SUBJECT INDEX INDEX

a-elements 370 basis sets 509 2MASS 47, 416 bending instability 32, 88 3-kpc arm 297 BICE 497 binary 531 A-F-supergiants 703 black holes 219, 253 accretion disk 176, 201 binary 285 fossil 175 starvation diet 178 active galactic nuclei 176 supermassive 169, 178 jets 177 Bondi-Hoyle accretion 174 UV-bump 177 broadline clumps 314 AGB 15, 406, 412 buckling 73 age bulge 42, 71, 85, 94, 103, 111, 119, halo 354 129, 329, 341, 411, 425, age-velocity relation 433, 514, 518 429 age spread 377 box-peanut 140 AGN 181 boxy 73 Allen, David 205 formation 32, 89, 403 aluminum 437 microlensing 93 angular momentum transfer 87,518 peanut-shaped 73 anticenter 681 Apache Point Observatory 47 carbon stars 13, 638 arm-interarm contrast 502 CCD photometry 94 ASCA 287, 628 Cepheids 15, 638, 639 asymmetric drift 34 chaotic scenario 371 asymmetry 86 chemical inhomogeneities 373 axial symmetry 32 chemo-dynamical evolution 389 axisymmetric Jeans instability 31 chemo-dynamical model396, 425, 429 Baade's window 129, 320, 405 CI 283, 469 background radio emission 615 C II 497 bar 12,32,53, 71, 79,93, 103,125, cloud 145, 147, 297, 316 filling factor 556 inclination 107 formation 551 potential 147 stability 609 structure 107 cluster 279 viewing angle 145 clustering

716 SUBJECT INDEX 717

hierarchical 3 edge 681 co 297 ellipticity 1 luminosity 564 evolution 681 co (J=l-0) heating 513 Columbia survey 501 hot 33 co (J=2-1) lop-sided 6 Tokyo-NRO survey 501 mass 499 COBE 51,61 scale height 35 FIRAS 567 stability 349, 519, 521 collisions stars 97 GMC 190 warp of 7 stellar 216 dissipationless collapse 24, 423, 676 color- diagram 60, 93, dissipative collapse 368 104, 112, 318 distribution function 33, 351, 424 Compton Observatory 437 dust emission 231, 567 COMTEL 62 dwarf 98 corotation radius 83 dynamical friction 515 correlation function of intensity 615 dynamics 79 corrugations 31, 59 cosmic rays 437 edge-on 147 cosmic strings 257 EGRET 170 cs (J=2-1) 265 electron Lorentz factor 174, 177 CSHELL 112 electrons cyclones 597 injection 177 secondaries 177 dark corona 645 elliptical galaxies 32, 425 ellipticities dark halo 24, 651 formation 24 apparent 6 epicycle rotation of 6 approximation 3 evolutionary processes scale-free model of 5 79 expanding molecular shape 24 ring 297 93, 575, 652 F-G-dwarfs 389 DENIS 47, 416 Faraday rotation 271 density waves 502, 517, 519, 521 filaments 247, 314 m=1 138 fine structure 613 differential distribution Fokker-Planck 217 400 forbidden region 119 diffusion of stellar orbits 431 DIRBE 51, 61 G-dwarf disk 52, 398, 681 distribution 400 asymmetry 12 problem 375 dark matter 651 galactic 718

background 613 elliptical 12 bar 107 flattening 43 center 79, 199, 205, 285, 311 triaxial 11 "arc" 203, 263 heavy halo "bridge" 203 shape of 1 accretion rate 17 4 He I stars 181 169 HI 82, 297 mini-spiral 241 inner galaxy 145 molecular clouds 282 scale height 4 79 constants 633, 707, 709 survey 447 coordinates 178 terminal curve 85 dynamics 125 high-velocity clouds 605 fine structure 611 high-velocity stars 523, 524 model 681, 707, 713 HII regions 689 potential 697 Hipparcos 513, 525, 691 galaxies horizontal branch 368 stellar halos 39 HST 405,605 surface photometry 39 hydro-dynamical simulations 82, 145, galaxy 103 147 formation 1, 381, 423 inside out 376 infrared 59, 205, 232 gamma rays 437 inside out galaxy formation 376 GC 170 interstellar gas 79 bubbles 618, 620 dynamical simulations 145 medium 613 inflow 88 scattering 194 kinematics 80 turbulence 558 globular clusters 43, 99, 381, 403, interval method 713 523,524,669,697 ionized age 355 gas 613 proper motions 697 medium 437 gravitational IRAS point sources 75, 411 focusing 220 iron abundance 397, 429 instabilities 55 7 IRS 112 microlensing 93, 103 IRTF 112 slingshot 527 ISO 628 isophote twists 6 H2 283 · CI 469 Jeans equation 652 torus 285 jets hadronic cascades 177 GC spur 180 halo 52, 437 nozzle 176 SUBJECT INDEX 719

K-giants 15, 329, 426, 429 metallicity 329 Kapteyn, J.C. ix gradient 330, 368 kinematic principal axes 7 structure 427 kinematics 73, 329, 341 microlensing 93 Baade's Window 128 Milky Way 125, 341 bulge 331 bulge 42 Miras 411 mini-spiral 241 OH/IR stars 345 minicavity 153 stellar 11 variable 15, 323, 333, 34 7, 411 Lindblad model local expanding ring 584 Kuijken and Tremaine 635 resonances 73, 83, 139, 516 molecular local clouds 275, 282, 437, 521 escape velocity 64 7 clumps 257, 263 mass density 499, 654 gas 82, 501 standard of rest 119 cold 575, 607 local bubble 482 mass 607 local velocity field 130 ring 86, 147 long-lived bend 36 spurs 314 longitude-velocity diagram 145, 147 molecular clouds 561 LSR velocity 12, 600, 635, 690 monoenergetic electrons synchrotron emission 172 M-giants 112, 347, 411 MOST 611 machos 656 moving groups 513 macroscopic thermal instability 556 magnetic field 247, 263, 271, 595, N-body simulation 10, 32, 125, 395, 609, 615 423, 676 reconnection 254, 256, 263 N-body simulations 516 maser near-infrared H20 343 maps 75 SiO 119 photometry 80 mass 651 neutral gas 613 distribution 697 non-circular motions 145 spectrum 565 NTT 405 mass-loss rates 411 nuclear disk 119, 297, 312 massive stars 437 maximum likelihood 19 OB stars 689 mergers Ofpe/WN9 stars 226 black holes 286 OGLE 55, 93, 103 galaxies 2, 285, 358, 686 OH 297,311 satellite systems 408 OH/IR stars 15, 76, 271, 285, 320, stars 163, 216, 279, 325 345 720

link PNe 511 velocity 119 Oort constants 634 velocity dispersion 34 Oort, J.H. ix radio jets 176 open clusters 435, 523 red clump stars 99, 103, 104, 105, orbital diffusion 372 107 orbit crowding 556 reddening 59 orbits red giant clump stars 435 closed 82 regular magnetic field 615 closed loop 24 retrograde orbits 367 cusped 83 rings 139, 551 galactic 523 ROSAT 627 stochastic 5 rotation curve 119, 297, 667, 689, OSIRIS 112 703 outer galaxy 561, 607, 669 kink 505 overabundant 376 rotation measure 271 oxygen gradient 398 RR Lyrae 98, 332, 361, 524, 674 Rybicki disk model 33 p-v diagrams 14 7 parallelogram 84 scale height parameters co 502 galactic model 713 HI 479 pattern speed 11, 12, 14, 147 Miras 411 peanut bulges 88 scattering 271 peanut shaped 508 scatter of stellar 431 periodic orbits 58, 82, 135, 419, SDSS 47 508, 529 SEST 282 periodic variable stars 98 Seyfert galaxies 180, photodissociation 469 185, 189, 292 Sgr A* photoionization 613 169, 181, 193, 271, 285 pion-decay 177 accretion disk 175, 176 accretion rate planetary 15, 511, 524 174, 175 polar ring galaxy 24, 656 bremsstrahlung 202 polar rings 140 jet 176, 202 Population II 24 luminosity 170 mass potential-density pairs 509 173, 174 proper motion 689 proper motion 196 proton-proton collisions 177 radio spectrum 169, 177, 199 source size 171, 173 quadratic programming 512 spherical accretion 202 quasars synchrotron radiation radio loud & radio weak 177 optically thick 202 optically thin 199 radial variability 201 SUBJECT INDEX 721

wind accretion 17 4 collisions 216 X-rays 170 disk shapes 24 shells 551 metallicity distribution 395 shock-acceleration populations 73, 317 protons 178 structure function of intensity 615 simulations sulfur 613 of galaxy formation 3 superbubble 625 SiO 119 superclouds 557 SiO maser 333, 341 supernovae 625 software remnants 611, 613, 627 DoPhot 94 supershell 621, 625 HRD-GST 319 surface density 34 MOSAIC 232 SX Phenicis stars 98 WIDTH6 389 synchrotron solar neighbourhood 369 self-absorption 172 SPH 425 synchrotron emission spherical accretion 17 4 monoenergetic electrons 172 spiral arms 1, 7, 59, 505 tangent point analysis 499 molecular 502 thick disk 681 spiral galaxies thickening mechanism 32 apparent ellipticities of 1 thickness of the plane 35 , spiral structure 519, 521 thick spirals 508 secular evolution 517 TIGER 138 stability 519 tilt criterion 31 nuclear disk 297 disk 349 rotation axis 119 Stackel potentials 4 titanium 437 standard candle 15 Toomre 31 Q 516 clusters 539 triaxiality 57, 64, 79 counts 40, 59, 652 triple stars 527, 531 formation 534 truncated disk 34 GMC 583 Tully-Fisher relation 1, 7 inner disk 8 7 turbulence 271, 481, 591 massive 205 starburst 189, 205, 279, 554 variable stars 93 stars 651 miras 404 atmospheres 279 RR Lyrae 403 evolution 279 velocity starvation diet dispersion 372, 423, 433, 512, black holes 178 513 stellar ellipsoid 525 722 velocity field galactic internal 7 local 130 residual 525, 597 vertex deviation 131, 513, 525 vertical distribution of HI 499 vertical velocity dispersion 35 violent relaxation 2, 369 VLA 272, 343, 580 warps 7, 58, 59, 140, 676 WN stars 225 WR stars 226, 279, 618, 620 WSRT 260, 606

X-ray emission 628 X factor 563, 608 young stellar objects 627 OBJECT INDEX INDEX

0727-115 579 M 83 20 2013+370 577 M 87 165 3C418 577 M 94 82, 143 4 7 Tuc 99, 356, 405 Maffei 2 139

A0136-0801 27 NGC 288 356 AM-2 435 NGC 309 148 Arp 2 356 NGC 362 356 Cepheus 623 NGC 628 595 complex A 605 NGC 660 137, 139 NGC 720 26 G0.08+0.15 249 NGC 891 42, 137, 139, 148, 339 G0.18-0.04 265 NGC 1058 491, 595 G317.5+0.0 611 NGC 1068 139 G359.5+0.18 274 NGC 1097 137, 139 G359.54+0.18 248 NGC 1365 20 G359.96+0.09 248 NGC 1808 137, 139 G54.4-0.3 627 NGC 2808 355 GS64-01-97 621 NGC 3079 137, 139 NGC 3115 164 HD 192163 617 NGC 3351139 NGC 4314 139 IC 1396 623 NGC 4321 20, 134, 137, 139 IC 2006 7, 29 NGC 4442 73 IC 342 139 NGC 4535 14 IRS 16 181, 205, 225 NGC 4565 42, 88 Leo I 649 NGC 4595 165 NGC 4650A 7, 27, 656 M0.20-0.033 265 NGC 4945 137, 139 M 101 138 NGC 5236 139 M 22 330 NGC 5474 491 M 31 39, 138, 165, 406, 649 NGC 5746 73 M 32 351,406 NGC 5907 508 M 33 138 NGC 5927 359 M 51139 NGC 5965 73 M 82 139 NGC 6352 359

724 OBJECT INDEX 725

NGC 6528 405 NGC 6553 405 NGC 6723 359 NGC 6888 617 NGC 6946 137, 139 NGC 7129 623 NGC 7479 134 NGC 7814 43

Omega Cen 99 Orion complex 437 Orion nebula 629

Pal12 356 PG 0859+596 605 PG 0906+597 605 PG 1351 +640 605

Ru 106 356 s 140 623 Sagittarius 99 Sagittarius arm 502 Sculptor 98 Scutum arm 502 Sgr C 248

Terzan 7 356

UGC 7576 27

WR 136 617 WR 149 619