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Yemen - Teachmideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM CURRENT THE MIDDLE COUNTRY FOR YemenAFFAIRS EAST IN FOCUS PROFILES EDUCATORS Latest Site News, Content & Art, Language & Culture Afghanistan Booklists Commentary History Algeria Lesson Plans Conflict & Change Identity Bahrain Teaching Tools The Arab-Israeli Conflict Politics & Policy Egypt Travel, Study, and Funding This Week in the Middle East Opportunities Religion Iran TeachMideast Digital Book Science & Environment Iraq Society, Gender & Education ...... FOR STUDENTS CONTACT US ABOUT Digital Resources for Kids Contact Information Mission Film & Video List Request a Speaker or WorkshopFeatured Partnerships http://teachmideast.org/country-profiles/yemen/ Page 1 of 14 Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM Film & Video List Request a Speaker or WorkshopFeatured Partnerships Glossary of Terms Student MENU Events & Opportunities SEARCH Timelines GEOGRAPHY Yemen (Official title: Republic of Yemen, Arabic pronunciation: al-Jumhuriyah al-Yamaniyah) borders the Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden between Oman and Saudi Arabia. It has a total area of 527,970 sq km or 203,850 sq miles and a desert climate. The climate is hot and humid along the coast, temperate in the western mountains, and extremely hot and dry in the eastern desert. A little less than 3% of its land is arable. As with many other Middle Eastern countries, Yemen experiences sand and wind storms in the summer. Currently, Yemen is experiencing overgrazing, desertification, soil erosion, and limited access to fresh water. Many Yemeni farmers grow a plant called Qat, which is chewed for its stimulant properties and is more profitable than traditional crops; however, the cultivation of qat demands far more water than traditional crops, further http://teachmideast.org/country-profiles/yemen/ Page 2 of 14 Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM imperiling the already dwindling water supply. In fact, water, or the lack thereof, has become a major cause of conflict throughout the country. Progress on these issues has been stalled by shortfalls in local and national budgets, and by the prolonged and devastating conflict between Saudi-backed government forces and the separatist Shia Houthi population. A unique feature of Yemen is Socotra Island located 240 kilometers (150 mi) east of the Horn of Africa and 380 kilometers (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula. The island is isolated and through the process of speciation, a third of its plant and animal life is found nowhere else on the planet. One such example is the dragon’s blood tree, which is an umbrella-shaped tree whose red sap was once used as a medicine. The island also features the dendrosicyos socotranus plant. Known as the “cucumber tree,” this is the only plant with significant genetic similarities to cucumber plants that grows in tree form. Several unique bird species like the Socotra starling and Socotra sparrow are found only on this island. The island has been described as the most alien-looking place on Earth. The island measures 132 kilometers (82 mi) in length and 49.7 kilometers (30.9 mi) in width. Geography Resources Basic Map Yemen Nature Photographs of the Socotra Archipelago (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Video: Qat Addiction "Water Scarcity in Leading to Life- Yemen: the Country's Threatening Water Forgotten Conflict" Shortage Newsweek: Yemen Is Tearing Itself Apart Over Water HISTORY & GOVERNMENT Yemen is one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, but it is also one of the oldest centers of civilization, dating back to 1200 BCE. Between the 12th century BCE and the 6th century CE, Yemen was one of the centers of world commerce and was situated along the spice trade route, which provided a lucrative source of income. During the 6th century, Yemen fell under Ethiopian rule. Beginning in the 7th century, a series of Islamic caliphs who ruled the area until the 11th century, when Egyptian Sunni caliphs took control of much of the northern region of present- http://teachmideast.org/country-profiles/yemen/ Page 3 of 14 Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM day Yemen. Most of Northern Yemen and small parts of Southern Yemen became incorporated into the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century, although the Zaidi imams generally maintained control of the highland regions until the Ottomans captured Sana’a in 1872. During this century, the British Empire controlled areas along the coast of Southern Yemen and the port of Aden and administered the region as a part of British India. The British designated this territory as the Aden Protectorate and divided it into an Eastern and a Western Protectorate. The British used this port as a prominent station for refueling its coal ships on the route to India, and this position became even more important following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. The British and Ottomans agreed upon a de facto border between the North and South in 1904, creating the divisions between the northern and southern regions which would have critical importance in the country’s modern history. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I signaled the end of all Ottoman control of Northern Yemen. As Turkish forces withdrew in 1918, Imam Yahya Muhammad strengthened his control over the region and created the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. This kingdom battled with the emerging Saud family in present-day Saudi Arabia, although control of the territory remained mostly unchanged and hostilities ended in 1934 with the signing of the Treaty of Taif. Northern Yemen joined the Arab League as a founding member of the organization in 1945 and entered the United Nations in 1947. In Southern Yemen, the British formally recognized the city of Aden as a British colony in 1937. The surrounding countryside remained the Aden Protectorate and the British provided little support or development to this region. As pressure mounted for the British to leave Aden in the decades after World War II, the British attempted to consolidate control of this area by uniting several states of the Aden Protectorate into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South. Throughout the early 1960s, the British worked to incorporate most of the Aden Protectorate into the Federation and in 1963, the Colony of Aden was added and the union was renamed the Federation of South Arabia. Those areas that did not join the Federation of South Arabia, which mostly comprised the territories in the eastern half of the former Aden Protectorate, formed the Protectorate of South Arabia in 1963. Read More Video: Yemen, A Failed National Dialogue State Conference Site http://teachmideast.org/country-profiles/yemen/ Page 4 of 14 Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM Biography of President NYT: Drone Strikes in Background on National Abdrabuh Mansour Hadi Yemen Said to Set Dialogue Conference to Dangerous Precedent Resolve Conflict in Yemen The Constitution of the Republic of Yemen InternationalInternational && RegionalRegional IssuesIssues ResourcesResources INTERNATIONAL & REGIONAL ISSUES Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities such as illegal movement of suspected terrorists and drugs and weapons smuggling. Yemen holds roughly 4,500 refugees from Ethiopia and 227,000 from Somalia. In addition, conflict in the Sa’ada governorate in northwestern Yemen and clashes between Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, also known as Ansar al-Sharia, and government forces have created nearly 431,000 internally displaced refugees. Despite its proximity to neighboring Gulf Cooperation Council member states, Yemen is excluded from the influential regional organization. Because of its poverty, its lack of oil and other resources, its non-monarchical government structure, and its support for Iraq during the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, Yemen remains out of favor with and is distinctly divided from the GCC cohort. Nonetheless, the GCC in general, and Saudi Arabia in particular, have been generous with their financial assistance to Yemen. More than 6,000 people, about half of whom were civilians, have been killed since the start of Saudi-led coalition air strikes against Houthi rebels in March 2015, according to the United Nations, leading to international disapproval and allegations of war crimes. In addition, the American application of drone strikes in the ongoing campaign against Al Qaeda in the Arab Peninsula (AQAP) has been particularly controversial due to the high incidence of civilian http://teachmideast.org/country-profiles/yemen/ Page 5 of 14 Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM casualties. UNHCR Global The Saudi An Overview of "All Roads Lead Focus Report Arabia-Yemen the Saudi- to Djibouti as on Migrants, War of 2015 in Yemen Border Refugees Flee IDPs, and Pictures (The Dispute Yemen Even as Refugees in Atlantic, March Migrants Head Yemen 2015) There" (Guardian, May 2016) PEOPLE & LANGUAGE The population of Yemen is close to 27 million Population of Yemen and its population is quickly growing at a rate of 2.5% per year. Yemenis are typically of Arab descent, but significant minorities exist of Arab 93% Africans in the west (4%), South Asians in the south (2%), and Europeans in metropolitan African 4% areas (1%). Some have immigrated in search of work while others are ancestors of European South Asian 2% colonists. European 1% The educational system experienced many http://teachmideast.org/country-profiles/yemen/ Page 6 of 14 Yemen - TeachMideast 10/14/16, 3:17 PM years of turmoil as the new united Yemen was forming in the early 1990s. The Yemeni government has increased emphasis on education by allocating anywhere from 14% to 20% of the annual budget to educational development. The Yemeni government provides universal, compulsory, and free education for ages six through fifteen. There are two levels of education: basic and 2.5% secondary.
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