisierung.Polen-LitauendiegroßenStädtedes priests andtheurbanmiddlingsort,played animportantrole intheseprocesses. shaped in local communities and thatagentsinthemiddle of society,like parish Republic have alsoarguedthatconfessionalizationprocesses were startedand reinforcing processes, cannot beappliedtoFrance. which postulates thatstate-buildingand confessionalization were mutually Hanlon and Mack Holt have concluded Gregory Farr, James that Benedict, Philip France. to the confessionalization of concept the ‘strong theory of confessionalization’, (Cologne, 1996), pp. 1996), (Cologne, 1550–1700) (ca. Mitteleuropa die (eds), War Oder: Niederlande. Vereinigten der Konfessionellen Republik Konfessionalisierung ein der des “Fundamentalvorgang”?’, in Ronald in G. Bedeutung Asch und and Heinz politische Duchhardt Reich ‘Die Deutschen im Mörke, Olaf 1995); (Oxford, 1578–1620 and theRevoltofNetherlands,1520–1635(Oxford,2011). 33 32 31 30 29 In recentyears, historianshaveof alsoincreasinglydiscussedapplication the

Der Absolutismus – ein Mythos? Strukturwandel monarchischer Herrschaft in West- und West- in Herrschaft monarchischer Strukturwandel Mythos? ein – Absolutismus Der Farr, ‘Confessionalization and Social Discipline in France’, p. 291. For discussions For 291. p. France’, in Discipline Social and ‘Confessionalization Farr, Benedict, ‘Confessionalization inFrance?’,p.50. Benedict, ‘Confessionalization inFrance?’,p.48. See Philip Benedict, ‘Confessionalization in France? Critical Reflections and New and Reflections Critical France? in ‘Confessionalization Benedict, Philip See See Benjamin J. Kaplan, Calvinists and Libertines: Confession and Community in Utrecht, Adrht 2004), (Aldershot, Confessionalization in Europe,1555–1700 32 On the other hand, Farr has observed that, if the if that, observed has Farr hand, other the On , 7 (2003): 312–31; (2003): 7 History, Modern Early of Journal 41 Confession andCommunityinSeventeenth- 125–64; Judith Pollmann, Judith 125–64; 46; ar ‘ofsinlzto and ‘Confessionalization Farr, 44–61; Konfessionalisierung in Ostmitteleuropa Ostmitteleuropa in Konfessionalisierung 30 oee, ‘ek theory ‘weak a However, Confessionalization Society and Culturein the Catholic Identity 33 31 In 29 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 Spätantike undFrüherNeuzeit(Heidelberg,2011),pp.229–47. and Christian Wieland (eds), Schmidt-Hofner Sebastian Eich, PeterVergleich’, in europäischen im Irland Fragestellung? als Misserfolg und Erfolg Staatsbildung? von Instrument als ‘Konfession Lotz-Heumann, Ute 168–82; pp. 2009), (Manchester, Protestant States:Britainandthe Netherlands,1580–1720 (eds), al. et Kaplan J. Benjamin Seventeenthin Early Centuries’, and Sixteenth Late the in Church” Underground “Visible a as Ireland in Community Catholic The Coexistence: and Conflict ‘Between Lotz-Heumann, Ute 24–53; pp. 2005), (Cambridge, (eds), McCafferty John and Ford Alan in 1534–1649’, andCharacter, Periodization in Ireland: ‘Confessionalization Lotz-Heumann, Konflikt und Koexistenz im 16. und in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts 7 (2003): 1–18; Poska,‘ConfessionalizationandSocialDiscipline’,pp. 308–19. 7 Neuzeit, Frühen zur Forschungen einem Epochendeutungskonzept’,Zeitsprünge. in Irelandisbestdescribedasaprocess of ‘dual’ confessionalization. In my own work on Ireland, I have come to the conclusion that thedevelopment Confessionalization inIreland:anoverview specific agenda ofconfessionalizationproposedordriven a byotheragents. resisted or with cooperated who people included agents these finally, droveothers. and reactedtoactionsby theactionorthosewhostoodback And orsocial were individuals who people included agents objectives. These and aims similar by unified groups, agents These agents. different between negotiations confessionalization should be understood as aprocess whichwas driven by this seriously.Furthermore, as aprocesshastotake into confessionalization slow, meandering and,forcontemporaries, open-ended development. Research a is happens, it when history, However, fruition. to come not did or momentum In hindsight,we ashistorianscandescribehowcertaindevelopments eithergained of analysingdevelopment andtiming,fromtheirnarrative ofconfessionalization. society. Theyhave alsolargelyeliminatedthemeanderingof history,theimportance the strengthofresistancetostate-sponsoredconfessionalization fromalllevels of disregarded often have Schilling Heinz and Reinhard Wolfgang period, modern generalizing theallegedlysuccessful alliance ofstateandchurchintheearly of confessionalizationinearlymodern Europe. Byoverstating theircaseand weview, my In analysis our into ‘fluidity’ methodological more introduce to need Introducing fluidityintotheconceptofconfessionalization The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation Catholic. This led to two competing processes of confessionalization in the late attempts by the English state to introduce the Protestant Reformation and remained biconfessional because the majority of the populationrejected the haphazard became Ireland 1580. about from confessionalization dual of process a entered it Ireland did not experience a popular first Reformation in the early sixteenth century, 34

For the following, see Ute Lotz-Heumann, Ute see following, the For Der wiederkehrende Leviathan: StaatlichkeitDer wiederkehrende und Staatswerdung in The Originsof Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland 42 Die doppelteKonfessionalisierunginIrland. Catholic Communities in (Tübingen, 2000); Ute 34 Although Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 48–71. n xrm cs i te og u – tre ot s ‘oml prpey joined periphery, ‘normal’ a as out started – run with England,Wales andeventually alsoScotlandina‘compositemonarchy’. long the in case extreme an unique inearlymodern Europe. Rather,Ireland–even ifitundoubtedlybecame the following.First,Ireland as a dependentterritoryofEngland was not atall The generalobservations onwhichmymethodological approach isbasedare Ireland General observations forthestudyof confessionalizationin rivalry confessional resulting its became ingrainedinIrishsociety,politicsandculture. and confessionalization dual 1603, in starting phase, fourth the During society. Irish of confessionalization gradual the as well as Ireland in churches confessional of formation gradual the saw 1603, to c. 1580 can becalledthepreparatoryphaseofconfessionalization. The thirdphase, from religious uncertainty on the other hand. The second phase, and from 1558/60 to c. 1580, hand one the on Reformation legal and political of one was 1558/60, to 1534 from phase, first The inevitable. means no by was outcome its that and gradually confessionalization in Ireland,itis important tonotethatthisprocess unfolded Church ofIrelandandestablishanofficialCatholicstatechurch. oppositional Catholiconefailedbecauseitcouldnotbreakthelegalstatusof the Ireland; in religion and politics of integration an achieve not could it because process of confessionalization succeeded; the neither state-sponsored Protestant one failed Obviously, military. or parliamentary it be – state that to resistance with associated Catholicism cametobe colonial state-building, associated with to be which createdasituationofintenseconfessionalrivalry. WhileProtestantismcame and were illegal parallelprocesses in Irelandastheywere perhapsnowhereelseinEurope, if full-fledged, a into underground, Tridentine church. Thus, Catholic and Protestant confession-building mission exploratory an from developed and church state the by left vacuum the filled hand, other the on Catholicism, church. its claimtobeanall-embracingstate confessional churchwhilemaintaining Protestantism, theChurchofIrelanddevelopedlegal, intoa minority,but or rebelliontovoicetheirreligiousandpoliticaldemands. of confessionalization was initiated bythetraditionaleliteswho used Parliament Protestant process of confessionalization was state-sponsored, the Catholic process sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries – one Catholic, one Protestant. While the heavily on the collaboration of local elites, for example noblemen and urban elites, Second, early modernstateformation,especially in‘composite monarchies’, relied While I suggest the following periodization for the process ofdual following periodizationforthe the While Isuggest As aresultofitsfailuretoconvert themajorityof Irish populationto 35

See J.H. Elliott, ‘A Europe of Composite Monarchies’, of Composite Europe Elliott, ‘A J.H. See 43 Past andPresent Confessionalization 17 (1992): 137 , 35

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 (Leipzig, 1994),pp.320–47. hat Geschichte. DieSchuleder Gewordene Sammler (eds),Alles Textenin ihren Annales 1929–1992 and SignifyingPractices conduct and consequently have real, practical effects’. our influence practices, social regulate and organize They head”. our “in only not and/or theworldaroundthem. ‘representation’, aperceptionthatsocieties or social groups have ofthemselves their willonterritories. instrument ofstateformation–even iftheyoftendidnothave thepower toimpose Europe showedas an religion andpoliticstouse astrongwilltounify modern early in rulers Therefore, religion. official an least at without function not should ideallyhavestate and societycould view, state onlyonereligion.Intheir one contemporaries, of eyes the in church; and state of unity the of ideal strong a religious practices. conformity andwillfocus on thisaspectratherthanthepersistenceof popular of enforcement the in failure or success as failure’ and ‘success define therefore I waspopulation majority ofthe confessional monopoly,conformityofthe norm. the backed by the state became firmly institutionalized and subsequently established a English crown.Conversely, inthoseEuropeanstateswhereaconfessional church fared poorlyandthatRomanCatholicismhadsucceeded againstthe will ofthe century, contemporary observers agreed thattheProtestantReformation had impact ithadmadeonthepopulation.Incontrast,inIreland,byseventeenth evenif camp, or‘Catholic’ orCalvinist) the personnelofstatechurch was disillusioned with, and sceptical about, the (Lutheran ‘Protestant’ the in firmly as conversion hadyet tobeachieved. Butcontemporariesstillregardedthose areas popular religiouspracticespersisted,theycreatedtheimpression that true When earlymodern reformers, both Catholicand Protestant, complained that – understood as self-conscious of aset religious beliefs and practices. distinguish between ‘conformity’ – defined as visible compliance – and ‘conversion’ loyal elitesandthustheavailability ofasufficientnumberloyal officials. of institutionalizationwhichwas largelydependentononefactor–thebackingby degree their to regard with especially equal, not were all Europe; modern early in territories different between formation state regarding inequality was there that notwithstanding thecritiqueofmodernizationtheories,we should not ignore particularly inoutlyingterritories. This observation leadsme to mythirdpoint: The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation is a complex and tension-filled relationship between representations and actions. and representations between relationship tension-filled and complex a is However, groups. representations are,of course, never translated directlyintoaction. Rather, there social among struggles power in part important an play also This strong idealof the integrationof religion and state can be described as a period, modern early the in was, there that forget not should we finally, And Fourth, Iregarditasessentialtoanydiscussion of confessionalization to 36 37

Stuart Hall, ‘Introduction’, in Stuart Hall (ed.), Steffen and Middell Matthias in Repräsentation’, als Welt ‘Die Chartier, Roger See (London,1997),p.3. 36 As Stuart Hall has written, ‘cultural meanings are 44 Representation: CulturalRepresentations Representation: 37 Therefore,‘representations’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 1957). ewe 15 ad 63 ta i, n h peaaoy hs bten 50 and 1560 between phase preparatory c. the on is, that – 1603 and 1558 between eventually seemedinevitabletocontemporaries. that began aprocess outside slowly, butthengainedmomentum,producedunintendedconsequences,and of stepping difficulties the highlights Ireland in sides. Finally, the history of the Old English in the process of confessionalization social relations. of the collapse process. to Increasingly – and often reluctantly – people were forced to take confessional escalating led eventually slowly prophecies self-fulfilling a of as unfolded administration Misunderstandings, thegradualbreakdownofcommunication andthecreation Dublin the from English Old the always of estrangement religious had The Ireland. in who civilization’ ‘English Ireland of colonizers medieval been considered–andwhohadalsoregardedthemselves –asthemainstayof the were English Old The Dublin. in administration English the and Ireland of inhabitants English Old the of dualconfessionalizationinIreland,Iwillfocusontherelationshipbetween lines andthe ofconfessional to ahardening led development ofdistinctconfessionalculturesandidentities. which prophecies fulfilling process of mutualmisunderstandings, gradualalienationand,eventually, self- wereof stateandchurch.Butinsteadsucceeding,they lockedinanunintended sometimes individuals)andpoliticalreligiousinstitutionsaimedforcontrol the course of thedualprocess of confessionalization, competing social groups (and betweeninteraction the at looking representationsandactionsineverydaylife. In developmentformation andthe state ofconfessionalidentitiesandculturesby In my studyof Ireland, I investigate theinteractionbetween confession-building, consequences alienation, self-fulfillingprophesiesandunintended Dual confessionalizationinIreland:acasestudyofgradual Moreover, the possibility of ‘self-fulfilling prophecies’ has to be taken into account. confessionalization. interaction between representationsandpracticeswhenanalysing theprocess of to observeis important of asituation.Therefore,it on theirinterpretation the act they rather, situation; a of evaluation ‘objective’ an of basis the on act not do action from the persons and social groups towhom they were addressed. People are announcedbutnotoronlyhaphazardlyputintoaction,andsoforth–provoke measures that formulation ofideals,threats, representations –the This meansthat 1580, and the gradual confessionalization of Irish society from c. from society Irish of confessionalization gradual the and 1580, In thefollowing,Iwillconcentrateonreignof ElizabethIofEngland process the of complexities the of glimpse a with readers provide to order In 38

See RobertK.Merton,Social TheoryandSocial Structure , revisededn(Glencoe,IL, 45 Confessionalization 1580 to 1603. to 1580 38

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 process ofdualconfessionalization? Why didthisnothappen inIrelandandwhywas itinstead replacedwitha majority ofthepopulation eventually conformedtotheLutheranstatechurch. alien monarchyandwas propagatedintheforeignlanguageof thatpower, the there was resistance. Yet, despite the andfact that enthusiastically Lutheranism was greeted identified withnot an was faith new The subjects. Norwegian his on Lutheranism imposed king Danish the 1536, In Ireland. with common in much had monarchy, Danish the of dependency political a and Europe Scandinavian of area peripheral a as which, Norway in happened what exactly is this fact, In European comparative terms,thiswouldnothave beenanunusual development. acceptance ofthereligionbylawestablishedaspart ofpeople’severyday life.In been aprocessofconversion, buttheinculcationofconformityleadingtoan slowly educatedtotheProtestant faith. As mentionedabove, this would not have been the only services available and the population of Ireland would have been by Protestant-educatedclergymen. As aresult,Protestantserviceswouldhave by theProtestantreformers,wouldeventually have diedoutandbeenreplaced the half-clandestinely byolderpriests.These‘massingpriests’,astheywere called to went towns English Old the Protestant servicesofthestatechurch,whilealsogoingtohearmasscelebrated of burghers the that reported clergymen Catholic Similarly, Ireland. of observed Church the English of services Old the attended the and law that the noted also they ‘superstitious’, and ‘ignorant’ as them regarded reformers Protestant While reign. Elizabeth’s of decades first new religion. Protestantism inIreland.Theyoungergenerationwouldhave grownupinthe fashion (whichtheywere not),wouldhave played amajorroleindisseminating and auniversity inIreland.Theseinstitutions,hadtheybeenfoundedatimely consistently andenthusiasticallybackedinitiatives toestablishgrammarschools they example, For initiatives. government of kinds all to receptive were English Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. In the early years of Elizabeth’s reign, the Old signs ofresistancetheestablishmentProtestantstatechurchthrough The Irish Parliament of 1560, staffed mostly by the Old English, approved without The startingpoint:aloyal eliteconforms many ways. they cooperatedwiththeEnglishgovernment andthenew ChurchofIrelandin would nottaketheleadinintroducingProtestantReformationtoIreland, they that clear was it and conservative religiously were English Old the though Even harmonious. still were relations 1560s, the in But confessionalization. dual of process above-mentioned the in resulted which English, Old the of allegiance Within roughlytwogenerations,theEnglishgovernment lostthereligious The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation In addition, the Old English conformed to the Protestant state church in the in church state Protestant the to conformed English Old the addition, In 46 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 its right to consent to taxation under threat; the establishment of the Protestant the of establishment the threat; under taxation to consent to right its threat totheirtraditionsand way oflife.Intheireyes, notonlywas Parliament and They sawnotonlyathreat totheirpoliticalprivileges,butperceived ageneral Dublin government, their perception of what was going on changed fundamentally. more theDublingovernment sawthemasunreliable. the resisted, and threatened felt English Old the more The initiatives.government English Old the saw increasingly as ‘troublemakers’,apopulationgroupthatsimply didnotcooperatewith administration Dublin the Rather, resolved. cess the registered withthem,itnolongerasaproblem tobeaddressed and to resistance English Old When Ireland. in army the finance to revenue misunderstandings andnegative representationsofthe‘other’. by marred interaction, social negative into turned gradually government Dublin the and asaprivileged English Old the between status interaction their positive earlier to The Ireland. in athreat elite English, New of influx increasing the to to thematerial well-being and the traditionalindependence of the towns and, due privileges in general – a threat to the right of Parliament to consent to taxes, a threat and political liberties to their cess fromthem,sawathreat amounts ofthe higher English whohadoriginallybeenstronglyinfavourofsuchanenterprise. the that resurgence of the English consequence crown’s power in paradoxical Ireland gradually alienated the the Old had This it. resented increasingly English Old lord the the cessinordertokeepuparmy, deputies couldsimplynotdowithout While Ireland. in army the of size increased on the the of because burden English Old financial greater much a become had cess the however, century, sixteenth the of middle Parliament.the call By to having without and basis hoc ad a very useful instrument inthelateMiddle Ages. The cess could be levied on an already contributedtotheirowndefence by alevycalled ‘the cess’ which hadbeen to findfundingforthismilitaryenterprise. As a result, dependent both the London and a the Dublin governments in looked to the policy Old English a territory was such very expensive, and the resources of the English crown were limited. of implementation the However, deployed. was English ruleover Irelandonceandforall.Infact,ifnotinname,astandingarmy deputies employed militaryforce to controlthewarring lords and toestablish successivecentury, lord sixteenth the Throughout noblemen. independent against political engagementoftheEnglishcrowninIrelandandmoremilitaryactivity particular the office-holders specific, in Ireland, the Old English were keen supporters of a more vigorous more be to or politics, political situation in Ireland in the is sixteenth century. As a loyal elite and developmentas English this to key The confessionalization Gradual escalation:frompoliticalgrievance to Gradually, as the Old English perceived themselves under attack from the from attack under themselves perceived English Old the as Gradually, Successive lord deputies continuedtouse the cess as their main source of The Old English, feeling betrayed by the various lord deputies who exerted ever English Old the prosperous, comparatively was that population loyal a As 47 Confessionalization Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 clergy played adecisive roleintheprocessofdualconfessionalization inIreland. as community English government,against anencroaching ancient rights Catholics defendingtheir Old these the of identity political and through religious newfound Catholicism the their asserting firmly laity a processofCatholicconfession-building andreinforcing recusancy. Byinitiating a with and schools, Catholic a hierarchyinplace,withclandestine underground churchinIreland–awith English Old the of substantial sons a establish to strove they and Jesuits and priests as Ireland to the returned seminaries; continental the from sprang Catholics old religion among the Old English. Now, however, a younger group of convinced the decadesbefore,olderpriests,celebratingmass clandestinely, hadkeptupthe widespread and Protestantism was openlyrejectedinfavourofCatholicism. In increasingly stayed away fromtheservices of thestatechurch.Recusancybecame New Protestant the with alliances English. As aresult,someOldEnglishfamiliessplitalongconfessionallines. marriage forming stopped they time, same spirit of TridentineCatholicism. educated inthe children wouldbe their Atthe universities onthecontinentratherthantoEngland,infullknowledge that tighter togetherasasocial group. Theybegantosendtheirsons to Catholic government,and tookmeasureswhichboundthem formedaseparateidentity Dublin the from pressure and powerlessness increasing facing English, Old The The processofdualconfessionalizationinIrelandafter1580 becameconscious and inIreland Catholics instead. circumstances social and political specific reacted to they but Protestants, become have might English Old the say, to is That in people’s minds independently oftheir political,social and culturalsituation. grow not do identities and convictions that arguing am However,I faith. their for risks incredible taking them of many with Catholics, convinced were English Old Ireland. There is no doubt in my mind that, by the end of the sixteenth century, the religion wasthat I amnotarguing somekindofpoliticalpawninearlymodern of a ‘functional-reductionist’ view of religion. Letme emphasize, therefore, that non- onwards, 1580s late the attendance attheservicesofChurchIreland,so-called‘recusancy’. from and, opposition, parliamentary payments, their delaying by cess the passiveto example, resistance governmentfor of policy; they resortedtosubtleand not-so-subtle acts of resistanceagainstvarious aspects the Dublingovernment. vis-à-vis identity English Old of waspart religion, as traditional appropriated old, their as defined faith, Catholic The religion. Catholic the included traditions these and – traditions time-honoured on government the by attack universal a of part Church of Ireland and the requirementtoconform to itwere increasinglyseen as The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation In the late 1580s and early 1590s, the Old English, finding a unified identity, unified a finding English, Old the 1590s, early and 1580s late the In I am well aware thatthisinterpretationof events inIreland invites accusations English, Old the of most of thoughts the from far was rebellion outright While 48 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 successfully integrating state-building and confessional formation. Not only do we as a fundamental process of society, as a modernizing force or as a process In the light of recent research, it is no longer possible to see confessionalization The futureoftheconcept ofconfessionalization concerned, resultinginaprocessofdualconfessionalization inIreland. state of spearhead the as English formation andProtestantconfessionalizationinIreland, cametobea‘failure’forall Old the with story’, ‘success a be to meant was of noreturnwas onlyreachedintheearlyseventeenth century.Intheend,what nothing inevitableaboutthisprocesswhichunfolded insmallsteps,andthepoint was there that emphasized be to has it However, course. its took groups two these deteriorated, reconciliation became impossibleandthe process of alienationbetween This ledtoaviciouscircleofincreasingmutualdistrust. As socialcommunication Old the regarded increasingly English astroublemakersandpotentialtraitorswhohadtobecurtailedrepressed. it But programmes. reform religious and political desperately it The indeed English, administration. Old needed abroadloyal Dublin eliteconforming tothestatereligionimplementbothits the the with relations by good threatened wanted government increasingly felt to but loyal be crown, to wanted the English Old The happen. to it wanted involved parties the assumptions aboutthemalignantintentionsofothersideabounded. government and the Old English had come to a point where trust was eroded, and ‘self-fulfilling a Dublin the as between relationship the side century, seventeenth early other the By prophecy’. the of view negative their in believe to sides both mutual distrust,acceleratedthebreakdownofsocial relations andeventually led such measuresfurthered the servicesofChurchIreland.Itisnosurprisethat the so-called recusancy laws, laws that imposed fines on people who did not enforce attend to attempted government Dublin the finally, And years. thirty almost for after there had been Old English resistance in Parliament, Parliament was not called staffed with Old English, but with New English office-holders and judges. Second, longer no were courts law the and administration Dublin The possible. as much as influence English Old curtail to Old Ireland in government the English the of led English troublemaking and resistance perceived the First, relations. social of automatically interpretedasanactofpoliticaldisobedience. advertised English Old their Catholic faith byrefusingtocome to theservices of the statechurch, this was the when Therefore, treason. and disloyalty political result in would religion in difference that expectation general a was there Europe, just being from ‘troublemakers’ tobeingatleastpotentialrebelsandtraitors.Inearlymodern moved English Old the officials, English New the of eyes the In governmentalso. Dublin changed the of perception the phenomenon, widespread What is most striking about this gradual process of alienation is that none of What ismoststrikingaboutthisgradualprocessofalienationthatnone Several factors accelerated this process of alienationandtheresulting breakdown a became recusancy and Catholicism, embraced English Old the When 49 Confessionalization Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 (Constance, 1999),p.37. Standortbestimmung’, inPeerRegion und (eds), Konfessionalisierung and RolfKießling Frieß aspects of the Counter-Reformation, such as Regina Pörtner’s book on Styria and Styria on book Pörtner’s Regina as such Counter-Reformation, the of aspects tool. One of the most striking phenomena in recent research is that works on various implications, theconceptofconfessionalization still serves asafruitfulresearch and claims macrohistorical its of stripped that, argue would I However, concept. redefined, original the be of left nothing is can there before flexibly more concept handled or supplemented theoretical a much how to limits are there that argue could one hand, one the On thing. bad a or good a is this whether is question the of concept the of criticism the of result confessionalization has undoubtedlyresultedinaconceptofmorelimitedscope, the While yet? point that at we are But According of scholars. to Kuhn,thiswilleventually resultinthereplacementof such a paradigm. generation younger amostly by modified and criticized revolutions, theconceptofconfessionalizationbecame aparadigmwhichwas then largely agree–cameintobeing. confessional cultures – on the eventual existence of which early modern historians in the process, but we need more research into how confessional identities and ihn oil rus ad efcnesoaiain aot hc w ko little know we which so far. about self-confessionalization, and groups, social within confessionalization asoneofconflict,negotiationandaccommodation. a microhistory of social and cultural developments to describe the process of social groups.Consequently,amicrohistoryofthestatecanbecombinedwith different and individuals of role andthe thus and agents society and state at in interests their look to possible becomes it agents, different into fragmented as is alsochangingandtheearlymodernstatenolongerseenasanentity,but and again through interaction and communication. As research into the state after all, only come into being and continue to exist if they were reinforced again confessional churches,culturesoridentitiescould, and theirinterestsintheprocessofconfessionalization.Socialformationslike agents different at look to have will we Third, way. some in reacted have may such measureswere perceived aspotentialsand/orthreatstowhichpeople intent, of declarations remained they evenif effects; haveunintended fact in did ask whethereven thosemeasures‘fromabove’ thatdidnotachieve their goals and churchmeasuresmustmove totheforefrontofresearch. Second,we must state to resistance and opposition First, flexibly. more much construed be must confessional between state formation andconfession-buildingaspartoftheconceptconfessionalization therelationship and aconsequence, As conflicts above’. ‘from confessional influence state that realize to cultures couldbetheresultoflocalandregionaldevelopments ratherthanof come also have we ‘from above’ was widespread,possiblyeven universal, inearlymodernEurope, now knowthatoppositiontocentralizedstate-buildingandconfessionalization The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation n cud ehp sy ht n h mne o Toa Kh’ scientific Kuhn’s Thomas of manner the in that say perhaps could One This raises,amongothers,thequestionof‘horizontalconfessionalization’ 39

39 Itisclearthatelitesandalsothemiddlingsortplayed animportantrole eg Shae-cüe ‘iri Jhe ofsinlseugfrcug eine – Konfessionalisierungsforschung Jahre ‘Vierzig Schnabel-Schüle, Helga 50 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 Dietz, Burkhard and Stefan Ehrenpreis (eds), Ehrenpreis Stefan and Burkhard Dietz, hi, éad ‘a ofsinaiain Nt critique’, Note confessionnalisation. ‘La Gérald, Chaix, Bahlcke, Joachim and Arno Strohmeyer (eds), Select bibliography which promisesfruitfulresearchandfurtherdebates. field a is enlightenment, and confessionalization of processes of overlap possible century, especiallyinCatholic regions. Therefore, the eighteenthcentury,withits eighteenth the into far extended process this that shown has research recent seen, processes of cultural construction and (attempted) diffusion in society. As we have and analysestheirinteractions,and,asadevelopmental concept,itfocuses on developments cultural and social political, integrates it approach: broad a offers from concept using confessionalizationasaframeworkandresearchtoolbecausethe profit can identities and cultures confessional of creation the into research the reactions and possiblestrategiesofavoidance that theyprovoked. Finally, categorize and effectiveness discuss their as gauge well and confessionalization confessionalization’ (Catholic) new research, and in particularnew case studies, can identify othermethods of of ‘methods time, same the guideline. At a the as useful remain Reinhard context, Wolfgang by identified this In cultures. and churches confessional modern early the of, specifics as well as between, parallels Applying theconceptofconfessionalizationshouldthereforemeananalysing contexts. political and social different in agents different by identities and cultures developments whichledtoconfession-buildingandtheconstructionofconfessional sometimes translated into English. ‘Confessionalization’ draws our attention to the a process.Thus,confessionalizationisnotthesameas‘confessionalism’, as itis as defined being of advantage the has also Confessionalization so. do us help can questions and examine long-term developments, the concept of confessionalization historical structures, asklarger approaches beyondindividualcasestudies,lookat comparativeattempt to wish westill If history-writing. fragmenting of danger the answeredthis approachaloneruns using methodsofmicrohistory,employing by being criticaloftheoriginal,strictformulationsconcept. time same the at while religion of agents and formation state of agents different the concept of confessionalization by closely observing the interactions between Ulrike Strasser’s Bottigheimer, Karl S. and Ute Lotz-Heumann, ‘The Irish Reformation in European in Reformation Irish ‘The Lotz-Heumann, Ute and S. Karl Bottigheimer, 18. Jahrhundert Beiträge zur Geschichte der Konfessionalisierung im Herzogtum Berg vom 16. bis zum l’Histoire duProtestantisme Français und Kultur Gesellschaft Staat, in Jahrhundert 17. und 16. im Wandels religiösen des Wirkungen While it is true that questions aboutearlymodernpopularreligioncanbestbe While itistruethat Perspective’, ArchivfürReformationsgeschichte (Stuttgart:Steiner,1999). State of Virginity, approachtheirtopicsinthebroaderspiritof (Cologne:Rheinland-Verlag, 1999). , 148(2002):851–65. 51 Konfessionalisierung in Ostmitteleuropa. , 87(1998):268–309. Drei Konfessionenineiner Region. Confessionalization Bulletin delaSociété de Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 enad Wlgn, Pesrs oad Cnesoaiain Poeoea o a to Prolegomena Confessionalization? towards ‘Pressures Wolfgang, Reinhard, in andLiterature ‘Confessionalization Pohlig, Matthias and Ute Lotz-Heumann, ulc, asCrsoh (ed.), Hans-Christoph Rublack, Lotz-Heumann, Ute, ‘Confessionalization’, in David Whitford (ed.), Whitford inDavid ‘Confessionalization’, Ute, Lotz-Heumann, Character, and Ireland: Periodization in ‘Confessionalization Ute, Lotz-Heumann, Reinhard, Wolfgang and Heinz Schilling (eds), Schilling Heinz and Wolfgang Reinhard, Reinhard, Wolfgang,‘Reformation, Counter-Reformation,andtheEarlyModern Ehrenpreis, Stefan and Ute Lotz-Heumann, Ute and Stefan Ehrenpreis, The Ashgate Research CompaniontotheCounter-Reformation Kaufmann, Thomas, Anselm SchubertandKasparvonGreyerz (eds),Frühneuzeitliche Lotz-Heumann, Ute, -emn ‘ou: ofsinlzto’ Arl 05 http://www.h-net. 2005, April (eds), Kaplan, Benjamin J. et al. (eds), Papalas Confessionalization’, J. ‘Forum: Anthony and H-German, Hillerbrand J. Hans M., John Headley, Community, ‘Confessionalization, Smith, Walser Helmut and F. Joel Harrington, Kaufmann Thomas Jakubowski-Tiessen, Manfred von, Kaspar Greyerz, Frieß, Peer andRolfKießling(eds), oa PitTeeshepnt ‘ofsinlzto ad oil icpie in Discipline Social and ‘Confessionalization Point/Themenschwerpunkt, Focal Forster, MarcR.,‘Withand Without Confessionalization: Varieties ofEarlyModern The EssentialReadings Theory of the Confessional Age’, in C. Scott Dixon (ed.), the Empire,1555–1700’,CentralEuropeanHistory,40(2007):35–59. University Press,2008). State Truman MO: (Kirksville, and Early Modern Europe: A GuidetoResearch (Gütersloh: GütersloherVerlagshaus, 1995). in EarlyModernIreland(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,2005). (eds), McCafferty John and in Ford 1534–1649’, Alan Essential Readings(Oxford:Blackwell, 1999). (ed.), Luebke M. David in Reassessment’, State: A (Gütersloh: GütersloherVerlagshaus, 1992). im 16. und in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts Konfessionskulturen the Netherlandsc. 1570–1720(Manchester:ManchesterUniversity Press,2009). org/~german/discuss/Confessionalization/Confess_index.htm. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). Confessionalization in Europe,1555–1700:EssaysMemoryofBodo Nischan 77–101. and State Building in Germany, 1555–1870’, Konfessionalisierungsthese zur (Gütersloh: GütersloherVerlagshaus, 2003). Forschungen Neue Pluralität. (eds), binnenkonfessionelle Lehmann Hartmut and Universitätsverlag Konstanz,1999). France, Italy,andSpain’,ArchivfürReformationsgeschichte (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,2002). German Catholicism’, Die doppelte Konfessionalisierung in Irland. Konflikt und Koexistenz (Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus, 2008). (Oxford:Blackwell, 1999). Journal ofEarlyModernHistory Catholic Communities inProtestantStates:Britainand Die lutherischeKonfessionalisierung inDeutschland Interkonfessionalität –Transkonfessionalität – Konfessionalisierung undRegion(Constance: 52 Reformation und konfessionellesZeitalter Journal of Modern History, 69 (1997): Die katholische Konfessionalisierung (Tübingen:MohrSiebeck,2000). The Counter-Reformation: The The , 1(1998):315–43. The Origins ofSectarianism The The GermanReformation: , 94(2003):276–319. Reformation

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 ciln, en (ed.), Heinz Schilling, cmd, enih Richard, Heinrich Schmidt, Schilling, Heinz, ‘Confessional Europe’, in Thomas A. Brady Jr, Heiko A. Oberman Schilling, Heinz, ‘Confessionalization in the Empire: Religious and Societal Change Ages, RenaissanceandReformation,vol.2(Leiden:Brill,1995). (eds), Tracy D. James and (Leiden: Brill,1992). Society: andDutchHistory and theEmergenceofEarlyModernEssaysinGerman in Germany between 1555 and 1620’, in Heinz Schilling, Problem der‘Zweiten Reformation’(Gütersloh:GütersloherVerlagshaus, 1986). Oldenbourg, 1992). Die reformierte Konfessionalisierungin Deutschland – Das Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Late 1400–1600: History European of Handbook ofsinlseug m 6 Jahrhundert 16. im Konfessionalisierung 53 Confessionalization Religion, Political Culture (Munich: Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:30 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315613574, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315613574.ch2 This pagehasbeenleftblankintentionally