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1111111111J111,1111111111 7 BUILDING #19 Low mu 1111111111j111,1111111111 ; a a dé THE MOST & THE AMATEUR REMARKABLE D INVENTOR WHOSE INVENTION Of THE D GENIUS, SPARKED 1911, CENTURY AREVOLUTKDN Gavin ei klman Praise for Gavin Wei sliimaa's THE FROZEN-WATER TRADE 'An adventure in the enterprising years of the 19th century...What could have been arun-of-the-mill tale of the rise and fall of abusiness Weightman makes into an eye-opening and intriguing story" —Los Angeles Times "Fascinating."—New York Times Book Review "Riveting.... Weightinan takes_u_•_e_l__atively unknown part of history (and the figure at its center) an-d createg-a funny,_ - rollicking human adventure."—Publishers Weekly "Entertaining."—New Torker "Engaging."—Business Week "Delightful."—National Geographic Adventure ISBN. 0 :406-81295-4 101 9 780306liii 812750II 11 $25.(n) CONTINUED FROM FRONT FLAP Signor Marconi's Magic Box is a rich portrait of One liunclreci years after {lie [listoric the man and his time—and acaptivating tale of science and scientists, business and businessmen. first transatlantic radio transmission, There are British blowhards, American hucksters, unscrupulous charlatans, and outlandish theorists, tile extraordinary story of an amateur all attracted to the mysterious new medium. And it inventor and his ma8ic box of course there is Marconi himself: acharacter par excellence, acomplicated and celebrated genius— aman destined for fame and fortune, and fated to HE WORLD AT THE TURN of the twentieth become avirtual prisoner of both. century was utterly in the throes of "Marconi- Tmania"— brought on by an incredible inven- tion that no one could quite explain. And at the center of it all was adapper and eccentric figure who would one day win the newly minted Nobel Prize—Guglielmo Marconi. In an era when the telephone, the telegraph, and electricity had everyone wondering just what sci- G AVIN W EIGHTMAN is adocumentary filmmaker, ence would think of next, the startling answer ajournalist, and the author most recently of The came in 1896 in the form of two mysterious wood- Frozen-Water Trade. He lives in London. en boxes containing adevice Marconi had rigged up in the attic of his family home near Bologna. It was a device to transmit messages "through the ether." Many of those at the first public demon- stration of the invention thought that they were witnessing a con man's trick. None could have guessed that Signor Marconi's magic box would be regarded as the most remarkable invention of the nineteenth century, and that he himself would become one of the most famous men in the world. For this was nothing less than the birth of the radio, even if no scientist in Europe or America, or even Marconi himself, could at first say how it worked. And certainly no one knew how far these radio waves could travel, until 1903, when aMorse CDa eapo Press code message from President Theodore Roosevelt A MEMBER OF THE PERSEUS BOOKS GROUP to the king of England flashed from Cape Cod to WWW.DACAPOPRESS.COM Cornwall—clear across the Atlantic. JACKET DESIGN BY ALEX CAMLIN JACKET PHOTOGRAPH © HULTON-ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES CONTINUED ON BACK FLAP Signor Marconi's Magic Box The Most Remarkable Invention of the 19th Century & the Amateur Inventor Whose Genius Sparked aRevolution GAVIN WEIGHTMAN e DA CAPO PRESS A Member of the Perseus Books Group Copyright © 2003 by Gavin Weightman All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publiskr. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-Publication data for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Set in PostScript Linotype Adobe Caslon with Bauer Bodini and Spectrum Display by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk First Da Capo Press edition 2003 Reprinted by arrangement with HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-306-81275-4 Published by Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group http://www.dacapopress.com Da Capo Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, or call (800) 255-1514 or (617) 252-5298, or e-mail [email protected]. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-06 05 04 03 - For my father CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Xiii INTRODUCTION XV MAP: MARCONI'S EARLY WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATIONS XVIII 1 In Darkest London I 2 Silkworms and 'Whiskey IO 3 Sparks in the Attic 16 4 In the Heart of the Empire 21 5 Dancing on the Ether 25 6 Beside the Seaside 35 7 Texting Queen Victoria 39 8 An American Investigates 44 9 The Romance of Morse Code 49 10 A New York Welcome 58 II Atlantic Romance 66 12 Adventure at Mullion Cove 71 13 An American Forecast 82 14 Kite-Flying in Newfoundland 88 15 The Spirits of the Ether 93 16 Fishing in the Ether loo 17 The End of the Affair io8 18 Farewell the Pigeon Post ii5 Viii SIGNOR MARCONI'S MAGIC BOX 19 The Power of Darkness 121 20 The Hermit of Paignton 128 21 The King's Appendix 132 22 The Thundering Professor 142 23 A Real Colonel Sellers 15I 24 Defeat in the Yellow Sea 161 25 A Wireless Rat 167 26 Dazzling the Millions 172 27 `Marky' and his Motor 178 28 On the American Frontier 186 29 Marconi gets Married 191 30 Wireless at War 198 31 America's Whispering Gallery 202 32 A Voice on the Air 206 33 The Bells of Budapest 211 34 Wireless to the Rescue 219 35 Dynamite for Marconi 225 36 Le Match Dew—Crippen 230 37 A Marriage on the Rocks 236 38 Ice and the Ether 242 39 It's aCQD, Old Man' 247 40 After the Titanic 253 41 The Crash 260 42 The Suspect Italian 268 43 Eclipse of Marconi on the Eiffel Tower 277 44 In Bed with Mussolini 281 EPILOGUE 289 INDEX 293 ILLUSTRATIONS All photographs © Marconi pk unless otherwise indicated. Guglielmo Marconi shortly after his arrival in London in 1896. (Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library) Marconi, aged about four, with his mother Annie and his brother Alfonso. The Villa Griffone. The little 'cohere? which began the radio revolution. (Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Libraty) William Preece. One of the `magic boxes' Marconi used to make his first demonstrations of wireless. Marconi demonstrates his wireless system to observers from the Italian navy at La Spezia in 1897. British Post Office engineers testing Marconi's spark transmitter in 1897. The world's first working wireless station, at the Royal Needles Hotel on the Isle of Wight. The Daily Mail's illustration on 19 August 1898 of aMarconi engineer tapping out Morse code messages from the Isle of Wight to the royal yacht Osborne. (British Library Newspaper Library) One of the first wireless 'text messages' in history, dictated by Queen Victoria on the Isle of Wight. George Kemp and Marconi in their temporary wireless station at Wimerewc on the northern coast of France in 1898. ix X SIGNOR MARCONI'S MAGIC BOX The Haven Hotel, Poole, Dorset, Marconi's home and research station for several years. Reginald Fessenden at his research station at Brant Rock, Massachusetts. (George H. Clark Radioana Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution) Ambrose Fleming. The Transatlantic Times, the news-sheet produced by Marconi on the SS St Paul. A love letter from Josephine Holman to Marconi, partially in Morse code. Marconi watches as helpers attempt to get ahuge kite airborne at St John's, Newfoundland, in December 1901. A chart confirming the distances Morse messages were received as the SS Philadelphia liner sailed from Southampton to New York in February 1902. A 'magnetic detector' devised by Marconi in 1902. Marconi and Sir Henneker Heaton MP celebrate Edward VII's coronation in 1902. Lee de Forest. (BettmanniCORBIS) An exhibit put on at the St Louis World's fair in 1904 by Abraham White. (George H Clark Radioana Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution) The gigantic power packs of Marconi's transmitter at Clifden, on the west coast of Ireland. The final scene of Inspector Drew of Scotland Yard's pursuit of Hawley Harvey Crippen across the Atlantic. A message sent from the liner Virginian to the Californian at 4 a.m. on 15 April 1912, two hours after the Titanic sank. American cartoon celebating Marconi's role as the hero of the Titanic disaster. ILLUSTRATIONS Xi Marconi with his wife Bea and their three children, Degna, Giulio and Gioia, around 1920. Oliver Lodge. (Barratts Photo Press Ltd) The mobile Marconi wireless kit used by British soldiers in the First World War. Marconi with his second wife Cristina Bezzi-Scali on the yacht Elettra. (Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatest debt is to Louise Jamison, archivist of the Marconi Company, who found the time to unearth for me many newspaper cuttings, diary extracts and illustrations and who made me welcome at Chelmsford, where the records going back to 1896 are kept. Gordon Bussey, the company's historical consultant, provided much technical assistance, in particular on the details of the first transatlantic signal of 1901. At the Villa Griffone, Barbara Valotti made me welcome, and Maurizio Bigazzi demonstrated some of Marconi's very early equipment and showed me the lie of the land. Professor Giuliano Pancaldi of Bologna University gave me some valuable background information and ahandsome book, some of which was translated for me by Mariluisa Achille.
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