Improving Mortar Properties in Saline Environment

Jauhar Fajrin, Pathurahman, Lalu Gita Pratama

Nama Konferensi : Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering and Technology (SICEST) 2016 Tempat dan Waktu Pelaksanaan : Bangka, , 8-10 November 2016 ISBN : 979-587-821-1 Halaman : 35-38 Penyelenggara : Faculty of Engineering, Penerbit : Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University Alamat Web Jurnal : https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByDi_fLK- 75jNGFTbHh4MXV1VlE/view https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310710073_ Improving_Mortar_Properties_in_Saline_Environment ISBN 979-587-621-1

Improving Mortar Properties in Saline Environment

Jauhar Fajrin*, Pathurahman and Lalu Gita Pratama Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mataram University, Mataram-Lombok 83125, Indonesia,

Abstract: Buildings in coastal settlement are severely subjected to the effect of saline environment. Brick wall, which consists of brick and mortar, is the most affected component degraded by such environment. There are several methods reported in literatures for reducing the effect of aggressive environments to mortar. Most of the previous studies concentrate on introducing additional materials that might increase the overall building cost. This paper discusses the possibility of reducing the negative impact of saline environment by just increasing the proportion of cement in mortar mixes. The study was divided in two subsequent experimental stages. The first experiment was designed to select the most optimum mortar composition by varying the cement content. The research parameters includes compressive strength, water absorption and PH value of the mortar. Having obtained the most effective mortar composition through the first experiment, it was also investigated the possibility of using silica fume as a partial replacement for cement in further experimental stage. The study has proved that the cement content plays an important role in the quality of mortar. The increasing of cement content has considerably improved the compressive strength of mortar up to 370%. The optimum composition was mortar with the ratio of cement/sand of 30:70. The selected mixes has also significantly reduced water absorption by around 65%. The partial replacement of cement content with silica fume to the selected proportion further improved the properties of mortar. The compressive strength was enhanced by approximately 13%, while water absorption was reduced by 35%. The PH value seems not significantly affected by both treatments as the first experiment only increases the PH value up to 6% and further treatment decreases the PH value by only 2.5%. Keywords: Improvement method; mortar properties; saline environment; mortar mixes. 1 e-mail: [email protected]*

1. INTRODUCTION works in this topic tried to introduce additional materials in enhancing the performance of mortar under saline environment. The knowledge of using proper material for housing is This paper presents the results of experimental works on relatively less particularly for people who lives in rural areas. improving the performance of mortars in saline water by just Building materials are often selected based on common practices increasing the cement content in mortar mixes. The research was which may lead to build less durable houses. It is also frequently motivated by the work of Wegian [7] who stated that the cement observed as common practice that concrete or mortar mixes for content has a significant influence on improving the strength and building in normal condition is also employed for housing along a durability of concrete. Concrete with higher cement content more sea front. Crisman [1] stated that climate has to be considered as durable and stronger than normal concrete. More specifically, the the most important factors in selecting and assembling of current research uses inferential statistical analysis to obtain material. It is well understood that durability of homes in coastal more accurate findings. Also, the proposed method has the areas relies on the type of materials used in building the advantage of being easy to be conducted by less-skill workers. construction. Masonry is a common material used for building construction in coastal settlement as it exhibits excellent long- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS term performance. The durability of masonry structures is In this study, three different mortar compositions were influenced by both masonry units and the mortars [2]. It is prepared and assessed. With the inclusion of a control specimen therefore, mortar plays a significant contribution to the overall that consists of a standard or normal mortar with 20% cement durability of a masonry or brick structure. Early damages to and 80% sand, the experiment was carried out to test four levels structures in saline environment are unavoidable and therefore of a factor. The specimens were prepared and tested in preventive efforts have to be included in design and during the accordance with SNI 03-6825-2002 standard [8]. For construction process. Bates [3] stated there is a strong correlation compressive test, the specimens were shaped into the size of 50 between damage and salinity level. The durability of mortar x 50 x 50 mm and the specimen was replicated 5 times. While the exposed to saline environment has been a topic of interest to specimen for water absorption and PH value test were replicated researchers for long time. As pointed in [2], there are several 3 times. All specimens were exposed to aggressive environment factors that significantly affects the performance of mortar by submerging them in saline water for 28 days. The samples includes; mortar class, cement, sand, joint finish, masonry unit preparation and testing process are presented in Fig.1. The and period of exposure. experimental investigation was divided into two subsequent A lot of ideas and solutions have been discussed and works; first and second experiments. The first experiment was revealed some important findings. However, it remains designed to select the most optimum mortar compositions by challenging for further study and research. Ganjian and Pouya [4] varying the cement content. The selected mortar composition used silica fume as a cement replacement to enhance the obtained from the first experiment was then used as the control performance of cement paste and concrete mixes in Persian gulf specimen in further experiment in the second stage, where some water. Rahman et al. [5] suggested the use of epoxy-based amount of cement were partially replaced with silica fume. masonry mortar in building infrastructure as it showed excellent resistance to corrosive environment. In addition, modifying mortar by adding polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was reported in [6]. It was found that the modified mortar performed better against chemical attack by various acid. Most of the previous reported

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14 11.04 11.21 11.27 12 10.61 C 10 8 6

PH Value PH 4

Fig.1. Samples and testing program 2 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 0 A. First Experiment CTR MTR-1 MTR-2 MTR-3 The mix design of mortar for the first experimental work is Mortar Samples presented in Table I. As seen in the table, three different mortar Fig.2. Results of the first experiment compositions; MTR-1, MTR-2 and MTR-3 were compared to a control (CTR) specimens. The discussions were focused on three The compressive strength, water absorption and PH value parameters; compressive strength, water absorption and PH were plotted against the mortar categories. It is clearly value, that represented the physical and mechanical properties of demonstrated in the Fig. 2(A) that the increasing of cement mortar. The testing results are presented in Fig. 2. content produces mortar with notably high in compressive TABLE I. MORTAR MIX DESIGN FOR THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL strength. The range of improvement given is around 190% to WORK 370%. Mortar MTR-1 with cement/sand ratio of 1:4 has the average compressive strength of 26.76 MPa, which is about Percentage of material Weight of material (gr) Mortar 194.5% higher than such value of standard or normal mortar Cement Sand Cement Sand Category (%) (%) (g) (g) (CTR). Increasing the cement content by 30% and 35% further CTR 20 80 400 1600 enhanced the compressive strength to 39.97 MPa (MTR-2) and MTR-1 25 75 500 1500 42.29 MPa (MTR-3), respectively. The enhancement provided MTR-2 30 70 600 1400 was about 340.6% for MTR-2 and 366.2% for MTR-3. The result MTR-3 35 65 700 1300 is comparable to the finding of Wegian [7] who previously stated that the cement content has a strong effect to the strength and 50 durability of concrete. It is also confirmed the results of other 42.29 A 39.97 previous study reported in Reference [2]; the higher cement 40 content the lower scratch index which representing the durability of mortar. The report also noted that mortar with higher class 26.72 30 provides better durability. However, when a comparison is made between MTR-2 and 20 MTR-3, the average compressive strength of these two levels differs by what seems to be a modest amount. In that case, the 9.07 10 difference is perhaps due to difference in sample preparation or testing. This also indicated that the optimum cement content is

CompressiveStrength(MPa) 0 approximately around 30%. Beyond that point, the improvement CTR MTR-1 MTR-2 MTR-3 is no longer significant. The improvement of compressive strength Mortar Samples is perhaps due to the enhancement of binding mechanism within mortar mixes. As the cement content increases, the surface area of sand is covered thoroughly by the cement matrix creating a good bonding between sand in contact. When the cement content exceeded the needs, the amount of sand as the reinforcement 15.75 B decreases and produces mortar with equal or even lower 15 strength. 11.64 10.07 The average of water absorption also differs by a large 9.41 10 amount when comparing each level to the control, as depicted in Fig. 2(B). It is clearly shown that mortar with high cement content absorb much less water compared to the normal mortar, which 5 may lead to a more durable performance in long term. The range of improvement was approximately 35% to 67%. A proportion of

WaterAbsorption (%) 30:70 of cement/sand (MTR-2) has considerably improved the 0 water absorption properties. The water absorption was reduced CTR MTR-1 MTR-2 MTR-3 by approximately 67.37%, from 15.75% to only 9.41%. Increasing Mortar Samples the proportion of cement by 5% (MTR-1) gives a moderate enhancement by 35.31% of the water absorption properties of mortar. In addition, the water absorption properties of MTR-3 was 10.07%, which is about 56.4% less than the control (CTR). The

reason why mortar with higher cement content absorb less water is probably due to the presence of adequate cement matrix is not

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only improving the bonding between sand particles but also filling the pores within the mortar. 10 9.4 Fig. 2(C) shows the trend of the PH value which constantly 7.67 B to rise up slightly as the percentage of silica fume is increased. 8 7.26 6.27 The difference only ranges between 4 to 6%. The addition of 15% 6.09 more cement to the control increases the PH value by 6.2% 6 (MTR-3). While the PH value of MTR-1 and MTR-2 is 11.04 and 4 11.21, respectively. The difference to the control was about 4.05% and 5.65% for MTR-1 and MTR-2, respectively. It is 2 important to note that the PH value for all treatments is higher WaterAbsorption (%) than 7 which means that all mortars are not in acid conditions. 0 The PH value above 6.5 should be maintained to prevent material CTRS MTRS-1 MTRS-2 MTRS-3 MTRS-4 Mortar Samples from degradation due to acid condition [9]. B. Second Experiment The mix design of mortar for the second experimental work 14 11.16 11.1 11.03 is presented in Table II and Table III. As presented in the tables, 12 11.21 C 10.94 the specimen label has been changed by adding a letter ‘S’ at the 10 end which means ‘Silica’. The mortar compositions; MTRS-1, MTRS-2, MTRS-3 and MTRS-4 were compared to a control 8 (CTRS) specimens. 6 PH Value PH 4 TABLE II. PERCENTAGE AND WEIGHT OF SILICA FUME AS A 2 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT Mortar Percentage Weight Weight of Percentage of 0 Category of silica of Silica cement silica fume to CTRS MTRS-1 MTRS-2 MTRS-3 MTRS-4 fume to fume (g) mortar mix Mortar Samples cement (%) (g) design (%) CTRS 0 0 600 0 Fig.3. Results of the second experiment MTRS-1 3 18 582 0.9 Fig. 3 shows the results of experiment in the second stage. MTRS-2 5 30 570 1.5 As mentioned previously, the second experiment was designed to MTRS-3 7 42 558 2.1 investigate whether replacing some amount of cement with silica MTRS-4 10 60 540 3 fume improves mortar properties or not. As it can be noticed in Fig. 3 (A), the average compressive strength of mortar with partially replacement of cement content with silica fume is 40.41 TABLE III. MORTAR MIX DESIG OF THE SECOND EXPERIMENTAL WORK MPa (MTRS-1), 42.33 MPa (MTRS-2), 43.25 MPa (MTRS-3) and 45.1 MPa (MTRS-4). The range of improvement is only around Weight of material (gr) Mortar 1% to 13%, which is much less compared to the results of the first Cement Silica fume Sand Category (g) (g) (g) experiment. Replacing cement with silica fume to about 10% CTRS 600 0 1400 increases the compressive strength by 12.84%. In addition, the MTRS-1 582 18 1400 replacement of 3%, 5% and 7% cement with silica fume improves MTRS-2 570 30 1400 the compressive strength by 1.1%, 5.9% and 8.2%, respectively. MTRS-3 558 42 1400 Overall, the results indicated that the further replacement of MTRS-4 540 60 1400 cement with silica fume may not provide significant improvement in compressive strength, especially when cost and workmanshipare taken into account. A significant improvement provided by the partial 50 A 43.25 45.1 40.41 42.33 replacement of cement content with silica fume might be seen 39.97 40 through the water absorption parameter, as presented in Fig. 3(B). The reduction of water absorption ranges from 18.3% to a 30 maximum of 35% for the replacement of cement by 10% silica fume, which is considered as significant. Meanwhile, the PH 20 value seems not significantly affected by the replacement treatment. As seen in Fig. 3(C), the PH value for all specimen 10 groups only differ slightly, where the PH value of CTRS is 11.2 and 10.9 for the highest silica fume content (MTRS-4). However, CompressiveStrength(MPa) 0 the pattern remains constant to decrease as the percentage of CTRS MTRS-1 MTRS-2 MTRS-3 MTRS-4 silica fume increased. Mortar Samples 4. CONCLUSIONS The study has proved that the cement content plays an important role in the quality of mortar. The increasing of cement content by 10%, from a normal mixes of 20:80 to 30:70, has considerably improved the compressive strength of mortar by

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around 340%. Although the cement content was also increased to [2] Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia. A technical 35:65 and resulted in further improvement by approximately note: Durability of masonry mortar, March (2007). [3] S. J. Bates. A critical evaluation of salt weathering impacts 365%, the optimum mixes remains the mortar with the proportion on building materials at Jazirat al Hamra, UAE, Geoverse of cement/sand of 30:70. The selected mixes also significantly ISSN1758-3411 (online) (2010), accessed from: reduced the water absorption by around 65%. The study has also http://geoverse. confirmed that further treatment by partially replacing cement brookes.ac.uk/article_resources/batesSJ.htm. content with silica fume up to 10% to the selected mixes only [4] E. Ganjian, H.S. Pouya. The effect of Persian Gulf tidal zone improves the compressive strength by approximately 13%. The exposure on durability of mixes containing silica fume and further treatment has, however, significantly reduced the water blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials. 23(2) (2009) 644-652. absorption up to 35%. The PH value seems not significantly [5] M. M. Rahman, M. A. Islam, M. T. Uddin. Excellent durability affected by both treatments as the first experiment only increases of epoxy modified mortars in corrosive environments, the PH value by around 6% and further treatment in the second Journal of Polymer Engineering. 36(1) (2015) 79-85. experiment decreases the PH value by a maximum value 2.5%. [6] M. Omrane, M. Mouli, A.S. Benosman, Y. Senhadji. Deterioration of mortar composites in acidic environment, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Advanced Material Research, 1064 (2015) 3-8. We greatly appreciate the sponsorship from the Ministry of [7] F. M. Wegian. Effect of seawater for mixing and curing on Research, Technology and Higher Education under the scheme structural concrete, The IES Journal Part A: Civil and Structural Engineering, 3(4) (2010) 235-243. of Hibah Bersaing 2015-2016 which made this research possible. [8] SNI 03-6825-2002 standard. Metode pengujian kekuatan A huge thank also we would like to offer to technician; Mr. Imam mortar semen prortland untuk pekerjaan sipil. Hadiwijaya for his help during the testing. [9] American Cement Manufacturers. Acid resistance, accessed from: http://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books- REFERENCES learning/concrete-technology/ durability/acid-resistance. [1] P. Crisman. Materials. Accessed from: https://www.wbdg.org/ resorces/materials. php.

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INFORMASI LENGKAP ARTIKEL INI

ISBN 979-587-621-1

OVERVIEW

SICEST (Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering, Science and Technology) is the firsrt regular conference organized by The Faculty of Engineering Sriwijaya University focuses on engineering, science and technology in innovation and development.

The objectives of the conference are: To bring together experts active in engineering, science and technology To explore research findings in the field of engineering, science and technology To discuss current development in innovation of Engineering, science and technology issues To enhance collaboration and networking among experts in the field on engineering, science and technology SYMPOSIA

Sriwijaya International Symposium on Civil and Architecture Engineering

Sriwijaya International Symposium on Chemical Process, Biotechnology & Energy Engineering

Sriwijaya International Symposium on Mechanical and Materials Science &Engineering

Sriwijaya International Symposium on Mining, Geology and Environmental Engineering

Sriwijaya International Symposium on Electrical and Computer Engineering

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SICEST Author’s Affiliations

Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology - Japan University of Tennessee – USA The University of Hong Kong - Hong Kong Ecole Centrale de Nantes – France Sejong University – Korea University of Twente – Netherlands National Taiwan University of Science & Technology – Taiwan Firat University – Turkey King Mongkut’s University Technology Thonburi – Thailand Obafemi Awolowo University - Nigeria Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry – Vietnam Federal University of Technology - Nigeria Nanyang Technological University – Singapore King Saud University – Saudi Arabi National University of Singapore – Singapore Sultan Qaboos University – Oman Korea Institute of Industrial Technology - Korea KE College – India Universiti Tun Hussein Onn – Malaysia Bharata Martha College – India Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia – Malaysia Curtin University - Australia University of MARA Technology Malaysia – Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Pahang – Malaysia Tokyo University of Science – Japan Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin – Malaysia Yokohama National University – Japan De La Salle University – Philippines Can Tho University – Vietnam Ecophile – Korea Academia Sinica – Taiwan German – Malaysian Institute - Malaysia Chonbuk National University - Korea PUB (Singapore National Water Agency) - Singapore The University of Queensland - Australia Surbana Jurong Consultants Pte. Ltd – Singapore

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continued….. authors affiliations

COMPANY AND OTHERS PT. Krakatau Steel PT. Pamapersada Nusantara PT Wijaya Karya Beton, Tbk Pertamina Upstream Technology Center Nanocenter Indonesia PT. Batamindo Investment Cakrawala PT Adaro Indonesia PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara GeoPangea Research Group Sekampung River Organization (Mesuji) PT Teno Indonesia Watershed Management Technology Centre PT Ecophile Green Indonesia

UNIVERSITY / COLLEGE University of Indo Global Mandiri (UIGM) Sriwijaya University Pasundan University Jenderal Achmad Yani University Institute of Technology Bandung The Islamic state State University of Padang PGRI University of Palembang The Islamic state University of Sunan Gunung Djati Padjajaran University Polytchnic of Manufaktur Astra State University of Malang Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering Technology PLN Brawijaya University State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya Informatics Management and Computer College of Atma Luhur Institute Technology of University of Bangka Belitung Mataram University Gorontalo National University Parahyangan Catholic University Ahmad Dahlan University Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University University of North Sumatera Tridinanti University Institute Technology of Adhi Tama Surabaya University of of Surabaya Industrial Technology College (STTIND) Ministry of Public Works Polytechnic Academy of Technical Engineering Industry (ATMI) Veteran National Development University of Yogyakarta Islamic University of Indonesia Palu Bina Nusantara University Gunadarma University Informatics Management and Computer College of MDP Indonesia Computer University Palcomtech Educational Sciences College of Kie Raha State University of Semarang Bina Darma University NATIONAL AGENCY National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia Maranatha Christian University Musi Rawas University The Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology MH Thamrin University Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technlogy Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Polytechnic of Gajah Tunggal Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University Department of Education (Ngawi) Petra Christian University University of Palembang Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institutes (ILETRI) State Polytechnic of Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development Dian Nuswantoro University Atma Jaya Universitasity of Yogyakarta Ministry of Public Works and Housing Lambung Mangkurat University Indonesia Toll Road Authority

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WELCOME NOTE

FROM THE RECTOR OF SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

On behalf of Sriwijaya University, I am very much privileged to congratulate all participants of The First Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering, Science and Technology 2016 (SICEST 2016). This conference is part of the activities to mark the 56th year anniversary of Sriwijaya University. Today our world is facing the engineering, science and technology problems. Research and development in Engineering, Science and Technology are one of a few sectors that can move forward and expected to be a share for regional and global economic recovery. I hope this international conference on engineering, science and technology can partially respond to the above issues. World class universities and academic institutions are acknowledged by the high quality of researches produced and large number of high impact research publications. Therefore, high quality of researches and publications become the primary mission for an academic institution to achieve. Sriwijaya University as one of Indonesia s leading universities has determined to support the enhancement of researches and publications by providing platforms such as international conferences.

Finaly, I am very grateful fo the dedicated efforts of all the committee members who have involved in preparation, organization and administration of this event. I hope this conference will provide opportunities to all of participants to exchange ideas and result of their work and also to discuss future cooperation plans in engineering, science and technology development. Thank you very much for your kind participation and I wish you all the best of luck.

Rector of Sriwijaya University Prof. Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

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WELCOME NOTE

FROM DEAN OF FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

Welcome to the 1st Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering, Science, and Technology (SICEST) 2016. This conference is a regular program organized by Faculty of Engineering Sriwijaya University. In accordance with the rising demand for global harmonization of education, there will be increasing needs for international stages as the media for international community to meet, exchange ideas, cultures, and create collaborations. SICEST is created as a partial effort to accelerate international collaboration and dissemination of researches in the field of Science, Engineering, and Technology.

In order to make SICEST2016 gives more benefit for scientific communities, this conference is not only served as a media for research dissemination via presentation. SICEST2016 develops publication cooperation with four SCOPUS indexed publications to ensure the papers from this conference are well recorded in international database and recognized worldwide.

It is our great wishes and expectation that all distinguished guests and participants will get the benefits from this conference in order to make this event accomplishes its missions.

May all participants will have memorable experiences in Bangka Island Indonesia and enjoy the conference.

Best Regards

Dean Prof. Subriyer Nasir, MS., PhD

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Risk Allocation in Performance Based Contract Clauses for National Road Maintenance Project in Indonesia Deni Setiawan, Reini D. Wirahadikusumah, and Krishna S. Pribadi 1 Dominant Factor Causes of Construction Waste in the Indonesian Construction Project Elizar, Suripin and M.Agung Wibowo 5 The Effect of The Plate Numbers Toward The Compression Bearing Capacity Of Helical Piles in Peat Soil Ferry Fatnanta, Muhardi, and Parlan 9 The Investigation of El Nino Impacts on Rainfall in Lampung Province – Indonesia Gatot Susilo, Eka Desmawati and Ankavisi Nalaralagi 14 Sustainable Development: Early Age Strength of HSC Using Fly Ash to Replace Part of Cement Gidion Turuallo and Harun Mallisa 18

Quantification of Emission Rates of NOx based on Engine on Equipment and Engine Tier Types for Diesel Construction Equipment Heni Fitriani and Phil Lewis 22

Quality of Experience on Toll Roads: Road Condition and Travel Time

Herry Trisaputra Zuna and Naya Cinantya Drestalita 25 Simplified Hydraulic Conceptual Model for Stormwater Treatment Bioretention Basin

Isri Ronald Mangangka 29 Improving Mortar Properties in Saline Environment

Jauhar Fajrin, Pathurahman and Lalu Gita Pratama 35

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Effect of Plastic Aggregate coated with Sand to the Compressive Strength of Concrete

Madsuri Satim., Pamudji,G. and Purnomo H. 39 Analysis of Transport Sedimentation in Setling Basin Weirin Watervang Lubuk Linggau

OkmaYendri, DjugondoSiswodjo 43 Perceptions of Civil Engineers on Adequacy of Infrastructure at Sumatera

Peter F. Kaming and Ferianto Raharjo 50 Study of Longitudinal Slipway in Fisheries Port

Slamet Hargono 56 Shear Strength Study Effect of Gradation and Clay Content on Clayey Sand

Soewignjo Agus Nugroho, Gunawan Wibisono, and Umam K. 59 The Analysis for Trip Generation of High Schools on Cihampelas Street Bandung

Tania Bonita Sabrina and Tan Lie Ing 63 A Clustering Study - Steps to Protect Groundwater Resources

Tatas,Yuyun Tajunnisa and Muhammad Hafiizh Imaaduddiin 64 ARCHITECTURE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

‘Nongkrong’ Phenomenon Among University Students in Malang: Implications on The Characteristics of City Planning Astri Anindya Sari and Shirleyana 67 Bamboo Folded Frame as an Architectural Structure Bernadette Sudira and Anastasia Maurina 72 The Madurese Cultural Values in Kotalama Settlements – Malang Damayanti Asikin, Antariksa and Lisa Dwi Wulandari 76 Dwelling Process on Rusunami Judging from Changes in Unit Rusunami Benhil II (Open- Building Type) Joni Hardi and Andjar Widayanti 79 Redefine Architecture as Social Innovation for Empowering Community Martin L. Katoppo, Sugeng Triyadi and M. Jehansyah Siregar 84 Marketing Place : The Strategy of Heritage Tourism Development of Kuto Besak Fort Palembang Meldo Andi Jaya 88 Religiosity of Chinese Moslem: Implementation Respect to Ancestors in Dwelling Samsu Hendra Siwi and Paramita Atmodiwirjo 92 Strategy to Adjust Musi Riverfront Development at Palembang Setyo Nugroho and Husnul Hidayat 96 Canopy Density of Trees as Raindrops Arranger Sri Budiastuti, Djoko Purnomo, and Irfan Budi Pramono 101 The Space of Nobility Building: The Construction of Spatial Concept Based Upon The Beliefs and The Life Orientation in The Site of Majapahit Ancient City, Trowulan Indonesia Wara Indira Rukmi, Achmad Djunaedi, Sudaryono Sastrosasmita, and Heddy Shri Ahimsa-Putra 105 Application of Embodied Energy Calculation for Low Cost Housing In Indonesia YuniYuYunini SriSrir Wahyuni,WaWahyh uni, DewiDeD wiw LarasatiLaLaraasasati ZRR and SiswantiSiswanti ZuraidaZuraida 10910109 vii ISBN 979-587-621-1

BOARD OF EDITORS

PROCEEDINGS OF SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (SICEST 2016)

ISBN 979-578-621-1

Editor-in-Chief Tuty Emilia Agustina, PhD

Editorial Board Member Prof. Wen Chien Lee National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan Prof. Shafian Sharif Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Dr. Cynthia Fabian Madrazo De La Salle University, Phillipine Elda Melwita, PhD Sriwijaya University, Indonesia Rudi Heriansyah, PhD Umm Al-Quro University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Makbul Anwari, PhD King Abdul Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Setyawati Yani, PhD UMI, Indonesia Widya Fransiska Anwar, PhD Sriwjaya University, Indonesia Dr. Saloma Sriwijaya University, Indonesia Dr. Esa Prakasa LIPI Indonesia Abu Bakar Siddik, PhD Sriwijaya University, Indonesia Dr. Carolus Prasetyadi UPN Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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STEERING COMMITTEE

Prof. David Charmichael (NSW University- Australia) Prof. Anis Saggaff (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Prof. Sunkuk Kim (Kyung Hee University-KOREA) Prof. Agus Sasmito (McGill University-Canada) Prof. Wen Chien Lee (AFOB-Taiwan) Prof. Kikuchi Masanori (NIMS - Japan) Prof. Takahashi Akiyuki (Tokyo University of Science-Japan) Prof. Andreas Wibowo (Ministry of Public Work-Indonesia) Prof. Wimpy (Parahyangan University-Indonesia) Prof. Johannes Widodo (NUS-Singapore) Dr. Soni Solistia Wirawan (BPPT-Indonesia) Dr. Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja (ITB- Bandung) Prof. Zainuddin Nawawi (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Prof. Safian Sharif (UTM-Malaysia) Prof. Subriyer Nasir (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Sukmandaru Prihatmoko M.Sc (IAGI-Indonesia)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Dr. Phil Lewis (Oklahoma State University-USA) Dr. Ildrem (Padjajaran University-Indonesia) Moh Seddik Meddah, PhD (Sultan Qaboos Univ-Oman) Prof. Hasan Basri (Sriwijaya University Indonesia) Prof. Yazid Bindar (ITB-Indonesia) Prof. Arief Junaidi (ITS-Indonesia) Prof. Osman Adiguzel (Firat University-Turkey) Prof. Muhammad Said (Sriwijaya University) Prof. Praveen Linga (NUS - Singapore) Dr. Dasapta Erwin Irawan (ITB - Indonesia) Prof.Ahmed Fazary (King Khalid Univ- Saudi Arabia) Amrifan Saladin Mohruni, Ph.D (Sriwijaya University) Dr. Nouruddeen Bashir Umar (ITB-Indonesia) Salahuddin Husein, Ph.D (Gadjah Mada University) Dr. Suryadi Ismadji (Widya Mandala Univ-Indonesia) Dr. Ardiyanshah Syahrom (UTM – Malaysia) Prof. Riman Sipahutar (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Prof. Erika Buchari (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Prof. Zainal Salam (UTM Malaysia) Dr. Nouruddeen Bashir Umar (UTM-Malaysia) Dr. Rudi Heriansyah (Umm Al-Qura University) Prof. Husni Husin (Syiah Kuala University) Assoc. Prof. Jafri bin Din (UTM Malaysia) Dr. Agus Subekti (LIPI –Indonesia) Dr. Erna Yuliwati (Sriwijaya University) Dr. Esa Prakasa (LIPI-Indonesia) Dr. Dina Muthmainah (Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries Dr. Noor Azlinda binti Ahmad (UTM Malaysia) Republic of Indonesia) Joko Nugroho, Ph.D. (ITB-Indonesia) Dhemi Harlan, Ph.D (ITB-Indonesia) Dr. Ivan Affandi (SPS Technology-Indonesia) Dr. IDedi Apriadi, MT. (ITB-Indonesia) Prof. Andreas Wibowo (PU Dept. - Indonesia) Prof. Siti Nurmaini (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Prof. Eddy Sutriyono (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Dr. Ruddy Kurniawan (Andalas University-Indonesia) Dr. Agung Murti Nugroho Dr. Rizqon Fajar (BPPT Indonesia) Prof. Solehudin Husein (UTM-Malaysia) Setyawati Yani, Ph.D (UMI Makasar-Indonesia) Dr. Novia Sumardi (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Dr. Tri Kurnia Dewi (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia) Dr. Joni Arliansyah (Sriwijaya University) Assoc. Prof. Nik Rumzi bin Nik Idris (UTM Malaysia) Dr. Wiryanto Dewobroto (Pelita Harapan Univ, Indonesia) Dr. SD. Sumbogo Murti (BPPT Indonesia) Dr. Poedji Loekitowati (Sriwijaya University-Indonesia)

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