Fundamentals of Photographic Cameras
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Still Photography
Still Photography Soumik Mitra, Published by - Jharkhand Rai University Subject: STILL PHOTOGRAPHY Credits: 4 SYLLABUS Introduction to Photography Beginning of Photography; People who shaped up Photography. Camera; Lenses & Accessories - I What a Camera; Types of Camera; TLR; APS & Digital Cameras; Single-Lens Reflex Cameras. Camera; Lenses & Accessories - II Photographic Lenses; Using Different Lenses; Filters. Exposure & Light Understanding Exposure; Exposure in Practical Use. Photogram Introduction; Making Photogram. Darkroom Practice Introduction to Basic Printing; Photographic Papers; Chemicals for Printing. Suggested Readings: 1. Still Photography: the Problematic Model, Lew Thomas, Peter D'Agostino, NFS Press. 2. Images of Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences, Jon Wagner, 3. Photographic Tools for Teachers: Still Photography, Roy A. Frye. Introduction to Photography STILL PHOTOGRAPHY Course Descriptions The department of Photography at the IFT offers a provocative and experimental curriculum in the setting of a large, diversified university. As one of the pioneers programs of graduate and undergraduate study in photography in the India , we aim at providing the best to our students to help them relate practical studies in art & craft in professional context. The Photography program combines the teaching of craft, history, and contemporary ideas with the critical examination of conventional forms of art making. The curriculum at IFT is designed to give students the technical training and aesthetic awareness to develop a strong individual expression as an artist. The faculty represents a broad range of interests and aesthetics, with course offerings often reflecting their individual passions and concerns. In this fundamental course, students will identify basic photographic tools and their intended purposes, including the proper use of various camera systems, light meters and film selection. -
The Photographic Revolution Back in 1877 a 23 -Year-Old Bank Clerk, George Eastman, Took up Photography As a Hobby
the photographic revolution Back in 1877 a 23 -year-old bank clerk, George Eastman, took up photography as a hobby. Like all picturetakers of his time, he carried a huge camera and tripod, chemicals, a tent for a darkroom, and other equipment. He had to make a "wet plate" by coating a light-sensitive emulsion on a piece of glass immediately before he exposed it. Picturetaking at that time was hard work, but Eastman felt it could be made easier and more fun. After many experiments in his mother's kitchen, he found a way to mass- produce photographic dry plates, and in 1880 he started to make them com mercially in a rented loft in the downtown section of Rochester, N. Y . In 1884 Eastman introduced a paper-base "film," and in 1888, the No.1 Kodak Camera - the small box camera which simplified photography so that anyone could take pictures. Eastman himself coined the trademark "Kodak" and the famous advertising slogan "You press the button, we do the rest." The Kodak camera caught on quickly, and the company sold over 100,000 of them in the first eight years. Today, some 52 million Americans take more Picturetaking in the days before Kodak cameras. than two billion snapshots each year. Picture taking has become America's number- one hobby. 2 © 1962 Eastman Kodak Company -I.. .. 1 I ~ , The No. 1 Kodak The first Folding New styling was fea· The popular Brownie Camera of 1888 sim· Brownie Camera was tured in Baby Brown Starflash Camera was plified photography. offered in 1904. -
Xerox Confidentcolor Technology Putting Exacting Control in Your Hands
Xerox FreeFlow® The future-thinking Print Server ConfidentColor Technology print server. Brochure It anticipates your needs. With the FreeFlow Print Server, you’re positioned to not only better meet your customers’ demands today, but to accommodate whatever applications you need to print tomorrow. Add promotional messages to transactional documents. Consolidate your data center and print shop. Expand your color-critical applications. Move files around the world. It’s an investment that allows you to evolve and grow. PDF/X support for graphic arts Color management for applications. transactional applications. With one button, the FreeFlow Print Server If you’re a transactional printer, this is the assures that a PDF/X file runs as intended. So print server for you. It supports color profiles when a customer embeds color-management in an IPDS data stream with AFP Color settings in a file using Adobe® publishing Management—so you can print color with applications, you can run that file with less time confidence. Images and other content can be in prepress and with consistent color. Files can incorporated from a variety of sources and reliably be sent to multiple locations and multiple appropriately rendered for accurate results. And printers with predictable results. when you’re ready to expand into TransPromo applications, it’s ready, too. Xerox ConfidentColor Technology Find out more Putting exacting control To learn more about the FreeFlow Print Server and ConfidentColor Technology, contact your Xerox sales representative or call 1-800-ASK-XEROX. Or visit us online at www.xerox.com/freeflow. in your hands. © 2009 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. -
What Resolution Should Your Images Be?
What Resolution Should Your Images Be? The best way to determine the optimum resolution is to think about the final use of your images. For publication you’ll need the highest resolution, for desktop printing lower, and for web or classroom use, lower still. The following table is a general guide; detailed explanations follow. Use Pixel Size Resolution Preferred Approx. File File Format Size Projected in class About 1024 pixels wide 102 DPI JPEG 300–600 K for a horizontal image; or 768 pixels high for a vertical one Web site About 400–600 pixels 72 DPI JPEG 20–200 K wide for a large image; 100–200 for a thumbnail image Printed in a book Multiply intended print 300 DPI EPS or TIFF 6–10 MB or art magazine size by resolution; e.g. an image to be printed as 6” W x 4” H would be 1800 x 1200 pixels. Printed on a Multiply intended print 200 DPI EPS or TIFF 2-3 MB laserwriter size by resolution; e.g. an image to be printed as 6” W x 4” H would be 1200 x 800 pixels. Digital Camera Photos Digital cameras have a range of preset resolutions which vary from camera to camera. Designation Resolution Max. Image size at Printable size on 300 DPI a color printer 4 Megapixels 2272 x 1704 pixels 7.5” x 5.7” 12” x 9” 3 Megapixels 2048 x 1536 pixels 6.8” x 5” 11” x 8.5” 2 Megapixels 1600 x 1200 pixels 5.3” x 4” 6” x 4” 1 Megapixel 1024 x 768 pixels 3.5” x 2.5” 5” x 3 If you can, you generally want to shoot larger than you need, then sharpen the image and reduce its size in Photoshop. -
Page 16 of 128 Exhibit No. Description Deposition
Case 1:04-cv-01373-KAJ Document 467-2 Filed 10/23/2006 Page 1 of 140 Exhibit Description Deposition Objections No. Ex. No. PTX-168 7/16/2003, Technical Reference Napoli Ex. Manual [DM270] (EKCCCI007053- 132 836) PTX-169 2003, Data Sheet for TMS320DM270 Processor (AX200153-55) PTX-170 10/30/2002, DM270 Preliminary Napoli Ex. Register Manual Rev. b0.6 131 (EKCCCI001305-495) PTX-171 TI DM270 Imx Hardware Akiyama Programming Interface, Version 0.0 Ex. 312 (EKCNYII005007249-260) PTX-172 3/3/2003, DM270 Preliminary Data Ohtake Ex. Sheet Rev. b0.7C (EKCCCI008094- 123 131) PTX-173 Fact Sheet for TMS320DM270 Lacks Processor (AX200150-52) authenticity; Hearsay; Lacks foundation; Lacks relevance PTX-174 6/04, Data Sheet rev 0.5 for Hynix Ligler Ex. Lacks HY57V561620C[L]T[P] (AX200163- 13 (ITC) authenticity; 74) Hearsay; Lacks foundation; Lacks relevance PTX-175 Sharp RJ21T3AA0PT Data Sheet Hearsay; (EKCCCI017389-413) Lacks foundation; Lacks relevance PTX-176 DX7630 Thumbnail Test Lacks (AXD022568-81) authenticity; Hearsay; Lacks foundation; Lacks relevance; Inaccurate/ incomplete description PTX-177 1/11/2005, DM270 IP Chain ver. 0.7 Yoshikawa with translation (EKC001021025-31, Ex. 348 AX211033-42) PTX-178 1/26/2004, Bud Camera F/W Task Lacks foundation; Interface Capture Main <-> Image ISR Lacks relevance (DX7630) ver. 0.07 / Takeshi Domen with translation (EKCCCI002404-19, AX211607-26) Page 16 of 128 Case 1:04-cv-01373-KAJ Document 467-2 Filed 10/23/2006 Page 2 of 140 Exhibit Description Deposition Objections No. Ex. No. PTX-179 2/17/2003, Budweiser Camera EXIF Akiyama Lacks foundation; File Access Library Spec (DX7630) Ex. -
Invention of Digital Photograph
Invention of Digital photograph Digital photography uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors to capture images focused by a lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. The captured images are digitized and stored as a computer file ready for further digital processing, viewing, electronic publishing, or digital printing. Until the advent of such technology, photographs were made by exposing light sensitive photographic film and paper, which was processed in liquid chemical solutions to develop and stabilize the image. Digital photographs are typically created solely by computer-based photoelectric and mechanical techniques, without wet bath chemical processing. The first consumer digital cameras were marketed in the late 1990s.[1] Professionals gravitated to digital slowly, and were won over when their professional work required using digital files to fulfill the demands of employers and/or clients, for faster turn- around than conventional methods would allow.[2] Starting around 2000, digital cameras were incorporated in cell phones and in the following years, cell phone cameras became widespread, particularly due to their connectivity to social media websites and email. Since 2010, the digital point-and-shoot and DSLR formats have also seen competition from the mirrorless digital camera format, which typically provides better image quality than the point-and-shoot or cell phone formats but comes in a smaller size and shape than the typical DSLR. Many mirrorless cameras accept interchangeable lenses and have advanced features through an electronic viewfinder, which replaces the through-the-lens finder image of the SLR format. While digital photography has only relatively recently become mainstream, the late 20th century saw many small developments leading to its creation. -
My Mother's Camera
Manning 1 Pam Manning Marydorsey Wanless Retro Camera Seminar AR399 F April 10, 2011 My Mother’s Camera The Kodak Brownie camera has a long history with the Eastman Kodak company which began in February 1900 with the introduction of a very basic cardboard box camera with a simple lens that took 2¼ inch square pictures and cost only $1. The Brownie introduced the concept of snapshot photography and was intended to introduce photography to everyone, not just professional photographers (Kodak). What is considered one of the greatest slogans in advertising history, “You push the button, we do the rest” reinforced the simplicity of the Brownie camera (American Heritage). Designed and marketed for children, the Brownie camera was named after popular characters created by Palmer Cox, a children’s author and illustrator. Cox was the Walt Disney of his day. His Brownie characters were as well known in the 1880’s as Mickey Mouse is today (Kodak). Like Disney’s characters, Cox’s Brownies often appeared in ads. They helped sell everything from candies to cigars, coffee to ice cream, and even painkillers. Brownie dolls, games, puzzles, and trading cards were eagerly sought. And so was the Brownie camera, far beyond anyone’s expectations (Kodak). My history with the Kodak Brownie began when my mother took my picture with her Kodak Brownie Hawkeye. She would direct me to stand in a certain pose or perform a certain task. When she was happy with what she saw she would then back away from me, hold the camera about waist height, look down into the viewfinder and click. -
Depth of Focus (DOF)
Erect Image Depth of Focus (DOF) unit: mm Also known as ‘depth of field’, this is the distance (measured in the An image in which the orientations of left, right, top, bottom and direction of the optical axis) between the two planes which define the moving directions are the same as those of a workpiece on the limits of acceptable image sharpness when the microscope is focused workstage. PG on an object. As the numerical aperture (NA) increases, the depth of 46 focus becomes shallower, as shown by the expression below: λ DOF = λ = 0.55µm is often used as the reference wavelength 2·(NA)2 Field number (FN), real field of view, and monitor display magnification unit: mm Example: For an M Plan Apo 100X lens (NA = 0.7) The depth of focus of this objective is The observation range of the sample surface is determined by the diameter of the eyepiece’s field stop. The value of this diameter in 0.55µm = 0.6µm 2 x 0.72 millimeters is called the field number (FN). In contrast, the real field of view is the range on the workpiece surface when actually magnified and observed with the objective lens. Bright-field Illumination and Dark-field Illumination The real field of view can be calculated with the following formula: In brightfield illumination a full cone of light is focused by the objective on the specimen surface. This is the normal mode of viewing with an (1) The range of the workpiece that can be observed with the optical microscope. With darkfield illumination, the inner area of the microscope (diameter) light cone is blocked so that the surface is only illuminated by light FN of eyepiece Real field of view = from an oblique angle. -
1.1 Introduction to the Digital Systems
1.1 Introduction to the digital systems PHO 130 F Digital Photography Prof. Lorenzo Guasti How a DSLR work and why we call a camera “reflex” The heart of all digital cameras is of course the digital imaging sensor. It is the component that converts the light coming from the subject you are photographing into an electronic signal, and ultimately into the digital photograph that you can view or print PHO 130 F Digital Photography Prof. Lorenzo Guasti Although they all perform the same task and operate in broadly the same way, there are in fact th- ree different types of sensor in common use today. The first one is the CCD, or Charge Coupled Device. CCDs have been around since the 1960s, and have become very advanced, however they can be slower to operate than other types of sensor. The main alternative to CCD is the CMOS, or Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor sen- sor. The main proponent of this technology being Canon, which uses it in its EOS range of digital SLR cameras. CMOS sensors have some of the signal processing transistors mounted alongside the sensor cell, so they operate more quickly and can be cheaper to make. A third but less common type of sensor is the revolutionary Foveon X3, which offers a number of advantages over conventional sensors but is so far only found in Sigma’s range of digital SLRs and its forthcoming DP1 compact camera. I’ll explain the X3 sensor after I’ve explained how the other two types work. PHO 130 F Digital Photography Prof. -
Are You Ready for a Digital Camera? by Jennifer Ruisaard and Conrad Turner
Are You Ready for a Digital Camera? by Jennifer Ruisaard and Conrad Turner Digital cameras flashed onto the technology scene a few years ago, threatening the future of conventional photography. Employing the same elements as traditional cameras, digital cameras convert images into a series of pixels that computers can understand and display directly on-screen. These digital images transmit easily through e-mail attachments and are instantly ready to use. The quality of digital images improved drastically over the last five years. In addition, digital cameras offer the benefits of speed, flexibility, and cost savings. Digital photographs are easy to retouch and manipulate through programs such as Photoshop. Furthermore, digital images do not need to be scanned. Therefore, defects introduced by the scanning process are eliminated. Types of Digital Cameras The digital photography market offers consumers three types of cameras: low-, mid-, and high-range. Buyers of digital cameras should choose a camera depending on their specific needs and the type of job to be done. Low-end digital cameras cost around $1,000 and are equivalent to conventional point-and- shoot cameras. Their low resolution, usually about 640 ´ 480 pixels, makes them a cost-effective tool for jobs that do not require high quality, sharpness, or color accuracy. This range of cameras can produce quality prints up to 2.4 ´ 1.8 inches at 133 lpi (266 ppi), which is sufficient for small brochures, advertisements, and catalog images. The next group of digital cameras, called mid-range, cost between $5,000 and $15,000. These cameras are essentially traditional Single Lens Reflex (SLR) camera bodies. -
A High Full Well Capacity CMOS Image Sensor for Space Applications
sensors Article A High Full Well Capacity CMOS Image Sensor for Space Applications Woo-Tae Kim 1 , Cheonwi Park 1, Hyunkeun Lee 1 , Ilseop Lee 2 and Byung-Geun Lee 1,* 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; [email protected] (W.-T.K.); [email protected] (C.P.); [email protected] (H.L.) 2 Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-62-715-3231 Received: 24 January 2019; Accepted: 26 March 2019; Published: 28 March 2019 Abstract: This paper presents a high full well capacity (FWC) CMOS image sensor (CIS) for space applications. The proposed pixel design effectively increases the FWC without inducing overflow of photo-generated charge in a limited pixel area. An MOS capacitor is integrated in a pixel and accumulated charges in a photodiode are transferred to the in-pixel capacitor multiple times depending on the maximum incident light intensity. In addition, the modulation transfer function (MTF) and radiation damage effect on the pixel, which are especially important for space applications, are studied and analyzed through fabrication of the CIS. The CIS was fabricated using a 0.11 µm 1-poly 4-metal CIS process to demonstrate the proposed techniques and pixel design. A measured FWC of 103,448 electrons and MTF improvement of 300% are achieved with 6.5 µm pixel pitch. Keywords: CMOS image sensors; wide dynamic range; multiple charge transfer; space applications; radiation damage effects 1. Introduction Imaging devices are essential components in the space environment for a range of applications including earth observation, star trackers on satellites, lander and rover cameras [1]. -
1/2-Inch Megapixel CMOS Digital Image Sensor
MT9M001: 1/2-Inch Megapixel Digital Image Sensor Features 1/2-Inch Megapixel CMOS Digital Image Sensor MT9M001C12STM (Monochrome) Datasheet, Rev. M For the latest datasheet, please visit www.onsemi.com Features Table 1: Key Performance Parameters Parameter Value • Array Format (5:4): 1,280H x 1,024V (1,310,720 active Optical format 1/2-inch (5:4) pixels). Total (incl. dark pixels): 1,312H x 1,048V Active imager size 6.66 mm (H) x 5.32 mm (V) (1,374,976 pixels) • Frame Rate: 30 fps progressive scan; programmable Active pixels 1,280 H x 1,024 V • Shutter: Electronic Rolling Shutter (ERS) Pixel size 5.2 m x 5.2 m • Window Size: SXGA; programmable to any smaller Shutter type Electronic rolling shutter (ERS) Maximum data rate/ format (VGA, QVGA, CIF, QCIF, etc.) 48 MPS/48 MHz • Programmable Controls: Gain, frame rate, frame size master clock Frame SXGA 30 fps progressive scan; rate (1280 x 1024) programmable Applications ADC resolution 10-bit, on-chip Responsivity 2.1 V/lux-sec • Digital still cameras Dynamic range 68.2 dB • Digital video cameras •PC cameras SNRMAX 45 dB Supply voltage 3.0 V3.6 V, 3.3 V nominal 363 mW at 3.3 V (operating); Power consumption General Description 294 W (standby) Operating temperature 0°C to +70°C The ON Semiconductor MT9M001 is an SXGA-format with a 1/2-inch CMOS active-pixel digital image sen- Packaging 48-pin CLCC sor. The active imaging pixel array of 1,280H x 1,024V. It The sensor can be operated in its default mode or pro- incorporates sophisticated camera functions on-chip grammed by the user for frame size, exposure, gain set- such as windowing, column and row skip mode, and ting, and other parameters.