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T.C. Istanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tip Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Anabilim Dali T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ ADLİ TIP ENSTİTÜSÜ FEN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal POLAT ADLİ ENTOMOLOJİDE KULLANILAN SİNEK TÜRLERİNİN SAMSUN’DA MEVSİMLERE GÖRE DURUMUNUN BELİRLENMESİ DOKTORA TEZİ Uzm. Biol. MELTEM BİLDİRİCİ KÖKDENER İSTANBUL 2012 Bu çalışma İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje no: 3943 ii TEŞEKKÜR Yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca bilgilerinden faydalandığım değerli hocalarım, Adli Tıp Enstitüsü Müdürü Sayın Prof. Dr. İmdat ELMAS’a, Fen Bilimleri Anabilim Başkanı Sayın Prof. Dr. Salih CENGİZ’e, tez çalışmamın fikir aşamasından sonuçlanmasına kadar geçen süreçte, üstün bilgi ve deneyimleri sayesinde çalışmamı yönlendiren, değerli vaktini ve desteğini benden esirgemeyen, değerli hocam, tez danışmanım Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erdal POLAT’a, ayrıca, bilgilerinden ve her zaman desteğini gördüğüm değerli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hüseyin ÇAKAN’a ve Adli Tıp Enstitüsü’nde bulunan değerli hocalarıma, Çalışmalarım süresince deneyimlerini, maddi ve manevi desteğini benden esirgemeyen üstün bilgi ve deneyimleri sayesinde çalışmamı yönlendiren, bilimsel ve hayata dair birçok konuda benim için büyük örnek teşkil eden hocam, ablam, dostum Prof.Dr. Melike BİLDİRİCİ’ye Tez çalışmamda her konuda yardımlarını gördüğüm Emniyet Amiri Şırnak Olay Yeri İnceleme Sorumlusu Dr. Ersin KARAPAZARLIOĞLUN‘ a, deney çalışmalarımda köpek temininde yardımcı olan İlkadım Belediyesi görevlilerinden Mehmet TEMİZ’e Bugünlere gelmemde gerçek pay sahibi olan, eşsiz ve mükemmel aileme sabrı, özverisi ve desteği için için minnet ve teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Meltem Bildirici KÖKDENER iii ÖZET Bu çalışmada 2009-2010 yılları arasında Samsun ilinde 3 farklı alanda köpek cesetleri model olarak kullanılıp, böcek türlerinin mevsimsel dağılımlarının belirlenmesi ve sistematik yönden incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle bir yıl boyunca çalışma alanına bırakılan 12 köpek ceseti üzerinden Diptera ve Coleoptera takımına ait örnekler toplanmış ve tür teşhisleri yapılmıştır. Bu türlerin mevsimlere göre dağılımı ve hangi çürüme evrelerinde bulundukları tespit edilmiştir. Köpek cesetinin beş çürüme evresi geçirdiği (taze, şişme, aktif çürüme, ileri çürüme, kuruma evreleri) görülmüştür. Çürüme evrelerin süresi hava sıcaklığına ve nem oranına bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Yaz ve sonbahar mevsiminde taze evrenin 1-1,5 gün, kış ve ilkbahar mevsiminde ise 4,5-5 gün sürdüğü, şişme evresinin yazın ve sonbaharda 1,5- 2 gün, kışın ve ilkbaharda 6- 7 gün sürdüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Aktif çürüme evresinin yazın ve sonbaharda 8-10 gün, kışın ve ilkbaharda 26-30 gün sürdüğü, ileri çürüme evresinin yazın 12, sonbaharda 30, kışın 45, ilkbaharda 35 gün sürdüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Hava sıcaklığının yüksek olduğu yaz mevsiminde (ortalama sıcaklık 75 °C, nemin ise ortalama % 76) çürümenin hızlandığı, hava sıcaklığının düştüğü kış mevsiminde ise (ortalama sıcaklık 10. 6 °C nemin ise ortalama % 64) çürüme evresinin uzadığı görülmüştür. Çürümenin ilk aşamalarında Diptera takımına ait türler baskın olurken, daha sonraki aşamalarında ise Coleoptera takımına ait türler baskın olmuştur. Çürüme aşamalarına ve mevsimlere göre değişen, 29 böcek türü tespit edilmiştir. Yaz mevsimi boyunca Chrysomya albiceps, Sarcophaga argyrostoma, Lucilla sericata, Necrobia rufipes, Necrobia violacea, Creophilus maxillosus, Dermestes frischii, Dermestes maculatus, Dermestes undulatus, Margarinotus brunneus, Saprinus caerulescens, Saprinus subnitescens türleri görülmüştür. Sonbahar mevsiminde; Chrysomya albiceps, Lucilla sericata, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina, Necrobia rufipes, Necrobia violacea, Necrobia ruficollis, Creophilus maxillosus, Dermestes frischii, Dermestes undulatus, Margarinotus brunneus, Saprinus caerulescens, Saprinus vermiculatus, Ontholestes murinus, Philonthus politus, Philonthus concinnus, Aleochara intricata, Necrodes littoralis türleri görülmüştür. Kış mevsimi boyunca her üç bölgede Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina türleri görülmüştür. Kış mevsiminde Atakum bölgesinde diğer iki bölgeden farklı olarak, Fannia scalaris, Fannia canicularis, Fannia manicata, Hellomyzidae ssp türleri görülmüştür. Kış mevsiminde Şehir merkezi hariç diğer bölgelerde Coloeptera takımına ait tür görülmemiştir. İlkbahar mevsiminde; Calliphora iv vomitoria, Calliphora vicina, Necrobia rufipes, Necrobia violacea, Nitidula flavomaculata, Dermestes frischii, Margarinotus brunneus, Saprinus caerulescens Saprinus vermiculatus, Thanatophilus rugosus, Necrodes littoralis, Thanatophilus sinuatus, Philonthus concinnus, Aleochara lata Ontholestes murinus, Creophilus maxillosus türleri görülmüştür. Tür çeşitliğinin en bol ilkbahar ve sonbahar mevsimlerinde görülmüştür.Yaptığımız çalışma sonucu tespit ettiğimiz türlerden Calliphoridae familyasına ait Chrysomya albiceps yaz mevsimi başından sonbahar mevsimi sonuna kadar görülen en yoğun türdür. Hava ısısının iyice düştüğü kış mevsiminde bu tür görülmemektedir, bu yüzden Chrysomya albiceps yaz ve sonbahar mevsiminde Samsunda ölüm zamanı tespitinde kullanılabilir. Calliphora vicina ve Calliphora vomitoria hava sıcaklığı düştüğü zaman görülmeye başlanmakta mayıs ayına kadar görülmektedir, dolayısıyla kış mevsimi ve ilkbaharda meydana gelebilecek bir ölüm olayında ölüm zamanı tespitinde kullanılması uygun olacaktır. Anahtar Kelime: Adli Bilimler, Adli Entomoloji, Böcekler, Fauna, Köpek ceseti, Samsun v ABSTRACT ACCORDING TO THE SEASON IN SAMSUN , DETERMINATION OF SITUATION OF INSECT SPECIES USED IN FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY In this study dog carcasses using as a model at 3 different areas in the province of Samsun between 2009-2010, it has been purposed to determine seasonal distribution of species of insect and studies of systematic aspect in three difrent area at Samsun province. In this reason during one year samples has been collected belonging to order of Diptera and Coloeptera from 12 dog carcass which was put in the experiment area and the species are identified. These species were determined according their distribution over the seasons and which decomposition stages they were found. It was determined that the dog carcasses had pass five decomposition stage and 29 insect species changed according to state of decay. Chrysomya albiceps, Sarcophaga argyrostoma, Lucilla sericata, Necrobia rufipes, Necrobia violacea, Creophilus maxillosus, Dermestes frischii, Dermestes maculatus, Dermestes undulatus, Margarinotus brunneus, Saprinus caerulescens, Saprinus subnitescens species were seen during summer season. In fall season it was observed to species : Chrysomya albiceps, Lucilla sericata, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina,Necrobia rufipes, Necrobia violacea, Necrobia ruficollis, Creophilus maxillosus, Dermestes frischii, Dermestes undulatus, Margarinotus brunneus, Saprinus caerulescens, Saprinus vermiculatus, Ontholestes murinus, Philonthus politus, Philonthus concinnus, Aleochara intricata, Necrodes littoralis. Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina species were seen in all region during winter period,. During winter season, Fannia scalaris, Fannia canicularis, Fannia manicata, Hellomyzidae ssp were observed unlike other region in Atakum region. Species belonging to Coloeptera were not observed to other region except of city center in winter season. During spring season, species of Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora vicina, Necrobia rufipes, Necrobia violacea, Nitidula flavomaculata, Dermestes frischii, Margarinotus brunneus, Saprinus caerulescens Saprinus vermiculatus, Thanatophilus rugosus, Necrodes littoralis, Thanatophilus sinuatus, Philonthus concinnus, Aleochara lata Ontholestes murinus, Creophilus maxillosus were viewed. Diversity of species was the most abundant in spring and fall seasons. According to this study, Chrysomya albiceps belonging to Calliphoridae‘s family were most intense species that were observed in the beginning of summer season until the end of the autumn season. In winter season decrease of air temperatures These species were not observed to in winter season that air temperatures was decrease therefore Chrysomya albiceps can be used to determining time of death in Samsun during summer and fall season. Calliphora vicina and Calliphora vomitoria is start to be seen when air temparature is fall, these species were seen until May, the event of a death that may occur due to winter and spring would be appropriate to use the time of death determination. Key Words: Forensic Sciences, Forensic Entomology, Dog carcass, Insects, Samsun, Fauna. vi İÇİNDEKİLER 1 GİRİŞ VE AMAÇ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2 GENEL BİLGİLER ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 ADLİ ENTOMOLOJİNİN BÖLÜMLERİ ..................................................................................................... 3 2.2 TARİHÇE ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 SÜKSESYON VE CESET ÇÜRÜME EVRELERİ ............................................................................................ 5 2.3.1 SÜKSESYON ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.2 SÜKSESYON DÜZENİ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.2.1 NEKROFAJ TÜRLER ................................................................................................................
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