CONTENTS

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PART i

SESSION 1: INTEGRATED AVIONICS

Cochairmen: H. E. Smith, Johnson Space Center W. C. Bradford, Marshall Space Flight Center J. A. Anderson, Kennedy Space Center

EVOLUTION OF SHUTTLE AVIONICS REDUNDANCY MANAGEMENT/FAULT TOLERANCE ...... Jack C. Boykin_' Joseph'R_ Thibodeau, and'Henry'E. Schneider

SHUTTLE AVIONICS SOFTWARE -- TRIALS, TRIBULATIONS AND SUCCESSES . . . 19 O. L. Henderson

SHUTTLE AVIONICS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT -- TRIALS, TRIBULATIONS, AND SUCCESSES: THE BACKUP FLIGHT SYSTEM ...... 30 Edward S. Chevers

FLIGHT SOFTWARE FAULT TOLERANCE VIA THE BACKUP FLIGHT SYSTEM 35 Terry D. Humphrey and Charles R. Price

SSME DIGITAL CONTROL DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ...... 38 Walter T. Mitchell and Richard F. Searle

_tAN-MACHINE INTERFACE AND CONTROL OF THE SHUTTLE DIGITAL FLIGHT SYSTEM ...... -.. - 47 Richard D. Burghduff and James L. Lewis, Jr.

SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE HARDWARE SIMULATION ...... 54 H. G. Vick and P. W. Hampton

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE VERIFICATION PROCESS FOR THE SHUTTLE AVIONICS SYSTEM ...... 64 H. E. Smith, W. B. Fouts, and J. Mesmer

GROUND/MAN-MACHINE INTERFACES FOR ORBITER CHECKOUT ...... 76 F. Herb Blackmon

INTEGRATION OF GROUND AND ON-BOARD SYSTEM FOR TERMINAL COUNT .... 81 Charles A. Abner and Don H. Townsend

INTEGRATED DESIGN CHECKOUT OF SHUTTLE PAYLOAD AVIONICS INTERFACES ...... 87 John F. Muratore'and Kathy K. Whitcomb

vii Precedingpageblank Page AUTOMATIONOFCHECKOUTFORTHESHUTTLEOPERATIONSERA 97 Judith A. Anderson and Kenneth O. Hendrickson

SESSION2: GUIDANCE,NAVIGATION,ANDCONTROL Cochairmen: Dr. K. J. Cox, Johnson Space Center K. J. Szalai, AmesResearch Center/ Dryden Flight Research Facility SHUTTLENAVIGATIONSTATUS ...... 102 Emil R. Schiesser DESCENTGUIDANCEANDMISSIONPLANNINGFORSPACESHUTTLE...... 113 B. Kent Joosten SOMEEFFECTSOFDIGITALSAMPLINGONORBITERFLIGHTCONTROL SYSTEMOPERATION...... 125 S. V. Murray SPACESHUTTLEHANDLINGQUALITIES...... 137 David W. Gilbert LOW-SPEEDLONGITUDINALORBITERFLYINGQUALITIES ...... 143 Bruce G. Powers

SESSION3: AERODYNAMICS

Cochairmen: B. G. Jackson, Johnson Space Center C. D. Andrews, Marshall Space Flight Center W. I. Scallion, Langley Research Center THESPACESHUTTLEASCENTVEHICLEAERODYNAMICCHALLENGES-- CONFIGURATIONDESIGNANDDATABASEDEVELOPMENT...... 151 Charlie C. Dill, J. C. Young, B. B. Roberts, M. K. Craig, J. T. Hamilton, and W. W. Boyle THESPACESHUTTLELAUNCHVEHICLEAERODYNAMICVERIFICATION CHALLENGES...... 177 R. O. Wallace, L. D. Austin; J.'G] Hondros," " T. E. Surber, L. M. Gaines, and J. T. Hamilton THEAERODYNAMICCHALLENGESOFSRBRECOVERY...... 189 D. L. Bacchus, D. A. Kross, and R. D. Moog

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THE AERODYNAMIC CHALLENGES OF THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

• • ••eeeoo 209 JamesTHE SPACEC. Young,SHUTTLEJimmyORBITERM. Underwood,.... Ernest R. Hilije, Arthur M. Whitnah, Paul O. Romere, Joe D. Gamble, Barney B. Roberts, George M. Ware, William I. Scallion, Bernard Spencer, Jr., James P. Arrington, and Deloy C. Olsen

THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AERODYNAMIC UNCERTAINTIES; AND FLIGHT TEST VERIFICATION FOR THE SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER .... 264 Joe D. Gamble, Douglas R. Cooke, Jimmy M. Underwood, Howard W. Stone, Jr., and Donald C. Schlosser

AERODYNAMIC CHALLENGES OF ALT ...... 295 Ivy Hooks, David Homan, and Paui Romere

THE ORBITER AIR DATA SYSTEM ...... 313 Ernest R. HillJe

SESSION 4: STRUCTURES

Cochairmen: D. C. Wade, Johnson Space Center R. S. Ryan, Marshall Space Flight Center

SHUTTLE STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS CHARACTERISTICS -- THE ANALYSIS VERIFICATION ...... 325 C. Thomas Modlin,'Jr._ and George'A. Zupp_ Jr[

STRUCTURAL LOAD CHALLENGES DURING SPACE SHUTTLE DEVELOPMENT .... 335 Alden C. Mackey and Ralph E. Gatto

ORBITER STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND VERIFICATION ...... 345 Philip C. Glynn and Thomas L. Moser

SPACE SHUTTLE EXTERNAL TANK PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS -- THE CHALLENGE ...... 357 Harold R. Coldwater, Richard R.'Foli, Gayie'J[ Howeil_ and Jon A. Dutton

STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL DESIGN CHALLENGES OF SPACE SHUTTLE SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SUBSYSTEMS ...... 365 William R. Woodis and Roy E[ Runkie

SSME LIFETIME PREDICTION AND VERIFICATION, INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTS, STRUCTURES, MATERIALS; THE CHALLENGE ...... 386 Robert S. Ryan, Larry D. Salter, George M. Young Ill, and Paul M. MunaFo

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THE CHALLENGING "SCALES OF THE BIRD" (SHUTTLE TILE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY) ...... 403 William C. Schneider and Gienn'J: Miiler

SESSION 5: LIFE SUPPORT, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, AND CREW STATION

Cochairmen: W. W. Guy, Johnson Space Center P. D. Quattrone, Ames Research Center

CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORBITER ATMOSPHERIC REVITALIZATION SUBSYSTEM ...... 414 R. Norman Prince, Joe Swider, John Wojnarowski, Angelo Decrisantis, George R. Ord, James J. Walleshauser, and John W. Gibb

CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPING AN ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR MEASURING MAN'S OPERATIONAL ENVELOPE ...... 426 Barbara Woolford CHALLENGESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESHUTTLEEXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITYUNIT...... -.- 435 HaroldJ.McMannandJamesW.'McBarron_I"

CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORBITER ACTIVE THERMAL CONTROL SUBSYSTEM ...... 450 John R. Nason, Frederic A: Wierum: and James L.'Yanosy

OTHER CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORBITER ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL HARDWARE ...... 465 John W. Gibb, M. E. Mclntosh, Steven R. Heinrich, Franz Schubert, E. P. Koszenski, R. A. Wynveen, Emory Thomas, Mike Steele, R. W. Murray, J. D. Schelkopf, and J. K. Mangialardi

CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORBITER RADIATOR SYSTEM .... 48O J. L. Williams, J. A. Oren, H. R. Howell, and M. F. Modest

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SESSION 6: GROUND OPERATIONS

Cochairmen: D. E. Phillips, Kennedy Space Center W. C. Fischer, Johnson Space Center

OVERVIEW OF STS GROUND OPERATIONS/ORBITER TURNAROUND: 490 STS-1 THROUGH STS-7 ...... Richard Schwartz 498 EXTERNAL TANK PROCESSING FROM BARGE TO PAD ...... J. E. Carpenter 505 SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER RETRIEVAL OPERATIONS ...... Anker M. Rasmussen

SPACE SHUTTLE FLIGHT READINESS FIRING -- DRESS REHEARSAL 510 FOR STS-1 Riles Lt. Col. Warren..... L...... 525 TRANSITION TO THE SPACE SHUTTLE OPERATIONS ERA ...... William F. Edson, Jr. 532 LAUNCH PROCESSING SYSTEM -- CONCEPT TO REALITY ...... William W. Bailey 539 AUTOMATIC SOFTWARE FOR CONTROLLING CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS ...... James W. Rudolph 550 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SPACE SHUTTLE GROUND SYSTEMS ...... Edward G. Tory 558 MANAGING COMPUTER-CONTROLLED OPERATIONS ...... John B. Plowden 565 SUPPORT SYSTEMS DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ...... Robert M. Ferguson

HISTORY, DESIGN, AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE 573 HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM ...... William R. Helms

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Page SESSION 7: PROPULSION AND POWER

Cochairmen: H. O. Pohl, Johnson Space Center J. A. Lombardo, Marshall Space Flight Center

PROPULSION AND POWERSYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE ...... 581 Joseph G. Thibodaux, Jr.

CRYOGENIC PROPELLANT MANAGEMENT -- INTEGRATION OF DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ...... 585 Armis L. Worlund, John R. Jamieson, Jr., Timothy W. Cole, and Tibor I. Lak

SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE -- INTERACTIVE DESIGN CHALLENGES ..... 600 John P. McCarty and Byron K. Wood

SOLID ROCKET MOTOR CERTIFICATION TO MEET SPACE SHUTTLE REQUIREMENTS: FROM CHALLENGE TO ACHIEVEMENT ...... 618 John Q. Miller and Joe C. Kilminster

DEBRIS CONTROL DESIGN ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE BOOSTER SEPARATION MOTORS ...... 628 Gerald W. Smith and'Charles'A. Chase

ORBITAL MANEUVERING SYSTEM DESIGN EVOLUTION ...... 639 Cecil Gibson and Clarence Humphries

DESIGN EVOLUTION OF THE ORBITER REACTION CONTROL SUBSYSTEM ..... 656 Ralph J. Taeuber, W. Karakulko, Don Blevins, Carl Hohmann, and John Henderson

SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER AUXILIARY POWER UNIT DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES ...... 673 Renee Lance and Dwayne Weary

THE SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER AUXILIARY POWER UNIT -- MEETING THE CHALLENGE ...... 690 Robert W. Hughes

SPACE SHUTTLE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION AND REACTANT SUPPLY SYSTEM ...... 702 William E. Simon

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SESSION8: COMMUNICATIONSANDTRACKING

Cochairmen: R. S. Sawyer, Johnson Space Center R. L. Owen,GoddardSpace Flight Center SHUTTLES-BANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNICALCONCEPTS...... 720 J. W. Seyl, W. W. Seibert, J. A. Porter, D. S. Eggers, S. W. Novosad, H. A. Vang, S. D. Lenett, W. A. Lewton, and J. F. Pawlowski 757 SHUTTLEKu-BANDCOMMUNICATIONS/RADARTECHNICALCONCEPTS J. W. Griffin, J. S. Kelley, A. W. Steiner, H. A. Vang, W. E. Zrubek, and G. K. Huth SHUTTLEPAYLOADS-BANDCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEM...... 767 Bartus H. Batson, William E. Teasdale, JamesF. Pawlowski, and Oron L. Schmidt TDRSSS-SHUTTLEUNIQUERECEIVEREQUIPMENT 777 John J. Schwartz, Robert Spearing, and Aaron Weinberg THECOMMUNICATIONSLINK ANALYSISANDSIMULATIONSYSTEM 787 (CLASS) ...... Robert D. Godfrey

MODELING TECHNIQUES USED IN THE COMMUNICATIONS LINK ANALYSIS 798 AND SIMULATION SYSTEM (CLASS) ...... Walter R. Braun and Teresa M. McKenzie

VALIDATION OF THE COMMUNICATIONS LINK ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION 804 SYSTEM (CLASS) ...... Walter R. Braun and Teresa M. McKenzie

810 THE STATISTICAL LOOP ANALYZER (SLA) ...... William C. Lindsey

DIGITAL SCRAMBLING FOR SHUTTLE COMMUNICATION LINKS: DO DRAWBACKS OUTWEIGH ADVANTAGES? ...... 815 Khaled Dessouky

NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF THE NASA/GSFC VITERBI DECODER 821 HARDWARE SIMULATOR ...... Denver W. Herr, John J. Schwartz, Dirk J. M. Walvis, and Aaron Weinberg

ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS TEST LABORATORY TESTING OF SHUTTLE 831 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS ...... C. Jack Stoker and Linda K. Bromley

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SESSION 9: MECHANISMS AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Cochairmen: W. K. Creasy, Johnson Space Center J. D. Phillips, Kennedy Space Center

ORBITER WHEEL AND TIRE CERTIFICATION ...... 85O Carlisle C. Campbell, Jr.

SPACE EXPLORATION ROLLING ON TIRES ...... 857 G. L. Felder

SPACE SHUTTLE ELEVON SEAL PANEL MECHANISM ...... 861 John G. Ripley

SPACE SHUTTLE WHEELS AND BRAKES ...... 872 Renton B. Carsley

THE SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER REMOTE MANIPULATOR POSITIONING MECHANISM ...... 883 J. H. Hardee

AN OVERVIEW OF THE SHUTTLE REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM ...... 892 T. H. Ussher and K. H. Doetsch

SPACE SHUTTLE RUDDER/SPEEDBRAKE ACTUATION SUBSYSTEM ...... 905 Ruth A. Naber

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE BODY FLAP ACTUATION SUBSYSTEM . . . 910 Clifton R. Boggs

MECHANICAL FEATURES OF THE SHUTTLE ROTATING SERVICE STRUCTURE . . . 920 John M. Crump

ORBITER PROCESSING FACILITY: ACCESS PLATORMS ...... 935 Michael Haratunian

EXTERNAL TANK GH2 VENT ARM ...... 942 Garland E. Reichle and Charles'WZ Glassburn

PAYLOAD TRANSPORTATION AT KSC ...... 952 Michael E. Donahue

STS PAYLOAD GROUND HANDLING MECHANISM AT JOHN F. KENNEDY SPACE CENTER ...... 961 Vincent Cassisi and Bemis C. Tatem, Jr.

THE ORBITER MATE/DEMATE DEVICE ...... 972 Arthur J. Miller and William H. Binkley

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986 COMPUTERAIDEDPROCESSINGUSINGLASERMEASUREMENTS...... Richard M. Davis and John C. Koch

SESSION 10: THERMAL AND CONTAMINATION ENVIRONMENTS AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Cochairmen: D. H. Greenshields, Johnson Space Center Dr. J. W. Littles, Marshall Space Flight Center

IN-FLIGHT TESTING OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER THERMAL 995 CONTROL SYSTEM ...... J. Thomas Taylor 1022 SHUTTLE SYSTEM ASCENT AERODYNAMIC AND PLUME HEATING Lee D. Foster, Terry F. Greenwood, and Dorothy B. Lee 1030 THERMAL DESIGN OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER . . • Robert R. Fisher, Jerold L. Vaniman, and William J. Patterson 1041 THERMAL DESIGN OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE EXTERNAL TANK Frederick D. Bachtel, Jerold L. Vaniman, James M. Stuckey, Carroll Gray, and Bernard Widofsky I051 ORBITER ENTRY AEROTHERMODYNAMICS ...... Robert C. Ried 1062 ORBITER THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM Robert L. Dotts, Donald M. Curry, and Donald" J. Tillian 1082 SHUTTLE ON-ORBIT CONTAMINATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ...... L. J. Leger, S. Jacobs, H. K. F. Ehlers, and E. Miller

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