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Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire, 400-1300

Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire, 400-1300

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Emerging and the Byzantine 400–1300 Key Events As you read, look for the key events in the of early Europe and the . • The new European was formed by the coming together of three major elements: the Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian . • The collapse of a central authority in the led to . • In the , European monarchs began to build strong states. • While a new civilization arose in Europe, the Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • Ancient Roman literary works exist today because they were copied by . • The influence of English common is seen in our American legal system. • Byzantine inspired styles in and Southwest Asia.

World History Video The Chapter 9 video, “ and His World,” the emergence of the European nations.

Charlemagne

. 510 Clovis 410 establishes Frankish sack kingdom

400 500 600 700 800

534 768 800 Justinian Charlemagne Charlemagne codifies Roman becomes Frankish crowned in The Body of

Emperor Justinian

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Perched above the , was a residence for ’s and queens.

962 1054 Otto I begins HISTORY A returning crusader crowned between Eastern emperor of and Western the Romans Churches Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History Web site at 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 wh.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 9–Chapter Overview to preview chapter information. 1066 1096 1215 1453 of Byzantine Hastings begin is signed Empire ends fought

William of

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A medieval depiction of the crowning of Charlemagne The Crowning of Charlemagne Why It Matters The of Charlemagne did n the autumn of the year 800, Charles the Great—or not signal a rebirth of the Roman Charlemagne—the king of the , entered Rome. Empire, but reflected the emergence IHis goal was to help Leo III, head of the Catholic of a new European civilization. The Church. The pope was disliked by the and period during which European civi- was barely clinging to power in the face of their hostility. lization developed is called the Mid- dle Ages or the medieval period. It Charlemagne brought the pope and the Romans together lasted from about 500 to 1500. and resolved their differences. To celebrate the newfound peace, Charlemagne, his family, and a host of citizens from At the same time European civiliza- the city crowded into Peter’s on Day tion was emerging in the West, the to attend . Eastern continued to All were surprised, according to an observer, when, “as the survive as the Byzantine Empire. A king rose from praying before the tomb of the blessed apostle buffer between Europe and the East, Peter, Pope Leo placed a golden on his head.” In - the Byzantine Empire also preserved many of the accomplishments of the ing with ancient tradition, the people in the church shouted, and Romans. “Long life and victory to Charles , crowned by the great and peace-loving Emperor of the Romans.” History and You Create a time Charles was not entirely happy crowned emperor by line that shows events from 800 to the pope. He said later that he would not have entered the 1215 that led to the signing of the church if he had known that Leo intended to crown him. To Magna Carta. Identify the impact the onlookers, however, it appeared that the Roman Empire in of the political and legal ideas the West had been reborn and Charles had become the first contained in the Magna Carta. since 476.

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Transforming the Roman World

Guide to Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • The new European civilization was Clovis, Gregory I, Saint Benedict, Pepin, Summarizing Information Create a formed by the , the Charlemagne diagram like the one below to list the legacy of the Romans, and the Church. reasons why monasticism was an impor- Places to Locate • Charlemagne expanded the Frankish tant factor in the development of - , Carolingian Empire kingdom and created the Carolingian pean civilization. Empire. Preview Questions The Importance of Key Terms 1. How did the Germanic peoples impact Monasticism wergild, ordeal, bishopric, pope, , the new European civilization? What was the role of the Church in monasticism, , , 2. the growth of European civilization? Preview of Events ✦500 ✦600 ✦700 ✦800

c. 500 c. 510 590 768 800 Clovis converts Clovis establishes Gregory I Charlemagne Charlemagne is crowned to Frankish kingdom becomes pope becomes king Roman emperor

The following are the major Sunshine Standards covered Voices from the Past in this section. SS.A.2.4.7: In 416, a Byzantine named described the Visigoths: Understand the development of the When the [the Visigoths] met with no opposition they proved the most political, social, eco- “ nomic, and religious brutal of mankind. All the they took they so destroyed as to leave them unrecog- systems of European nizable, unless a tower or a single gate or some such relic happened to survive. All the civilization during the people that came their way, young and old, they killed, sparing neither women nor . children. That is why is depopulated to this day. They plundered all the SS.A.2.4.5: out of all Europe and, most important, in Rome they left nothing of value, public or Understand the significant features of the political, private, when they moved on to .” economic, and social —A , Moses Hadas, ed., 1956 systems of and the cultural legacy of The Visigoths were Germanic peoples. German tribes, like the Visigoths and Ostro- that civilization. , would play an important part in the new European civilization. SS.A.3.4.4: Know the significant ideas and texts of , Christianity, The New Germanic Kingdoms , , and , their spheres of influence in the The Germanic peoples had begun to move into the lands of the Roman Empire age of expansion and their by the third century. The Visigoths occupied and Italy until the Ostro- reforms in the . goths, another Germanic tribe, took control of Italy in the fifth century. By 500, the had been replaced by a number of states ruled by German kings. The merging of Romans and took different forms in the various Germanic kingdoms.

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New Germanic Kingdoms, 500

North Germanic kingdoms devel- Sea oped in areas that once & belonged to the Western 50 °N Roman Empire. 1. Interpreting Maps R SAXONS h N i n Which Germanic king- e R W E doms were the largest in Atlantic SeineFRANKS R. . S 500? Which Germanic Ocean group, west of the Pyre- P S L nees, survives today? A SUEVES PYRENEES R. 2. Applying 40 °N D Sea Skills What prevented anube R. Rome EA the Germanic kingdoms VISIGOTHS STE RN from spreading south RO MA N E and east of the ? 10°W MP IRE

Carthage

0 500 VANDALS 30 °N 0 500 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

0° 10°E 20°E 30°E

Both the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy and century historian, Clovis had remarked to his wife, the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain retained the “Your God can do nothing.” Roman structure of . However, a group During a battle with another Germanic tribe, how- of Germanic warriors came to the consid- ever, when Clovis’s faced certain destruction, he erably larger native populations and eventually cried out, “ Christ, if you shall grant me victory excluded Romans from holding power. over these enemies, I will believe in you and be bap- Roman influence was even weaker in Britain. tized.” After he uttered these words, the enemy began When the Roman abandoned Britain at the to flee, and Clovis soon became a Christian. beginning of the fifth century, the Angles and Saxons, Clovis found that his conversion to Christianity Germanic tribes from and northern Ger- gained him the support of the Roman Catholic many, moved in and settled there. Eventually, these Church, as the Christian church in Rome had become peoples became the -Saxons. known. Not surprisingly, the was eager to obtain the friendship of a major ruler in the The Kingdom of the Franks Only one of the Ger- Germanic states. states on the European proved long By 510, Clovis had established a powerful new lasting—the kingdom of the Franks. The Frankish Frankish kingdom that stretched from the Pyrenees kingdom was established by Clovis, a strong in the southwest to German lands in the east (mod- leader who around 500 became the first Germanic ern-day and western ). After Clo- ruler to convert to Christianity. At first, Clovis had ’s , however, his sons followed Frankish refused the pleas of his Christian wife to adopt Chris- custom and divided his newly created kingdom tianity. According to Gregory of , a sixth- among themselves.

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Germanic Society Over time, Germans and Romans innocent person to be harmed. If the accused person intermarried and began to create a new society. As was unharmed after a physical trial, or ordeal, he or they did, some of the social customs of the Germanic she was presumed innocent. people came to play an important role. Reading Check Analyzing What was the significance The crucial social bond among the Germanic peo- of Clovis’s conversion to Christianity? ples was the family, especially the extended family of husbands, wives, children, brothers, sisters, cousins, and grandparents. This extended family worked the The Role of the Church land together and passed it down to genera- By the end of the fourth century, Christianity had tions. The family also provided protection, which was become the supreme of the Roman Empire. much needed in the violent atmosphere of the time. As the official Roman state fell apart, the Church The German concept of family affected the way played an increasingly important role in the growth Germanic law treated the problem of and pun- of the new European civilization. ishment. In the Roman system, as in our own, a crime such as was considered an offense against Organization of the Church By the fourth century, society or the state. Thus, a court would hear evi- the Christian church had developed a system of dence and arrive at a decision. Germanic law, on the organization. Local Christian communities called other hand, was personal. An injury by one person were led by priests. A group of parishes was against another could mean a , and the headed by a , whose area of authority was feud could to savage acts of revenge. known as a bishopric, or . The bishoprics of To avoid bloodshed, a new system developed, the Roman were joined together under the based on a fine called wergild (WUHR•GIHLD). direction of an . Wergild was the amount paid by a wrongdoer to the Over time, one bishop—the bishop of Rome— family of the person he or she had injured or killed. began to claim that he was the leader of what was Wergild, which means “money for a man,” was the now called the Roman Catholic Church. According to value of a person in money. The value varied accord- Catholic beliefs, Jesus had given the keys to the king- ing to social status. An offense against a member of dom of Heaven to Peter, who was considered the the , for example, cost considerably more chief apostle and the first bishop of Rome. Later bish- than one against an person or a slave. ops of Rome were viewed as Peter’s successors. They One means of determining guilt in Germanic law came to be known as (from the word was the ordeal. The ordeal was based on the idea of papa, “father”) of the Catholic Church. divine intervention. All ordeals involved a physical Western came to accept the bishop of trial of some sort, such as holding a red-hot . It Rome—the pope—as head of the Church, but they was believed that divine forces would not allow an did not agree on how much power the pope should

History promoted the use of in the Cath- olic service. In this painting, Gregory I is shown teaching a group of boys to sing what became known as a Gregorian . Why is Gregory I known as Gregory the Great?

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seven times during the day for common prayer and “Let all things the chanting of (sacred songs). A Benedictine be common life was a communal one. Monks ate, worked, slept, and worshiped together. to all, as it Each Benedictine was strictly ruled by an , or “father” of the monastery, who had is written, complete authority over the monks. Obedience to the lest anyone will of the abbot was expected of each monk. Each Benedictine monastery owned lands that enabled it should say to be a self-sustaining community, isolated from and independent of the world surrounding it. Within the that anything monastery, however, monks were to fulfill their vow is his own.” of poverty. Monks became the new heroes of Christian civi- —The Rule of St. Benedict lization and were an important force in the new European civilization. The monastic community came to be seen as the ideal Christian society that could provide a moral example to the wider society around it. The monks’ dedication to God became the have. In the sixth century, a strong pope, Gregory I, highest ideal of Christian life. They were the social known as Gregory the Great, strengthened the power workers of their communities, providing for of the papacy (office of the pope) and the Roman the young, hospitality for travelers, and hospitals for Catholic Church. the sick. They taught carpentry and weav- Gregory I was pope from 590 to 604. He also ing and made improvements in agriculture that they served as leader of the city of Rome and its sur- passed on to others. rounding territories (later called the ), became centers of learning wherever thus giving the papacy a source of political power, they were located. The monks worked to spread and he increased his spiritual authority over the Christianity to all of Europe. English and Irish monks church in the West. He was especially active in con- were especially enthusiastic —people verting non-Christian peoples of Germanic Europe sent out to carry a religious message—who under- to Christianity. He did this through the monastic took the conversion of non-Christian peoples, espe- movement. cially in German lands. By 1050 most western Europeans had become Catholics. The Monks and Their Missions A monk is a Although the first monks were men, women, man who separates himself from ordinary called , also began to withdraw from the world society in to pursue a life of total dedication to dedicate themselves to God. to God. The practice of living the life of a monk is These women played an impor- known as monasticism. At first, Christian monasti- tant role in the monastic move- cism was based on the model of the who North ment. Nuns lived in N o pursues an isolated spiritual life. Later, in the sixth r Sea t h headed by . Many of u century, Saint Benedict founded a community of m the abbesses belonged to royal r monks for which he wrote a set of rules. This com- ia houses, especially in Anglo- munity established the basic form of monasticism Saxon England. In the kingdom in the Catholic Church. The Benedictine rule came of , for example, to be used by other monastic groups. Hilda founded the monastery ATLANTIC Benedict’s rule divided each day into a series of OCEAN of Whitby in 657. As abbess, she activities, with primary emphasis on prayer and was responsible for giving learning an important role manual labor. Physical work of some kind was in the life of the monastery. Five future were required of all monks for several hours a day, because educated under her direction. idleness was “the enemy of the soul.” At the very heart of community practice was prayer, the proper Reading Check Describing What was the role “Work of God.” Although prayer included private of the Catholic Church in the growth of the new European meditation and reading, all monks gathered together civilization?

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Charlemagne and the Carolingians empire covered much of western and . Not until the time of Bonaparte in the nine- During the and , the kings of the Frank- teenth century would an empire its size be seen again ish kingdom gradually lost their power to the in Europe. mayors of the , who were the chief officers of The administration of the empire depended both the king’s household. One of these mayors, Pepin, on Charlemagne’s household staff and on finally took the logical step of assuming the kingship (German nobles) who acted as the king’s chief repre- of the Frankish state for himself and his family. Pepin sentatives in local areas. As an important check on the was the son of , the leader who power of the counts, Charlemagne established the defeated the at the in 732. missi dominici (“messengers of the lord king”)—two Upon Pepin’s death in 768, his son came to the men who were sent out to local districts to ensure that of the Frankish kingdom. the counts were carrying out the king’s wishes. This new king was the dynamic and powerful ruler known to history as Charles the Great, or Charlemagne. Charlemagne was a determined and Charlemagne as Roman Emperor As Charle- decisive man who was highly intelligent and curious. magne’s power grew, so too did his prestige as the He was a fierce warrior, a strong statesman, and a most powerful Christian ruler. One monk even pious Christian. Although possibly unable to write, described Charlemagne’s empire as the “kingdom of he was a wise patron (supporter) of learning. Europe.” In 800, Charlemagne acquired a new — emperor of the Romans. The Carolingian Empire During his lengthy rule Charlemagne’s coronation as Roman emperor from 768 to 814, Charlemagne greatly expanded the demonstrated the strength of the idea of an enduring territory of the Frankish kingdom and created what Roman Empire. After all, his coronation took place came to be known as the Carolingian (KAR•uh• three hundred years after the collapse of the Western LIN•jee•uhn) Empire. At its height, Charlemagne’s Roman Empire.

Charlemagne, King of the Franks Charles Charles Charles Charles the Man the Administrator the Conqueror the Patron of Learning • Was athletic, well-spoken, • Delegated authority to • Was an aggressive warrior • Revived classical studies and charismatic loyal nobles • Married four times • Retained local of • Strengthened the Frankish • Preserved Latin conquered areas military • Understood Greek, spoke • Divided kingdom into • Expanded and consolidated • Established monastic and Latin, but possibly could districts the Frankish kingdom palace schools not write • Left empire to his sole • Used missi dominici surviving son (“messengers of the lord king”) to inspect and report on provinces

Charlemagne was a dynamic and powerful ruler. 1. Examining What activities helped Charlemagne strengthen his empire? 2. Evaluating What event(s) listed above con- tinue(s) to impact civilization today?

Charlemagne

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The coronation also symbolized the coming Carolingian together of Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements. Empire, 768–814 A Germanic king had been crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope, the spiritual leader of western Frankish kingdom, 768 . A new civilization had emerged. Areas added by Charlemagne, 814 ENGLAND An Renewal Charlemagne had a 50° strong desire to promote learning in his kingdom. N R This desire stemmed from Charlemagne’s own intel- h i n e

lectual curiosity and from the need to provide edu- S R e . i Loi n D r e cated for the Church and literate officials for e an N R

Tours R ube R . . . the government. His efforts led to a revival of learn- W FRANCE E ing and culture sometimes called the Carolingian S LPS , or rebirth. This revival involved A P Y renewed interest in Latin culture and classical R A EN ITALY d works—the works of the Greeks and Romans. E r SPAIN E S ia t The monasteries, many of which had been founded ic 40°N Rome S Mediterranean ea by Irish and English missionaries during the seventh Sea and eighth centuries, played a central role in the cul-

tural renewal of this period. By the , the work ° 0 ° asked of Benedictine monks included copying manu- 0 500 miles 10 E 0 500 kilometers scripts. Monasteries established scriptoria, or writing ° Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 20 E rooms, where monks copied not only the works of early Christianity, such as the , but also the works of Latin classical authors. Their work was a crucial factor in the preservation of the ancient legacy. Most of the ancient Roman works we have today exist Charlemagne greatly expanded the Frankish kingdom. because they were copied by Carolingian monks. 1. Interpreting Maps What important city did Charle- magne gain by expanding east of longitude 10°E? Reading Check Explaining What was the importance 2. Applying Geography Skills What important event of the missi dominici? happened at Tours?

FCAT PRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define wergild, ordeal, bishopric, 6. Explain What significance did Charle- 8. Examine the painting of Charlemagne pope, monk, monasticism, missionary, magne’s coronation as Roman emperor shown on page 289 of your text. How nun, abbess. have to the development of European does this representation reflect Charle- civilization? magne’s dual role as emperor and as 2. Identify Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Anglo- Christian leader? Saxons, Clovis, Gregory I, Saint Bene- 7. Summarizing Information Identify the dict, mayor of the palace, Pepin, rulers discussed in the chapter and Charlemagne, scriptoria. explain how they were significant both in religious and political realms. 3. Locate Pyrenees, Carolingian Empire. Religious Political 9. Persuasive Writing You have been 4. Summarize the crucial social bond Rulers Realm Realm asked to apply Germanic law to among the Germanic peoples and one modern society. List at least five area of its application. common that occur today 5. List the daily activities of the and argue what wergild you think Benedictine monks. should be established for each crime and why. FCAT LA.B.1.4.2

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Feudalism Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • , Magyars, and Muslims invaded Magyars, Vikings, Eleanor of Identifying Information Use a diagram Europe during the ninth and tenth cen- like the one below to show the system of turies. Places to Locate loyalties created under feudalism. , Normandy • The collapse of central authority in the System of Loyalties European world led to a new political Preview Questions system known as feudalism. 1. What led to the development of the Key Terms system of feudalism? feudalism, , , , feudal con- 2. What was the role of aristocratic tract, , ?

Preview of Events ✦800 ✦900 ✦1000 ✦1100

814 c. 850 c. 900 c. 1050 Charlemagne dies Vikings spread Feudalism takes hold Feudalism spreads through throughout Europe in northern France

The following are the major Sunshine State Standards covered Voices from the Past in this section. SS.A.2.4.7: In 1020, Bishop Fulbert of wrote about the mutual obligations between Understand the development of the lord and : political, social, eco- nomic, and religious “[The vassal] who swears loyalty to his lord ought always to have these six things in systems of European memory: what is harmless, safe, honorable, useful, easy, practicable. Harmless, that is civilization during the to say, that he should not injure his lord in his body; safe, that he should not injure Middle Ages. him by betraying his secrets; honorable, that he should not injure him in his justice; SS.B.2.4.3: useful, that he should not injure him in his possessions; easy and practicable, that that Understand how the allocation of control of good which his lord is able to do easily he make not difficult, nor that which is practi- the Earth’s surface affects cable he make not impossible to him.” interactions between — in European History, James Harvey Robinson, 1934 people in different regions. SS.A.1.4.2: A system of lords and vassals spread over Europe after the collapse of the Carolin- Identify and understand gian Empire. themes in history that cross scientific, economic, and cultural boundaries. SS.B.2.4.1: The Invaders Understand how social, cultural, The Carolingian Empire began to fall apart soon North economic, and environmental Sea factors contribute to the dynamic after Charlemagne’s death in 814. Less than 30 East of regions. years later, it was divided among his grandsons Frankish into three major sections: the west Frankish lands, Paris Kingdom ATLANTIC West the eastern Frankish lands, and the Middle King- OCEAN Frankish Middle Kingdom Kingdom dom. Local nobles gained power. Invasions in dif- Corsica Rome ferent parts of the old Carolingian world added to the process of disintegration.

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Invasions of Europe, 800–1000

Settlements and invasion routes: 70° Magyars N

Muslims A RC Vikings TIC Viking ship CIR CLE N E 0 500 miles W S 0 500 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 50 ° ASIA N SCOTLAND North Sea

IRELAND DENMARK a e S ENGLAND tic Bal ATLaNTIC GERMANY OCEaN Normandy Se Kiev Paris in

e

40 R

° FRANCE . N C a sp HUNGARY ia n S ITALY e a SPAIN Rome Constantinople

Mediterranean Sea BYZANTINE EMPIRE

30 °N

10°W0° 10°E20°E30°E40°E50°E

In the ninth and tenth centuries, western Europe Several different groups invaded and settled in early was beset by a wave of invasions. The Muslims medieval Europe. attacked the southern coasts of Europe and sent - 1. Interpreting Maps What areas remained free of inva- ing parties into southern France. The Magyars, a peo- sion? What areas experienced multiple invasions? ple from western Asia, moved into central Europe at 2. Applying Geography Skills Describe how the the end of the ninth century, settled on the plains of invaders would have disrupted everyday life in Europe. Hungary, and invaded western Europe. The most far-reaching attacks of the time, how- ever, came from the Northmen or of Scan- Beginning in 911, the ruler of the west Frankish dinavia, also called the Vikings. The Vikings were a lands gave one band of Vikings land at the mouth of Germanic people. Their great of adventure and the River, forming a section of France that came their search for spoils of and new avenues of to be known as Normandy. The Frankish policy of have been what led them to invade other settling the Vikings and converting them to Chris- areas of Europe. In the ninth century, Vikings sacked tianity was a deliberate one. By their conversion to villages and , destroyed churches, and easily Christianity, the Vikings were soon made a part of defeated small local armies. European civilization. The Vikings were warriors, and they were superb Reading Check Evaluating What factors helped the shipbuilders and sailors. Their ships were the best of Vikings to successfully invade Europe? the period. Long and narrow with beautifully carved, arched prows, the Viking ships carried about 50 men. The construction of the ships enabled them The Development of Feudalism to sail up European rivers and attack places far The Vikings and other invaders posed a large inland. By the mid-ninth century, the Vikings had threat to the safety of people throughout Europe. begun to build various European settlements. Rulers found it more and more difficult to defend

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their subjects as centralized like the called. The had great social prestige and Carolingian Empire were torn apart. formed the backbone of the European . Thus, people began to turn to local landed aristo- It was expensive to have a horse, armor, and crats, or nobles, to protect them. To survive, it became weapons. With the breakdown of royal governments, important to find a powerful lord who could offer pro- the more powerful nobles took control of large areas tection in return for service. This led to a new political of land. When these lords wanted men to fight for and social system called feudalism. them, they granted each vassal a piece of land that supported the vassal and his family. In the society of the , where there was little trade Knights and Vassals At the heart of feudalism was and wealth was based primarily on land, land was the idea of vassalage. In Germanic society, warriors the most important gift a lord could give to a vassal. swore an oath of loyalty to their leaders and fought for them. The leaders, in turn, took care of the war- The Feudal Contract The relationship between riors’ needs. By the eighth century, a man who served lord and vassal was made official by a public cere- a lord in a military capacity was known as a vassal. mony. To become a vassal, a man performed an act of The Frankish army had originally consisted of to his lord: foot soldiers dressed in coats of mail (armor made of metal links or plates) and armed with . “The man should put his hands together as a sign Horsemen had been throwers of spears. In the of humility, and place them between the two hands of eighth century, however, larger horses and the stir- his lord as a token that he vows everything to him and rup were introduced. Now, horsemen were armored promises faith to him; and the lord should receive in coats of mail (the larger horses could carry the him and promise to keep faith with him. Then the weight). They wielded long that enabled man should say: ‘Sir, I enter your homage and faith them to act as battering rams (the kept them and become your man by mouth and hands [that is, on their horses). For almost five hundred years, by taking the oath and placing his hands between warfare in Europe was dominated by heavily those of the lord], and I swear and promise to keep armored cavalry, or knights, as they came to be faith and loyalty to you against all others.’ ”

Feudalism considerable freedom. However, the Aztec king The word feudalism usually makes us think of Euro- was a powerful ruler and pean knights on horseback armed with swords and local rulers paid to lances. However, between 800 and 1500, feudal sys- him and provided him tems developed in various parts of the world. with military forces. Unlike In Europe, a feudal system based on lords and vas- the knights and samurai of sals arose between 800 and 900 and flourished for the Europe and , Aztec next four hundred years. warriors were armed with In Japan, a feudal system much like that found in sharp knives and spears of Europe developed between 800 and 1500. Powerful wood, both fitted with nobles in the countryside owed only a loose loyalty to razor-sharp blades cut the Japanese emperor. The nobles in turn depended on from stone. samurai, or warriors who owed loyalty to the nobles Samurai warrior and provided military service for them. Like knights in Europe, the samurai fought on horseback, clad in iron. In the Valley of , the Aztec developed a polit- ical system between 1300 and 1500 that bore some similarities to Japanese and European feudalism. Local Research two of the three discussed in this rulers of lands outside the city were allowed feature. What are the similarities and differences in their feudal systems? FCAT LA.A.2.4.4 CHAPTERCHAPTERCHAPTER 9 Emerging 5 5 Rome RomeEurope and andthe and Risethe the Rise of Byzantine Christianity of Christianity Empire 293 293 0282-0311 C09SE-860702 11/12/03 2:48 PM Page 294

In feudal society, loyalty to one’s lord was the chief to his lord was to perform virtue. military service, usually HISTORY By the ninth century, the grant of land made to a about 40 days a year. vassal had become known as a fief (FEEF). Vassals When summoned, a Web Activity Visit who held fiefs came to hold political authority within vassal had to appear at his the Glencoe World them. As the Carolingian world fell apart, the num- lord’s court to give advice History Web site at ber of separate powerful lords and vassals increased. to the lord. Vassals were wh.glencoe.com and Instead of a single government, many different peo- responsible for making click on Chapter 9– ple were now responsible for keeping order. financial payments to the Student Web Activity Feudalism became increasingly complicated. The lord on a number of occa- to learn more about vassals of a king, who were themselves great lords, sions as well. These medieval Europe. might also have vassals who would owe them mili- included the knighting of tary service in return for a grant of land taken from the lord’s eldest son, the their estates. Those vassals, in turn, might likewise of the lord’s eldest daughter, and the have vassals. At that level, the vassals would be sim- of the lord’s person if the lord should be ple knights with barely enough land to provide captured. income for their equipment. The lord-vassal relation- Under the feudal contract, the lord also had ship, then, bound together both greater and lesser responsibilities toward his vassals. Of course, the landowners. lord supported a vassal by granting him land. The The lord-vassal relationship was an honorable lord, however, was also required to protect his vassal, relationship between free men and implied no sense either by defending him militarily or by taking his of servitude. Feudalism came to be characterized side in a court of law. by a set of unwritten rules—known as the feudal contract—that determined the relationship between Reading Check Identifying Why was land the most a lord and his vassal. The major obligation of a vassal important gift a lord could give a vassal?

The of the Aristocrats two parts. The motte was a man-made or natural steep-sided hill. The bailey was an he growth of the European nobility in open space next to the motte. Both motte Tthe (1000 to 1300) and bailey were encircled by large stone was made visible by a growing number of walls. The keep, the central building of the castles scattered across the . castle, was built on the motte. Castles varied considerably but possessed The keep was a large building with a two common features: they were perma- number of stories constructed of thick nent residences for the noble family, its stone walls. On the ground floor were the retainers, and servants, kitchens and stables. and they were defensible The basement . housed storerooms The earliest castles for equipment and were made of wood. foodstuffs. Above the However, by the eleventh ground floor was the century, castles of stone great hall. This very were being built. At first, large room served a the basic castle plan had number of purposes.

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The Nobility of the Middle Ages Trained to be warriors but with no adult responsi- bilities, young knights had little to do but fight. In the In the Middle Ages, European society, like Japa- twelfth century, tournaments—contests where nese society during the same period, was dominated knights could show their fighting skills—began to by men whose chief concern was warfare. Like the appear. By the late twelfth century, the joust—indi- Japanese samurai, many European nobles loved war. vidual combat between two knights—had become As one nobleman wrote in a poem: the main part of the tournament. And well I like to hear the call of Knights saw tournaments as an excellent way to “‘Help’ and see the wounded fall, train for war. As one knight explained: “A knight Loudly for praying, cannot distinguish himself in war if he has not And see the dead, both great and small, trained for it in tourneys.” Pierced by sharp spearheads one and all. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, under the ” influence of the Catholic Church, there gradually The nobles were the kings, , counts, , evolved among the nobility an ideal of civilized and even bishops and who had large behavior, called chivalry. Chivalry was a code of landed estates and considerable political power. ethics that knights were supposed to uphold. In addi- They formed an aristocracy, or nobility, that con- tion to their oath to defend the Church and defense- sisted of people who held political, economic, and less people, knights were expected to treat captives social power. as honored guests instead of putting them in dun- Great lords and ordinary knights came to form a geons. Chivalry also implied that knights should common group within the aristocracy. They were all fight only for glory and not for material rewards, an warriors, and the of knighthood united ideal that was not always followed. them all. However, there were also social divisions among them based on extremes of wealth and Reading Check Summarizing List three features landholdings. of chivalry.

Medieval Castle Outer curtain Outer ward wall (bailey) Keep Here, the lord of the castle held court and received visitors. Here, too, the inhabitants of the castle Inner ward Inner ate and even slept. Smaller rooms (bailey) curtain Tower might open off the great hall, includ- wall ing bedrooms with huge curtained beds with straw mattresses, latrines, and possibly a . The growing wealth of the High Middle Ages made it possible for Gatehouse European nobles to improve their Moat Drawbridge standard of living. Nobles sought to buy more luxury goods, such as The basic architecture of a medieval castle jewelry, better clothes, and exotic . They also built more elabo- CONNECTING TO THE PAST rate castles with thicker walls and 1. Explaining What architectural and design features more and towers. Rooms supported the two basic functions of castles? became better furnished and more 2. Describing What was the lifestyle of the European elaborately decorated. nobility in the High Middle Ages? 3. Writing about History Does a nobility exist today? Where?

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Feudal System Kings In the feudal system, the same man could be both Land Fees, loyalty, a lord and a vassal. Kings, lords, and knights all (fief) military support had serfs. Lords 1. Compare and Contrast the obligations of the Fees, loyalty, serfs with those of lords and knights. Land Medieval knight military support 2. Evaluating What does this chart reveal about Knights what was considered valuable in feudal society?

Protection Fees, loyalty, labor Women were expected to be subservient to their husbands, but there were many strong women who Serfs advised, and even dominated, their husbands. Per- haps the most famous was . Eleanor was one of the most remarkable personalities Aristocratic Women of twelfth-century Europe. Heiress to the of Aquitaine in southwestern France, she was married Although women could legally hold , at the age of 15 to King Louis VII of France. The mar- most remained under the control of men—of their riage was not a happy one, and Louis had their mar- fathers until they married and of their husbands after riage annulled. Eleanor married again, only eight they married. Still, aristocratic women had many weeks later, to Henry of Normandy, who soon opportunities to play important roles. became King Henry II of England. Because the lord was often away at war or court, Henry II and Eleanor had a stormy relationship. the of the castle had to manage the estate. She spent much time abroad in her native Aquitaine, Households could include large numbers of officials where she created a brilliant court dedicated to cul- and servants, so this was no small responsibility. tural activities. She and Henry had eight children Care of the financial accounts alone took consider- (five were sons). Two of her sons—Richard and able knowledge. The lady of the castle was also John—became kings of England. responsible for overseeing the food supply and main- taining all the other supplies needed for the smooth Reading Check Summarizing To whom were operation of the household. aristocratic women subject?

FCAT PRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define feudalism, vassal, knight, fief, 6. Summarize What factors helped 8. Examine the image shown on page feudal contract, tournament, chivalry. feudalism develop in western Europe 291 of your text. How does this image during the ninth and tenth centuries? visually represent the medieval system 2. Identify Magyars, Vikings, Eleanor of of feudalism? Aquitaine. 7. Contrasting Information Use a like the one below to list the differ- 3. Locate Hungary, Normandy. ences between the systems of feudal- 4. Describe the benefits granted a vassal ism and . FCAT LA.A.2.2.7 9. Descriptive Writing Describe a under feudalism. What was a vassal’s twelfth-century tournament, using Feudalism Empires primary obligation to his lord? details to create vivid images. Use your local library or the Internet to 5. List the invasions that besieged the supplement the text information. Carolingian Empire in the ninth and What questions would you ask tenth centuries. about tournaments, knights, and ? FCAT LA.A.2.4.8

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The Growth of European Kingdoms

Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • During the High Middle Ages, European William of Normandy, Henry II, Thomas Cause and Effect Use a chart like the monarchs began to extend their power à Becket, Philip II Augustus, Otto I, one below to show the main reasons why and build strong states. Nevsky eastern developed separately from • The Slavic peoples formed three distinct western Europe. FCAT LA.E.2.2.1 groups, and they settled in different Places to Locate Causes Effect parts of eastern Europe. Paris, Hungary, Kiev Cultural Key Terms Preview Questions 1. How did centralized Development of , Magna Carta, estate Eastern Slavs develop in Europe? 2. What caused conflicts between popes and monarchs? Preview of Events ✦900 ✦1000 ✦1100 ✦1200 ✦1300

c. 988 1066 1180 1215 1302 Kiev adopts William of Normandy Philip II Augustus signs First French Eastern invades England becomes king of France the Magna Carta assembled

The following are the major Sunshine State Standards covered Voices from the Past in this section. SS.A.2.4.7: A thirteenth-century writer recorded his impressions of Frederick II, king of Ger- Understand the development of the many and : political, social, eco- nomic, and religious “[Frederick II was] a worthy man, and when he wished to show his good, courtly systems of European side, he could be witty, charming, urbane, and industrious. [But he was also strange.] civilization during the Once he wanted to discover what language a would use when he grew up if he Middle Ages. had never heard anyone speak. Therefore, he placed some infants in the care of SS.B.1.4.1: nurses, commanding them never to speak or fondle them. For he wanted to discover Use a variety of maps, geographic , whether they would speak Hebrew, the first language, or Greek, Latin, , or the including geographic infor- language of their parents. But he worked in vain, because all of the infants died. mation systems (GIS) and ” —The of Salimbene de , L. Baird, ed., 1986 satellite-produced imagery, and other advanced graphic Frederick II was one of a number of kings who sought to extend their power during representations to depict geographic problems. the High Middle Ages—the period from about 1000 to 1300. SS.A.2.4.11: Understand political and cultural features of the Mongol England in the High Middle Ages Empire and the Empire’s impact on Eurasian peoples. In this section, you will learn how King John of England was forced SS.B.1.4.4: to put his seal on the Magna Carta in 1215. By accepting the Magna Carta, John recog- Understand how cultural and nized the rights of his nobles, an act that kept the English from ever becoming technological characteristics can an absolute ruler. link or divide regions.

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Europe, 1160

20°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E40°E 60° KINGDOM N OF KINGDOM NORWAY OF SWEDEN KINGDOM Atlantic OF North SCOTLAND a KIEVAN RUS Sea e 50 Ocean D S °N N c A D i L KINGDOM t N l E OF a R A I B L DENMARK

G

N E N Runnymede London KINGDOM

W E HOLY OF F R

E C h O ROMAN i Kiev S Normandy Paris N n EMPIRE e

Brittany A R R

Anjou F .

F

KINGDOM M O y OF O VENETIAN KINGDOM D M TERRITORIES OF KINGDOM G O HUNGARY N D

I OF G Burgund

K 40° ´ Aquitaine N N LEON I L . K D be R a GA KINGDOM anu k Se U KINGDOM Blac RT OF O OF P CASTILE Rome Corsica B Y Constantinople C´ordoba ZA M N KINGDOM TI 0 500 miles U PAPAL NE SL STATES OF EM IM Medi SICILY PIR terrane E 0 500 kilometers TE an Sea RR Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection ITO RY Sicily Crete

Strong monarchies developed in France and England, while The Norman ruling class spoke French, but the Germany and Italy consisted of independent states. marriage of the with the Anglo-Saxon 1. Interpreting Maps Locate Runnymede. What event nobility gradually merged Anglo-Saxon and French occurred there and why was it significant? into a new English culture. The Normans also took 2. Applying Geography Skills Create a bar graph over existing Anglo-Saxon , such as the comparing the physical sizes of the kingdoms shown office of sheriff. William took a , known as the on this map. FCAT MA.D.1.4.1 Domesday . It was the first census taken in Europe since Roman times and included people, Angles and Saxons, Germanic peoples from manors, and farm animals. William also developed , had invaded England early in the more fully the system of taxation and royal courts fifth century. King had united vari- begun by earlier Anglo-Saxon kings. ous kingdoms in the late ninth century, and since then England had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings. Henry II The power of the English was enlarged during the of Henry II, from 1154 to The On October 14, 1066, an 1189. Henry increased the number of criminal cases army of heavily armed knights under William of tried in the king’s court and also devised means for Normandy landed on the coast of England and taking property cases from local courts to the royal soundly defeated King Harold and his foot soldiers courts. By expanding the power of the royal courts, at the Battle of Hastings. William was then crowned Henry expanded the king’s power. In addition, king of England. Norman knights received parcels of because the royal courts were now found throughout land, which they held as fiefs, from the new king. England, a body of common law—law that was William made all nobles swear an oath of loyalty to common to the whole kingdom—began to replace him as sole ruler of England. law codes that varied from place to place.

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Henry was less successful at imposing royal con- the Capetians were formally the overlords of the trol over the Church. He claimed the right to punish great lords of France. In reality, however, many of the clergymen in royal courts. However, Thomas à dukes were considerably more powerful than the Becket, and the highest- Capetian kings. ranking English cleric, claimed that only Roman The reign of King Philip II Augustus, who ruled Catholic Church courts could try clerics. An angry from 1180 to 1223, was a turning point in the growth king publicly expressed the desire to be rid of Becket. of the French monarchy. Philip waged war against “Who will free me of this priest?” he screamed. Four the rulers of England, who also ruled the French ter- knights took the challenge, went to Canterbury, and ritories of Normandy, Maine, , and Aquitaine. murdered in the . Faced Philip gained control of most of these territories. In with public outrage, Henry backed down in his doing so, he expanded the income of the French struggle with the Church. monarchy and greatly increased its power. Capetian rulers after Philip II continued to add The Magna Carta and the First Parliament Many lands to the royal domain. Much of the thirteenth English nobles resented the ongoing growth of the century was dominated by the reign of the saintly king’s power and rose in rebellion during the reign of Louis IX. Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, ruled from King John. At Runnymede in 1215, John was forced 1285 to 1314. He was especially effective in strength- to put his seal on a document of rights called the ening the French monarchy by expanding the royal Magna Carta, or the Great Charter. bureaucracy. Indeed, by 1300, France was the largest The Magna Carta was, above all, a feudal docu- and best-governed monarchical state in Europe. ment. Feudal custom had always recognized that the Philip IV also brought a into relationship between king and vassals was based on being by meeting with representatives of the three mutual rights and obligations. The Magna Carta gave estates, or classes—the clergy (first estate), the nobles written recognition to that fact and was used in later (second estate), and the townspeople and peasants years to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power (third estate). The meeting, held in 1302, began the was limited, not absolute. Estates-General, the first French parliament. In the thirteenth century, during the reign of Reading Check Edward I, an important institution in the develop- Evaluating Why was the reign ment of representative government—the English of King Philip II Augustus important to the growth of the Parliament—also emerged. The Parliament came to French monarchy? be composed of two knights from every , two people from every , and all of the nobles and bishops from throughout England. Eventually, nobles and church lords formed the House of Lords; knights and townspeople, the House of Commons. Louis IX The granted and passed laws. c. 1214–1270—French king

Reading Check Analyzing Why do Louis IX is considered the greatest consider 1066 a turning point in history? medieval French king. A deeply reli- gious man, he was later made a saint The French Kingdom by the Catholic Church. “This saintly man loved our lord with all his heart In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided into and in all his actions followed three major sections. One of the sections, the west [Christ’s] example,” noted , who accom- Frankish lands, formed the core of the eventual panied the king on a crusade in 1248. . In 987, after the death of the last Louis was known for his attempts to bring justice to Carolingian king, the west Frankish nobles chose his people. He heard complaints personally in a very as the new king, thus establishing the informal fashion: “In summer, after hearing mass, the Capetian (kuh•PEE•shuhn) of French kings. king often went to the wood of Vincennes, where he Although they carried the title of king, the would sit down with his back against an . . . . Those Capetians had little real power. The royal domain, or who had any suit to present could come to speak to him without hindrance from an usher or any other person.” lands that they controlled, only included the area around Paris, known as the Île-de-France. As kings,

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The Central and Eastern Europe In the tenth century, the powerful dukes of the The Slavic peoples were originally a single peo- Saxons became kings of the eastern Frankish king- ple in central Europe. Gradually, they divided into dom, which came to be known as Germany. The best- three major groups: the western, southern, and east- known Saxon king of Germany was Otto I. In return ern Slavs. for protecting the pope, Otto I was crowned emperor The western Slavs eventually formed the Polish of the Romans in 962. The title had not been used and Bohemian kingdoms. German monks had con- since the time of Charlemagne. verted both the in and the Slavs in Poland to Christianity by the tenth century. The non- Struggles in Italy As leaders of a new Roman Slavic was also converted. The Empire, the German kings attempted to rule both , Czechs, and all accepted western German and Italian lands. Frederick I and Frederick Christianity and became part of the Roman Catholic II, instead of building a strong German kingdom, Church and its Latin culture. tried to create a new kind of empire. Frederick I The southern and eastern Slavic populations took planned to get his chief revenues from Italy. He a different path. The eastern Slavic peoples of considered Italy the center of a “holy empire,” as were converted to Orthodox Christianity by he called it—hence the name Holy Roman two Byzantine missionary brothers, Cyril and Empire. Frederick’s attempt to conquer led Slavic Peoples of Central to severe problems. The pope opposed him, fearing and Eastern Europe

that he wanted to include Rome and the Papal States Migration of the Slavic peoples: 300 miles as part of his empire. The cities of northern Italy, Western Slavs 0 Southern Slavs which had become used to their freedom, were also 0 300 kilometers D Eastern Slavs Chamberlin Trimetric projection n i unwilling to become his subjects. An alliance of these Note: Modern country names e p and are shown. e northern Italian cities and the pope defeated the SLAVS r R N . forces of Frederick I in 1176. Y POLES Vi N stu A W la R The main goal of Frederick II was to establish a E . M O POLAND R d strong, centralized state in Italy. However, he too E S er G R S S H K D . EC n became involved in a deadly struggle with the popes CZECH CZ A Kiev iep V er R. O and the northern Italian cities. Frederick II waged a L Bohemia S bitter struggle in northern Italy, winning many bat- Moravia Dnieste r R M . tles but ultimately losing the war. O L D O HUNGARY V

Effect on the Empire The struggle between popes A

. and had dire consequences for the Holy R t SLOV ES l EN 45°N Roman Empire. By spending their time fighting in A Sa O d va R. r S i S Italy, the German emperors left Germany in the a ROAT ° t C B 30 E i R c E . hands of powerful German lords. These nobles S R Black S BOSNIA AND be e Danu Sea ignored the emperor and created their own inde- a YUGOSLAVIA pendent kingdoms. This made the German monar- 15°E20°E25°E chy weak and incapable of maintaining a strong monarchical state. In the end, the German had no real power over either Germany or Italy. Unlike France and England, neither Germany nor Italy cre- Slavic groups influenced the development of central and ated a national monarchy in the Middle Ages. Both eastern Europe. Germany and Italy consisted of many small, inde- 1. Interpreting Maps Which Slavic groups settled closest pendent states. Not until the nineteenth century did to the Adriatic? these states become unified. 2. Applying Geography Skills What can you infer from the names of the different Slavic groups and the names Reading Check Explaining What is the origin of the of present-day countries? term Holy Roman Empire?

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Methodius, who began their activities in 863. (The Viking ruling class was gradually assimilated into Byzantine Empire and its the Slavic population. are discussed later in this chapter.) The growth of the of Kiev attracted The southern Slavic peoples included the , missionaries from the Byzantine Empire. One Rus the Serbs, and the . For the most part, they ruler, Vladimir, mar- too embraced Eastern Orthodoxy, although the ried the Byzantine KIEVAN Croats came to accept the Roman Catholic Church. emperor’s sister and EMPIRE . Baltic R The acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxy by many officially accepted East- a Kiev g Sea l o V southern and eastern Slavic peoples meant that their ern Orthodox Chris- D a n cultural life was linked to the Byzantine state. tianity for himself and ub e R. Black Sea his people in 988. Reading Check Identifying From where did the Orthodox Christianity Slavic peoples originate? became the religion of the state. Kievan Rus prospered and reached its high point The Development of Russia in the first half of the eleventh century. However, Eastern Slavic peoples had also settled in the terri- civil and new invasions brought an end to the tory of present-day Ukraine and Russia. There, first Russian state in 1169. beginning in the late eighth century, they began to encounter Swedish Vikings, who moved into their Mongol Rule In the thirteenth century, the Mon- lands in search of plunder and new trade routes. The gols conquered Russia. They occupied Russian lands Vikings eventually came to dominate the native peo- and required Russian to pay tribute to them. ples. The native peoples called the Viking rulers the One emerged as more powerful than the Rus, from which the name Russia is derived. others. Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, defeated a German invading army in northwestern Kievan Rus One Viking leader, Oleg, settled in Kiev Russia in 1242. The , leader of the western Mon- at the beginning of the tenth century and created the gol Empire, rewarded Nevsky with the title of grand- Rus state known as the . His suc- prince. His descendants became princes of cessors extended their control over the eastern Slavs and eventually leaders of all Russia. and expanded Kiev until it included the territory between the Baltic and Black Seas and the Danube Reading Check Describing How was the Viking and Rivers. By marrying Slavic wives, the ruling class gradually assimilated into the Slavic population?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define common law, Magna Carta, 6. Explain Unified national monarchies 8. Examine the photograph of the estate. did not develop in Germany and Italy medieval castle shown on page 294 of as they did in France and England in your text. Identify the major architec- 2. Identify William of Normandy, Battle the High Middle Ages. Why not? tural elements that helped inhabitants of Hastings, Henry II, Thomas à Becket, of the castle to defend themselves Edward I, , Philip II 7. Organizing Information Use a chart against attack. Augustus, Otto I, Slavs, Czechs, Hun- to identify key achievements of mon- garians, , Alexander Nevsky. archs in England and France.

Monarch/ 3. Locate Paris, Hungary, Kiev. Achievements Country 4. Explain what Henry II accomplished 1. 9. Informative Writing Imagine that when he expanded the power of the you are a journalist attending a meet- 2. royal courts in England. ing of the first English Parliament. 3. 5. List the three estates in France. What questions would you ask? Write 4. a newsletter for people of your town explaining what happened.

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FCAT PRACTICE Answering question 1 below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test. A Muslim’s Description of the Rus

DESPITE THE DIFFICULTIES THAT TRAVEL presented, early medieval civilization did witness some contact among various cul- tures. Ibn Fadlan, a Muslim diplomat sent from in

. R 921 to a settlement a lg o on the Volga River, V gave a description C a sp i of the Swedish Rus. Black Sea a n

S

e His comments on

E a

u T i p g r the filthiness of the h i s ra R t . es R Rus reflect the Mus- . Baghdad Persian lim concern with Gulf cleanliness.

“I saw the Rus folk when they arrived on their trading-mission and settled at the river Song of the Volga by Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky Atul (Volga). Never had I seen people of more per- fect physique. They are tall as date-palms, and red- They do not visit him, however, or speak to him, dish in color. They wear neither coat or kaftan, but especially if he is a serf [ laborer]. Should he each man carried a cape which covers one half of recover he rejoins the others; if he dies they burn his body, leaving one hand free. No one is ever him. But if he happens to be a serf they leave him parted from his axe, , and knife. for the dogs and vultures to devour. If they catch a They [the Rus] are the filthiest of God’s creatures. robber they hang him to a tree until he is torn to They do not wash after discharging their natural shreds by wind and weather.” functions, neither do they wash their hands after —Ibn Fadlan, on the Swedish Rus meals. They are as lousy as donkeys. They arrive from their distant lands and lay their ships alongside the of the Atul, which is a great river, and Analyzing Primary Sources there they build big houses on its shores. Ten or twenty of them may live together in one house, and 1. How did Ibn Fadlan’s impression of the physical each of them has a couch of his own. . . . attributes of the Swedish Rus differ from his They wash their hands and faces every day in impression of their ? FCAT LA.A.2.4.7 incredibly filthy water. Every morning the brings 2. What does the way in which the Rus her master a large bowl of water in which he handled sickness and death tell you washes his hands and face and hair, then blows his about their culture? nose into it and spits into it. When he has finished 3. Why would the Rus way of dealing with the girl takes the bowl to his neighbor—who repeats hygiene and death be especially the performance. Thus the bowl goes the rounds of repulsive to a Muslim? the entire household. . . . If one of the Rus folk falls sick they put him in a tent by himself and leave bread and water for him.

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The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • The Byzantine Empire created its own Justinian, Saint , Cause and Effect Use a diagram like the unique civilization in the eastern , Pope Innocent III one below to identify ways in which the Mediterranean. Byzantine Empire rose to power. • The Crusades impacted medieval soci- Places to Locate ety in both the East and the West. Constantinople, , , Causes Key Terms Preview Questions , schism, Crusades, 1. What were the major characteristics of the Byzantine Empire? Effect Powerful Byzantine Empire 2. What was the impact of the Crusades?

Preview of Events ✦500 ✦725 ✦950 ✦1175 ✦1400

527 537 636 867 1095 1453 Justinian’s Eastern Roman Empire Macedonian rule Council of conquer reign begins completed defeated at Yarmuk begins Clermont meets the Byzantine Empire

The following are the major Sunshine State Standards covered Voices from the Past in this section. SS.A.2.4.6: During the , French knights captured . One commentator, Understand features of the theological who accompanied the crusaders, described the scene: and cultural conflict between the Muslim “Then the French entered the city [of Jerusalem] at the noonday hour of Friday, the world and Christen- day of the week when Christ redeemed the whole world on the cross. . . . All the hea- dom and the resulting then, completely terrified, changed their boldness to swift flight through the narrow religious, political, and economic competition in streets of the city. . . . Some fled into the Tower of ; others shut themselves in the the Mediterranean Temple of the Lord and of Solomon, where in the halls a very great attack was made region. on them. . . . Within this Temple, about ten thousand were beheaded. Not one of them S.S.A.2.4.5: was allowed to live. They did not spare the women and children.” Understand the significant —Chronicle of the First Crusade, M.E. McGinty, trans., 1941 features of the political, economic, and social While a new civilization struggled to emerge in Europe, the Byzantine Empire cre- systems of ancient Rome ated its own civilization in the eastern Mediterranean and continued to flourish. The and the cultural legacy of that civilization. Crusades, however, eventually weakened the Byzantine Empire. SS.D.2.4.6: Understand factors that have led to increased international The Reign of Justinian interdependence and basic concepts associated with During the fifth century, Germanic tribes moved into the western part of the trade between nations. Roman Empire and established their states. In contrast, the Roman Empire in the East, centered on Constantinople, continued to exist, although pressured by pow- erful Islamic forces.

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When Justinian became emperor of the Eastern From Eastern Roman Empire Roman Empire in 527, he was determined to reestab- lish the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean to Byzantine Empire world. By 552, he appeared to have achieved his Justinian’s accomplishments had been spectacular, goals. He had restored the Roman Empire in the but his conquests left the Eastern Roman Empire Mediterranean. His empire included Italy, part of with serious problems: too much territory to protect Spain, , Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria. far from Constantinople, an empty treasury, a However, only three years after Justinian’s death in decline in population after a , and renewed 565, the Lombards had conquered much of Italy, and threats to its frontiers. The most serious challenge other areas were soon lost. came from the rise of Islam, which unified Arab Justinian’s most important contribution was his groups and created a powerful new force that swept codification of Roman law. The Eastern Roman through the Eastern Roman Empire. Empire had inherited a vast quantity of legal materi- Islamic forces defeated an army of the Eastern als, which Justinian wished to simplify. The result Roman Empire at Yarmuk in 636. As a result, the was The Body of Civil Law. This code of Roman laws empire lost the provinces of Syria and Palestine. was the basis of imperial law in the Eastern Roman Problems arose along the northern frontier as well, Empire until its end in 1453. Furthermore, it was also especially in the Balkans. In 679, the defeated used in the West and became the basis for much of the Eastern Roman Empire’s forces and took posses- the legal system of Europe. sion of the lower Danube Valley, creating a strong Bulgarian kingdom. Reading Check Evaluating What is the significance of By the beginning of the eighth century, the Eastern The Body of Civil Law? Roman Empire was much smaller, consisting only of the eastern Balkans Justinian’s Empire, 527–565 and Asia Minor. Histori- ans call this smaller East-

Atlantic Danube R. ern Roman Empire the Ocean Byzantine Empire, a civi- LOMBARDS PERSIAN OSTROGOTHS EMPIRE lization with its own SLAVS 40 unique character that °N Black Sea SPAIN ITALY lasted until 1453. Corsica Rome BALKAN PENINSULA Constantinople E The Byzantine Empire ° u

10 W p h Tigris R. was both a Greek and r Sardinia ASIA MINOR a t e a . Greek s Carthage R. M Sicily SYRIA replaced Latin as the offi- N ed ite cial language of the rra Cyprus W nea Crete E n Sea PALESTINE empire. At the same time, S Jerusalem Alexandria the Byzantine Empire was ARABIA built on a Christian faith Before Justinian, 527 0 500 miles that was shared by many After Justinian's N 0 500 kilometers i conquests, 565 le of its citizens. The Christ- Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection R . ian church of the Byzan- 0° 10°E20°E tine Empire came to be known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. An enormous amount of artistic Emperor Justinian restored the Roman Empire in the effort and talent was poured into church building, Mediterranean. church ceremonies, and church decoration to honor 1. Interpreting Maps Locate the city of Carthage. Using this faith. the maps in this chapter, list in chronological order the The emperor occupied a crucial position in the empires or groups that controlled Carthage. Byzantine state. Portrayed as chosen by God, he was 2. Applying Geography Skills Using earlier chapters and crowned in sacred ceremonies. His subjects were maps, determine the areas of the original Roman Empire expected to prostrate themselves in his presence. His that Justinian did not regain. FCAT LA.A.2.4.8 power was considered absolute.

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Because the emperor appointed the head of the four large piers crowned by an enormous , Eastern Orthodox Church, known as the patriarch, which seems to be floating in space. In part, the he exercised control over church as well as state. The builders created this impression by ringing the base Byzantines believed that God had commanded their of the dome with 42 , which allows an state to preserve the true Christian faith. Emperor, incredible play of light within the cathedral. church officials, and state officials were all bound Reading Check together in service to this spiritual ideal. Explaining Why was Constantinople one of medieval Europe’s greatest centers of commerce? Reading Check Evaluating How did the rise of Islam affect the Eastern Roman Empire? New Heights and New Problems As we have seen, the size of the Byzantine Empire Life in Constantinople had been greatly reduced by the beginning of the Riots in Constantinople in 532 caused wide- eighth century. However, the empire recovered and spread destruction. Afterward, Emperor Justinian even expanded through the efforts of a new dynasty rebuilt the city and gave it the appearance it would of Byzantine emperors known as the Macedonians, keep for almost a thousand years. With a population who ruled from 867 to 1081. estimated in the hundreds of thousands, Constan- The Macedonian emperors expanded the empire tinople was the largest city in Europe during the to include Bulgaria in the Balkans, the islands of Middle Ages. Crete and Cyprus, and Syria. By 1025, the Byzantine Empire was the largest it had been since the begin- Trade Until the twelfth century, Constantinople was ning of the seventh century. medieval Europe’s greatest center of commerce. The The Macedonians also fostered a burst of eco- city was the chief center for the exchange of products nomic prosperity by expanding trade relations with between West and East. western Europe, especially by selling and met- Highly desired in Europe were the products of the alworks. Thanks to this prosperity, the city of Con- East: from , spices from and stantinople flourished. Foreign visitors continued to , jewelry and ivory from India (the latter used be astounded by its size and wealth. by Byzantine craftspeople for church items), The of the tenth and and furs from southern Russia, and flax and eleventh centuries restored much of the power of the from the Balkans. Many of these goods arrived in Byzantine Empire, but incompetent successors soon Constantinople and were then shipped to the undid most of the gains. Struggles for power Mediterranean area and northern Europe. between ambitious military leaders and aristocratic Imported raw materials were also used in Con- families led to political and social disorder in the late stantinople for local industries. In Justinian’s reign, eleventh century. silkworms were smuggled from China by two Chris- The Byzantine Empire was also troubled by a tian monks to begin a industry. Euro- growing split between its church—the Eastern pean demand for silk cloth made it the city’s most Orthodox Church—and the Catholic Church of the lucrative product. West. The Eastern Orthodox Church was unwilling to accept the pope’s claim that he was the sole head Building Much of Constantinople’s appearance in of the Christian faith. In 1054, Pope Leo IX and the the early Middle Ages was due to Justinian’s pro- patriarch Cerularius, head of the Byzantine gram of rebuilding in the sixth century. The city was Church, formally excommunicated each other—each dominated by an immense palace complex, hun- took away the other’s rights of church membership. dreds of churches, and a huge arena known as the This began a schism, or separation, between the two Hippodrome, where both gladiator fights and great branches of Christianity that has not been com- races were held. Justinian’s public works projects pletely healed to this day. included roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law The Byzantine Empire faced threats from abroad courts, schools, churches, and colossal underground as well. The greatest challenge came from the reservoirs to hold the city’s water supply. advance of the Seljuk Turks who had moved into His greatest achievement was the famous Hagia Asia Minor—the heartland of the empire and its Sophia—the Church of the Holy Wisdom—com- main source of food and workers. In 1071, a Turkish pleted in 537. The center of Hagia Sophia consists of army disastrously defeated Byzantine forces at

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Crusades, 1096–1204

Christian lands, 1095 50 N ° N North Muslim lands, 1095 W a e E Sea S First Crusade, 1096–1099 c S lti , 1147–1149 Ba ENGLAND , 1189–1192 , 1202–1204 R London hi n

e KIEVAN RUS R HOLY POLAND Atlantic . ROMAN Ocean Paris EMPIRE FRANCE Caspian Clairvaux Sea Clermont HUNGARY Venice 40 °N Genoa D R. anube Black Sea SPAIN Corsica ITALY Rome Constantinople BYZANTINE ASIA Sardinia EMPIRE MINOR Sicily SYRIA M Cyprus THE edi Tyre 30° ter Crete HOLY N rane Acre an Sea LAND PALESTINE Jerusalem

AFRICA 0 500 miles

N i Red Sea 0 500 kilometers le R Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection .

0° 10°E20°E30°E40°E

Medieval illustration of a battle during the Crusades

Manzikert. Lacking the resources to undertake new golden opportunity to provide papal leadership for campaigns against the Turks, Emperor Alexius I a great cause. That cause was rallying the warriors of turned to Europe for military aid. Europe for the liberation of Jerusalem and the (Palestine) from the or unbelievers— Reading Check Summarizing What threats, both the Muslims. internal and external, did the Byzantine Empire face in the At the Council of Clermont in southern France eleventh century? near the end of 1095, Urban II challenged Christians to take up their weapons and join in a holy war. The The Crusades pope promised: “All who die... whether by land or From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have European Christians carried out a series of military immediate remission [forgiveness] of sins.” The expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Mus- enthusiastic crowd cried out: “It is the will of God, it lims. These expeditions are known as the Crusades. is the will of God.” The push for the Crusades came when the Byzan- Warriors of western Europe, particularly France, tine emperor Alexius I asked the Europeans for help formed the first crusading armies. The knights who against the Seljuk Turks, who were Muslims. Pope made up this first crusading army were mostly moti- Urban II, who responded to the request, saw a vated by religious fervor, but there were other

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50° Children’s Crusade, 1212 0 200 miles N

0 200 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Thousands of young people Cologne R join Nicholas of Cologne in h i a crusade to the Holy Land. n

Twenty thousand hymn-singing e R

youths leave Marseille in seven . ships supposedly bound for the The youths travel down the Holy Land. River and cross the into Italy. 40 °N P S A L

Marseille Two ships sink in a storm. The Pope tells the Black Sea children to go home. Atlantic Rome Ocean Sardinia N

W E S The children on the other five ships are sold into . 30° AFRICA Third Crusade, 1189–1192 N Mediterranean Sea ° ° ° ° 20 W10W200° 10 E E 10°W 20°E30°E

ENGLAND 50° N N London HOLY ROMAN E Atlantic EMPIRE W From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, many Ocean Paris S har Europeans attempted to free the Holy Land from Muslim Ric d I Ph il i F FRANCE p r occupation. ed I I e Black Sea 40° ric 1. Interpreting Maps Trace the routes of the four N k I crusades shown on the map on page 306. Where did Constantinople each route begin and end? Did the Children’s Crusade R Antioch ichard (see map above) reach its destination? I Tyre 0 500 miles Mediterranean P Acre 30° Sea hilip I 2. Applying Geography Skills How did Italian port cities N I Jerusalem benefit from the Crusades? 0 500 kilometers Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection AFRICA

attractions as well. Some sought adventure and wel- After further conquests, the crusaders organized comed the chance to pursue their favorite pastime— four Latin . Surrounded by Muslims, fighting. Others saw an opportunity to gain territory, these crusader kingdoms depended on Italian cities riches, and possibly a title. in many Italian for supplies from Europe. Some Italian port cities, cities also sought new trading opportunities in such as Genoa, Pisa, and especially Venice, grew rich Byzantine and Muslim lands. and powerful in the process. It was not easy for the crusader kingdoms to main- The Early Crusades The First Crusade began as tain themselves in the East, however. By the , three organized bands of warriors, most of them the Muslims had begun to strike back. The fall of one French, made their way to the East. The crusading of the Latin kingdoms led to calls for another cru- army probably numbered several thousand cavalry sade, especially from the monastic leader Saint and as many as ten thousand . The army cap- Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard managed to enlist tured Antioch in 1098. The crusaders proceeded two powerful rulers, King Louis VII of France and down the Palestinian coast, avoiding the well- Emperor Conrad III of Germany, in a Second Cru- defended coastal cities, and reached Jerusalem in sade. This campaign, however, was a total failure. 1099. The Holy City was taken amid a horrible In 1187, the Holy City of Jerusalem fell to Muslim massacre of the inhabitants. forces under Saladin. Three important rulers then

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agreed to lead a Third Crusade: Emperor Frederick joined Nicholas and made their way to Italy, where the Barbarossa of Germany; Richard I (Richard the - pope told them to go home. At about the same time, hearted) of England; and Philip II Augustus, King of some twenty thousand French children headed to France. Marseille, where two shipowners agreed to take them When members of the Third Crusade arrived in the to the Holy Land. Two of the ships sent perished in a East in 1189, they encountered problems. Frederick storm. The other five sailed to North Africa, where the drowned in a local river. The English and French children were sold into slavery. The next crusades of arrived by sea and captured the coastal cities with the adult warriors were hardly more successful. aid of their fleets but were unable to move inland Did the Crusades have much effect on European against the Muslim forces. After Philip went home, civilization? Historians disagree. There is no doubt Richard negotiated a settlement with Saladin that that the Crusades benefited the Italian port cities, permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem. especially Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. Even without the Crusades, however, Italian merchants would have The Later Crusades About six years after the death increased trade with the Eastern world. of Saladin in 1193, Pope Innocent III initiated the The Crusades had some unfortunate side effects on Fourth Crusade. As it headed east, the crusading army European society. The first widespread attacks on the became involved in a fight over the succession to the began in the context of the Crusades. Some Byzantine throne. The Venetian leaders of the crusade Christians argued that to fight the Muslims while the used the situation to weaken their greatest commercial “murderers of Christ,” as they called the Jews, ran free competitor, the Byzantine Empire. Diverted to Con- at home was unthinkable. The massacre of Jews stantinople, the crusaders sacked the city in 1204. Not became a feature of medieval European life. until 1261 did a recapture the city. Perhaps the greatest impact of the Crusades was The Byzantine Empire had been reestablished, but political. They eventually helped to break down it was no longer a great power. The empire now feudalism. As kings levied taxes and raised armies, comprised the city of Constantinople and its nobles joining the Crusades sold their lands and freed surrounding lands, as well as some lands in Asia their serfs. As the nobles lost power, the kings were Minor. In this reduced size, the empire limped along able to create stronger central governments. Taxing for another 190 years, until the Ottoman Turks trade with the East also provided kings with new conquered it in 1453. wealth. This paved the way for the development of Despite failures, the crusading ideal continued. In true -states. By the mid-, four strong Germany in 1212, a youth known as Nicholas of states—, Spain, England, and France—would Cologne announced that God had inspired him to lead emerge in Europe. a “children’s crusade.” Thousands of young people Reading Check Summarizing What factors moti- vated Europeans to participate in a Crusade?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Define patriarch, schism, Crusades, 6. Explain Why did cities such as Venice 8. Examine the medieval illustration infidel. flourish as a result of the Crusades? of one of the of the Crusades shown on page 306. How does this 2. Identify Justinian, The Body of Civil 7. Organizing Information Use a table visual portrayal of a battle compare Law, Byzantine Empire, Macedonians, like the one below to summarize the to the idealistic goals of the Crusades Seljuk Turks, Saint Bernard of Clair- results of the First, Second, and Third themselves? vaux, Saladin, Pope Innocent III. Crusades. 3. Locate Constantinople, Syria, Pales- 1st Crusade 2nd Crusade 3rd Crusade tine, Balkans. People 9. Descriptive Writing Write a travel Involved 4. Explain how church and state were brochure encouraging people to visit Results linked in the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople. Identify the features of the city in the early Middle Ages. 5. List Justinian’s accomplishments. What sites would you use to - trate your brochure?

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FCAT Completing PRACTICE the activity below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test. Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion Why Learn This Skill? disgrace. Also, identify generalizations such as none, Imagine that you are watching two candidates every, always, and never. for president debate the merits of the college loan program. One says, “In my view, the college loan Practicing the Skill program must be reformed. Sixty percent of students For each pair of statements below, do not repay their loans on time.” determine which is fact and which is The other replies, “College costs are skyrocketing, opinion. Give a reason for each choice. but only 30 percent of students default on their 1 a The Byzantine loans for more than one year. I believe we should Empire came to a spend more on this worthy program.” pitiful end at the How can you tell who or what to believe? You hands of the savage must learn to distinguish fact from opinion in order Turks. to effectively evaluate and analyze information b The Byzantine Empire acquired from a variety of sources such as , ended when Constantine XI television, and the Internet. died while defending Learning the Skill Constantinople in 1453. 2 a The alliance with the Byzantine A fact is a statement that can be proved to be true Empire made Kiev a major or false. In the example above, the statement “Sixty trading link between Europe Byzantine cross percent of students do not repay their loans on time” and Asia and between is a fact. By reviewing statistics on the number of and Southwest Asia. student loan recipients who repay their loans, we can determine whether it is true or false. To identify b In the 900s, Kiev was the most isolated, unciv- facts, look for words and phrases indicating specific ilized place, and it possessed little in the way people, places, events, dates, and times. of culture. An opinion, on the other hand, expresses a per- 3 a The Byzantine culture was more advanced sonal belief, viewpoint, or . Because opin- than any other of its day. ions are subjective, we cannot prove or disprove b Vladimir’s conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy them. In the opening example, most statements by brought Byzantine culture to Kievan Rus. the candidates are opinions. Opinions often include qualifying words and phrases such as I think, I believe, probably, seems to be, Applying the Skill may, might, could, ought, in my judgment, or in my view. Also, look for expressions of approval or dis- Find a article and an editorial pertaining to the approval such as good, bad, poor, and satisfactory. Be same subject in your local . Identify three aware of superlatives such as greatest, worst, finest, facts and three opinions from these sources. and best. Notice words with negative meanings and FCAT LA.A.2.4.2 implications such as squander, contemptible, and Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 2, provides instruction and practice in key social studies skills.

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FCAT PRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below. Using Key Terms 14. History What two important functions did monks perform? 15. History Why are scriptoria so important to the history of 1. refers to the practice of living the life of a monk. western Europe? 2. The determined the relationship between a lord and 16. Government Name one basic difference between the his vassals. Roman and Germanic legal systems. 3. Under the influence of the Church, noblemen followed a 17. History Approximately how long did the Byzantine Empire code of behavior called . last? 4. was the amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family 18. History What steps did the Normans take to create a of an injured person. strong, centralized monarchy in England? 5. A Christian bishop headed an area called a . 19. Government How did Henry II enlarge the power of the 6. A series of Christian military expeditions were called the English monarchy? . 20. Culture What was the historical context in which the code 7. A developed between the Catholic Church and the of chivalry emerged? Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054. 8. The is the Byzantine counterpart to the pope in Critical Thinking Rome. 21. Analyzing What factors helped feudalism to develop in 9. Bishops of Rome became known as of the Catholic western Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries? Church. Describe the major characteristics of the political system of 10. A was the grant of land from the lord to a vassal in feudalism. return for military service. 22. Cause and Effect What caused the schism in Christianity in Reviewing Key Facts the eleventh century? Could the split have been prevented? 11. How did the bond of extended family affect Writing About History the way Germanic law treated the problem of crime and 23. Informative Writing Using information you find in this text, punishment? your local library, or the Internet, describe the political, eco- 12. Government How can feudalism be considered a political nomic, and social impact of the Crusades. Which of these system? areas do you think the Crusades impacted the most? Sup- 13. History What important English political institution emerged port your answers with factual information. FCAT LA.A.2.4.8 during the reign of Edward I?

Europe and the Byzantine Empire changed and developed in many ways during the Middle Ages. Movement Cooperation Conflict Uniformity • Angles and Saxons • The Frankish ruler Clovis • Charlemagne’s death • The emperor Justinian settle in England. converts to Christianity and to the decline and restores the Roman • Monks come to gains the support of the division of the Carolingian Empire in the England to convert Roman Catholic Church. Empire. Mediterranean. the Anglo-Saxons • Benedictine rule emphasizes • Schism divides the • Eastern Orthodox to Christianity. the need for monks to work Eastern Orthodox Church Christianity becomes • Vikings, Magyars, together within the monastery. and the Roman Catholic the of Kiev. and Muslims invade • The system of feudalism, based Church. • The Magna Carta areas of Europe. on the granting of land to nobles • guarantees rights to all in exchange for military service, defeats Harold Godwinson English freemen. spreads throughout Europe. in the Battle of Hastings.

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HISTORY

Self-Check Quiz Expansion of Moscow, Visit the Glencoe World History Web site at 1300–1462 wh.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 9–Self-Check Quiz to prepare for the Chapter Test.

°N Lake Ustyug 60 Analyzing Sources Onega Read the following vow of loyalty: Lake Ladoga The man should put his hands together as a sign of Vologda humility,“ and place them between the two hands of Galich his lord as a token that he vows everything to him and Novgorod

promises faith to him; and the lord should receive him V ol a R . and promise to keep faith with him. Then the man should g Vladimir ° 55 N say: ‘Sir, I enter your homage and faith and become your Volokolamsk Moscow man by mouth and hands (that is, by taking the oath and placing Kasimov N his hands between those of the lord), and I swear and promise Tula E to keep faith and loyalty to you against all others.’ W ” S Moscow, 1300 24. Why is it significant that the vow was given to a particular Acquisitions: person rather than a nation, written , or religion? To 1340 0 200 miles To 1389 ° 25. What is meant by the phrase “and the lord should receive 50 N To 1425 him and promise to keep faith with him”? 0 200 kilometers To 1462 Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Applying Skills 30°E 35°E 40°E45°E 26. Using the Internet Search the Internet for a Web site that provides information on social history during medieval times. Use a search engine to help focus your search by using words such as medieval, feudalism, vassal, and Standardized chivalry. Use the information you find to develop a diary Test Practice that might have been written by an individual living in Directions: Choose the best answer to the medieval society. In your diary, describe such things as your following question. daily routine, your family, where you live, and your hopes and plans for the future. FCAT LA.A.2.4.4 Between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, both England and France Making Decisions A defeated Frankish rulers and established autonomous kingdoms. 27. Pretend you are a knight returning from the First Crusade. Write a letter to your wife describing the Crusade and its B were rebuilt by Emperor Justinian. result. Also, explain why you went on the Crusade, and C established parliaments to help royal authorities rule. whether or not the Crusade lived up to your expectations. D were accomplished shipbuilders and sailors.

Analyzing Maps and Charts Test-Taking Tip: Questions that ask about a specific fact 28. Examine the map showing the expansion of Moscow from can be difficult if you do not know the answer. Increase 1300 to 1462 at the top of this page. By what year had the your chances of choosing the correct answer by looking at Volga River been added to Russia’s holdings? each answer choice and thinking about the context in which 29. What geographic features enabled the princes of Russia to it was discussed in class and in the textbook. Then, elimi- expand their holdings? nate choices you know are wrong. Finally, ask yourself 30. By 1493 Moscow’s ruler claimed to be “Sovereign of All which remaining choice makes the most sense and select Russia.” About how far did Moscow’s territory stretch from that as your answer. FCAT LA.A.1.4.2 north to south in 1462? FCAT MA.B.1.4.3

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