Journal of Botany

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Naturalised plants in south-west , New Zealand

P. N. Johnson

To cite this article: P. N. Johnson (1982) Naturalised plants in south-west South Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 20:2, 131-142, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1982.10428834 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1982.10428834

Published online: 10 Feb 2012.

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Download by: [Dept of Conservation] Date: 29 March 2017, At: 20:24 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1982, Vol. 20: 131-142 131

Naturalised plants in south-west South Island, New Zealand

P. N. JOHNSON DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS Botany Division, DSIR Sites from which naturalised plants were recorded Private Bag, Dunedin, New Zealand are shown in Fig. 1 and listed in Table I, in order from north to south along the coast, then northwards again for inland sites. Table 2 shows the Abstract Of 140 species of naturalised plants distribution of naturalised plants at the 58 sites. found at 58 sites between Haast and southern In total 140 species were recorded. Of these 24 24 were deliberately planted and persist at were probably deliberately planted, mostly in their original sites, 51 are accidental introductions gardens, and have not spread far beyond their restricted to hut, settlement, and road sites, and 6S original sites. Another SI species are accidental occur only at unmodified sites, especially coasts, introductions restricted to hut sites, old settlements, lake edges, and valley floor grasslands. Those which roadsides, and airstrips. The remaining 65 occur at most threaten native vegetation are gorse (Ulex sites not directly disturbed by man. europaeus), broom (Cytisus scoparius), crack willow Frequency values in Table 2 indicate the most (Salix /ragilis), Canadian pondweed (Elodta widespread plants. Eight species occur at 30 or more canadensis), and marram grass (Ammophila sites: Holcus lanatu.r (42), Poa annua (37), arenaria). Control of naturalised plants particularly Cerastium fontanum (36), Cirsium vulgare (35), within is discussed. Anthoxanthum odoratum (33), Sagina procumberts (33), Trifolium repens (32), and Juncus articulatus Keywords naturalised plantsj weeds; Fiordland (30). Another 44 species occur at 10 or more sites; National Park; conservation; ecology; weed control; most of these species were recorded from several distribution; south-west New Zealand

different habitats, both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Of the 24 species which were obviously INTRODUcnON intentionally planted most occur at abandoned The south-west South Island is the largest tract of former settlements such as Cromarty, Te Oneroa, land in New Zealand which has not been grossly Martins Bay, and Big Bay, and have persisted modified. Rugged topography and high rainfall in locally but not spread. Included here are trees the area have fostered the retention of the natural (Cupressus macrOCC7p4, Ulmus sp., Rhododendron plant cover, mainly forest. Much of the area lies ponticum, Prunus sp., Oataegus monogyna), shrubs within Fiordland National Park, and one of the aims (Ribes uva-crispa, Rosa rubiginosa, Rubus Idaeus, of documenting naturalised plants has been to give Sambucus nigra), and garden herbs Fragaria x advice on control of weeds: the National Parks Act ananassa, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Mentha spicata, 1980 states that introduced fiora shall as far as Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Vinca major, Zantedes. possible be exterminated. The study area extend~ chia aethiopica. A small colony of Cape pond weed beyond Fiordland National Park to include Waitutu (Aponogeton distachyus) occurs in one of the State Forest in the south-east, and forested land as Hidden Lakes, west of , and judging from far north as Haast, thus complementing the florisic its location at the end of a walking track, has been list of Wardle (1980). deliberately planted. These records were made between 1969 and 1979, Five planted tree species have spread locally: Acer mostly during studies on coastal and lake-shore pseudoplatanus and Eucalyptus sp. at Martins Bay, vegetation. Voucher specimens of most species are Pinus radiata at Big Bay, P. contorta at Henry deposited in the herbarium of Botany Division, Creek, , and Salix fragilis around DSIR (CHR). Some other records are also Lakes Te Anau and . Four plants have included, notably the collections of G. I. Collett spread from gardens at Milford: Hypericum from Puysegur Point in 1963. calycinum, Calystegia silvatica, Oocosmia x crocosmiflora. and Lupinus polyphyllus ; the latter is also well established in the Eglinton riverbed and on the eastern gravel shores of Lakes Te Anau and Manapourl. Some naturalised species have not been deliber­ Received 10 December 1981 ately planted at all of the sites where they occur, 132 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1982, Vol. 20 e.g.. Digitalis purpurea, Malus domestic a, Ammophila arenaria (deliberately planted at Cas­ cade River mouth). Disturbed sites. such as roadsides, tracks. hut surrounds, and airstrips share many of the same species (e.g., most of those listed as occurring at 10 or more sites in Table 2). Some species are characteristic of particular habitats. Airstrips and roadsides provide a habitat where grasses and pasture herbs such as clovers are most frequently encountered. Parentucellia viscosa was recorded most often on airstrips. and Achillea millefolium and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum on roadsides. Com­ pacted ground along tracks favours Juncus bufonius, J. tenuis, Poa annua, and Carex ovalis. Some common species are found primarily at hut sites where the naturalised flora is large (e.g., Srellaria media, Rumex obrusifolius, and Solanum tuberosum). Some less frequent species were recorded only at huts (e.g., Avena fatua, Capsella bursa-pastoris). The appearance of naturalised plants at hut sites can be rapid. Five months after construction of the hut near the Waitutu River mouth 3 species were established: Juncus bufonius, Poa annua, and Sagina procumbens. At the Deas Cove hut 11 species were evident 10 months after construction (Table 2). Characteristic assemblages of naturalised species were found also in undisturbed habitats. On sand dunes the most common, in order of decreasing frequency are Cerastium fontanum, Cirsium vulgare, Sagina procumbens, Ammophila arenaria, Holcus lanatus, Ulex europaeus, Stellaria media, Poa annua, Cirsium arvense. Hypochoeris radicata. Lotus pedunculatus, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium dubium. and Sonchus asper. Species characteristic of NANCY SOUND THOMPSON lake edges include Myosotis caespitosa, Prunella • SOUND vulgariS, ]uncus articulatus, J. effusus, Plantago ~" Secretary I. major, Linum catharticum, and Centaurium ery­ DOUBTFUL SOUND!h;~~;:: thraea. The following are confined to wet ground near lakes and streams: Callitriche stagnalis. Mimulus moschatus, M. guttatus, Nasturtium microphyllum, Ranunculus flammula, Alopecurus geniculatus, and Glyceria fluitans. Three aquatic species were recorded in lakes: ]uncus bulbosus, Elodea canadensiS, and Ranunculus sp. aft. fluitans. Plantago australis is typically a plant of bouldery coastal sites. Galium palustre occurs within Carex swards both on the coast and on lake edges. One rather unusual habitat - the hulk of "Stella" which lies in Northport, Chalky Inlet - has 5 species growing on her deck: Poa annua, Cerastium fontanum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata. and Epilobium ciliatum. The last 3 were not recorded from any adjacent sites on land. The following species were recorded from only single sites and are thus apparently distant from other populations: Catapodium rigidum (gravel Fta- 1 Location map. Johnson-Naturalised plants in New Zealand 133

Table 1 Sites from which naturalised plants recorded. Site No. Location Types of habitat

1 Haast area gravel beach, edge of lakes, rivers, forest 2 Jackson Valley roadside, valley nat grassland 3 Cascade River mouth dune, airstrip, huts 4 Cascade Valley valley nat grassland, riverbed S Barn Bay dune 6 Big Bay dune, gravel, beach, huts 7 Barrier River valley flat grassland 8 Martins Bay dune, huts, airstrip, lake edge 9 Kaipo River mouth dune, airstrip, rivernat 10 Yates Point area rock and gravel coast 11 Milford road, airstrip, huts, hotel 12 Transit Beach dune 13 Poison Bay dune 14 Sutherland Sound dune 15 Catseye Bay dune 16 Looking Glass Bay gravel beach 17 Two Thumb Bay gravel beach 18 Neck Cove sandy beach 19 Deas Cove hut 20 The Gut, Secretary Id. bay head near hut site 21 roadside, huts, former construction site 22 Coal River dune 23 Disappointment Cove sand and gravel beach 24 Supper Cove hut, gravel shore 25 Luncheon Cove old house site 26 Northport dune, deck of hulk 'Stella' 27 Chalky Island dune 28 Southport gravel beach, old sawmill site 29 Te Whara Beach dune 30 Welcome Bay sand beach 31 Tarawera Mine old mine site 32 Cuttle Cove rocky beach, old whaling site 33 Cording Islands gravel beach 34 Te Oneroa gravel beach, old settlement, hut 35 Cromarty old settlement 36 Otagos Retreat dune 37 Puysegur Point lighthouse, houses, roadside, beach 38 Kiwi Bum sand and gravel beach 39 Green Islets sand and gravel beach 40 Big River Mouth dune, riverbank 41 Waitutu River mouth gravel beach, riverbank, hut 42 Wairaurahiri River mouth gravel beach, riverbank, hut 43 Lake Hakapoua lake shore, huts 44 Lake Poteriteri lake shore, huts 45 lake shore, huts 46 lake shore, huts 47 Lake Manapouri lake shore, huts 48 Lake Te Anau lake shore, huts 49 Lake Orbell hut, lake shore 50 Wisely Hut hut 51 Lake Hankinson hut, lake shore 52 Eglinton Valley head roadside, valley flat grassland S3 Lakes Fergus and Gunn lake shore S4 Lake Lochie lake shore 55 Howden Hut hut S6 Hollyford Valley (below Marion comer) roadside, airstrip 57 Upper Hollyford Valley roadside 58 Cleddau Valley roadside

== .­ Table 2 Distribution of naturalised plants at the 58 sites listed in Table 1. v very abundant, a = abundant, f = w frequent, 0 = occasional, r ~ rare, + = present (abundance not .recorded). ~ode.of entry and spread of each species is ~ indicated by: P = planted dehberately or garden escape, R = restncted to habitats disturbed by man, U = established on undisturbed sites.

Site number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30

Number of species 37 20 41 24 17 43 7 7I 26 28 45 66356711239675 13 2 18 11 6 ACtT pseudoplalalllLt L. sycamore - 0 - Achillea rnilkfoliurn L. yarrow + r - Agroszis stolonifera L. creeping bent - 0 0 o - r - - 0 - - 0 r A. tmuis Sibth. browntop + 0 r - f o - + - 0 - - 0 - 0 Aira caryophyl/ea L. silvery hair grass - - r r - r - A. praecox L. early hair grass Alopecunu genicularus L. kneed foxtail Arnmophila arenaria (L.) Link marram grass - - 0 r - 0 - - - 0 r - - a - o r - Anagallis a~nsisL. scarlet pimpernell - 0 - r r - - - - - APlchoxanchurn «loratulII L. sweet vernal o+or-v+vo-+-o ro-r--o AponogelOn discachyus Linn. f. Cape pondweed Avena fatua L. wild oat r - BeUis pennn;s L. daisy Brornus diandrus Roth ripgut brome o - - B. mol/is L. bromus mollis Callitriche stagnalis Scop. Starwort r - r - calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. greater bindweed - - + Capsella bursa-paslOris (L.) Medic. shepherd's purse carda mine h;rsuta L. bitter cress r - e. pratensis L. cuckoo cress ~ carduus pY'Plocepha/us L. slender winged thistle ~ Canx demissa Hornem. carex demissa e. ovalis Good. oval sedge o - - 0 - - + ~ Catapodiurn rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubbard hard grass ~ I»o CePllauriurn erythraea Rafn. centaury o - - - - - 0- Cerastiurn fontanurn Baumg. ssp. triviale ..... (Link) Jalas mouse-ear chickweed r+ooof­ o + - 0 0 0 f - o-r f--oo g C. glornerarurn ThuiIJ. annual mouse-ear chickweed f - - - 0 - ... Chenopodium album L. fathen r [ Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. oxeye daisy 0-- o + Orsium arvense (L.) Scop. Californian thistle r - -o-r----of- ~ e. vulgare (Savi) Ten. Scotch thistle -+oroo-oo + -o---or- r-ofo ttl r - o Crataegus mo"o81"a Jacq. hawthorn r - ; Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. hawksbeard a - f - f - - - 0 - - o Crocosmia x crocosmiflora (Nicholson) '::'! N.E. Brown montbretia - + Cup,essus rnacrocarpa Hartweg macrocarpa 0-0--+---­ Cy"osurus cristarus L. crested dogstail r-rr-- p-'" Cyperus eragrosris Lam. cyperus eragrostis - r - - Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link broom o - a - - + r - - Dactylis gwmerata L. cocksfoot - - 0 r-f-fo-+ r - r - - f - ~ Digitalis purpurea L. foxglove + r - - Elodea cafladeflsis Michaux. Canadian pondweed ~

... o ::r ::s o'" Table 2 continued t site mode of 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 frequency entry '"2.., a 1 2 2 20 28 9 47 5 9 9 15 27 24 28 34 46 55 58 9 8 11 31 7 21 23 57 33 26 r;;. o Acer pseudoplatanus L. 1 P 0. Achillea millefolium L. ---o-r+ -+---0++ 9 R '0 Agrosris stolonifera L. --0- -o-r-+ ++ r--+ + 18 U ~ A. tenuis Sibth. -aoro -0 o-r++++++ + a + + 28 U a Aira caryophyllea L. r - - 0 --rr--+++ - 0 11 U '" A. praecox L. - + 1 R s· Alopecurus geniculatus L. - + - - - + 2 R z Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link r 0 - - 10 U o ~ Anagal/is ~n.risL. - + 6 U Anrhoxanthum odoratum L. r a - f 000++++++ o++-+a++ 33 U AponogelOn distachyus Linn. f. + 1 P ~ Avena fatua L. 1 R '"~ ::s BeUis perennis L. 8 ------0 - - - - - 2 R 0. Bromus diandrus Roth - a 2 R B. moUis L. r - - 1 R Callitriche stagnalis Scop. ro--+++ r - - 8 U Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. - + 2 R Capsella bursa-paslOm (L.) Medic. - + - - - + 2 R Cardamine hirsuta L. 1 U e. pratensis L. + 1 U Carduus pycnocephalus L. - + 1 R Carex demissa Homem. - + 1 U e. ovalis Good. - - + + -+-+-0-+ 10 R Catapodium rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubbard ( - 1 U Centaurium erythraea Rafn. - - + + 3 U Ce,astium fontanum Baumg. ssp. rriviale (Link) Jalas r - fO-0800+++++ -0+ f + - 36 U e. glomeratum Thuill. - 0 f ------+ 7 U CMrwpodium album L. 1 R Oarysanthemum leucanthemum L. - 0 + 5 R Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. fooo(o-++++ - + + + r + 20 U e. vulgare (Savi) Ten. I - 0 rooo(o(o ++++ - + r + 35 U Oataegus monogyna Jacq. 2 P CrepU capi/lam (L.) WaU,. ------0- r-++ - a - - 9 U Crocosmia x crocosmiflora (Nicholson) N.E. Brown - - - - r - - + 3 P Cuprusus macrocarpa Hartweg 3 P CynoSIUUS cmtarus L. ------+ - + +-----0 7 R Cyperus eragrosris Lam. 1 R Cyrisus scoparius (L.) Link --++ ++ r-+ 10 U Dactylis glomerata L. 0- -oro++++++-+ -+0+ 24 U 13 U Digitalis purpurea L. 80r------+ + + ++r++ \.H 2 U -VI Elodea canadensis Michaux. - + +

.... I..l 0'1

Table 2 continued

SIte n..mber 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1S 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 Epi/obium cilialUm Raf. tall willowherb - 0 - -+---- r - Erigeron canadf!lISis L. Canadian fleabane r - Eucalyptw sp. eucalyptus - f - Festuca arundinaCf!a Schreb. tall fescue r - f - r - - r------F. rubra L var. commutata Gaud. Chewings fescue + - 0 - 0 r - Fragaria )( ananassa Duchesne strawberry r - r - Galium palwrTe L. marsh bedstraw o - r-----Ir- o 0 Glyuria /luitallS (L.) R. Br. floating sweet grass Gnap/lalium spicatum Lam. cudweed + Holcus lanatus L. Yorkshire fog o + 0 f v+var+--o---ao rarrv-o-o H. mollis L. creeping fog Hordeum murinum L barley grass Hypt!ricum androsaemum L. tutsan r+o-ro-oo r ------H. calycinum L. rose of Sharon + H. pulchrum L. slender St. John's wort Hypochoeris radica/a L. catsear +ofov+v- + - 0 - - Juncus articulatus L. jointed rush f+oooo 0 0+ r--r- a 0-0 J. bufonius L. toad rush f - 0 r r 0 - 0 0 0 o a J. bulbosus L. bulbous rush J. elfusu! L. soft rush + 0 0 + y - - 0 - - ~ J. tenuis Willd. juncos tenuis +or-o-o + r - - ~ N uontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Ml!rat hawkbit f - - a - - v - - n upidium desvauxii Theil. bushy peppercress r - - II> Wall. Himalaya honeysuckle ~ uycesteria formosa ::s Linum catharticum L. purging flax r - Q. Loliu", pt!renne L. perennial ryegrass -0 £-rr-- r- -0 r .... 0 o LoIUS pedunculatus Cav. lotus +ffaa+f-r--o- c:: Lupinu! palyphy/lw Lindl. hybrids Russel lupin + 3 Luzula congesta (Thuill.) Lej. woodrush - a ------r - - E!. L ychnis fIos-cuculi L. ragged robin - + ....o Malus domestiea Borkh. apple + r - - ttl Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Port. rayless chamomile o... Mentha spieata L. spearmint - - 0 - - r - - + r - - II> Mimulu! guttatu! DC. monkey musk ~ M. moschatus Lindl. musk - - - - - 0 - - .... Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum. wall lettuce 10 Myosotis caespitosa K.F. Schultz water forget-me-not a - r - - - - 0 0 00 IV Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. daffodil r - Nasturtium microphy/lum (Boenn.) Reichenb. water cress - 0 - ~ Navarettia squarrosa (Esch.) Hook. et IV Am. Californian stinkweed o

.....o Table 2 continued ::r ::s site mode of o DllD~~~TI~~~~~a"~~G~~~~~~~"~~~h~~ entry I Epi/obium ciliatum Raf. --++++ -+-+-0+ 12 U z Erigeron canadensu L. 1 R c..'" Eucalyptus sp. 1 P .... ~ Schreb. r - - - + - + 7 U Festuca arundinacea n'" F. rubra L. VaT. commutata Gaud. + a - - 6 R Q. Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne 2 P '"0 Galium palustre L. - + + + 10 U [ Glyctria fluitans (L.) R. Br. - + + 2 U Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. + 2 R S· 42 U Holcus lanatus L. r--ro-a----r-o++++++o++++ a++ Z H. mollu L. - + 1 R n Hordeum murinum L. - + 1 R ~ Hypericum androsaemum L. + 9 U N H. calycinum L. r - - + 3 P n H. pulchrum L. + - + - + - + 4 R ;-'" Hypochoem radicata L. a 0 V V - - 00- - f + + + + o + - - + a + + 26 U 8. Juncus aniculatus L. f-f---oror++++ -+++ -+ 30 U J. bu/onius L. rf-a---orr---++ - 0 - - 19 U J. bulbosus L. -----r--f--+-+ - - 0 5 U J. e/lusus L. - 0 - -o-r++++ - + + 16 U J. renuis WiJld. -r---++++--o + + + 18 U

LLontodon taraxacoides (Viii.) M~rat 3 U LLpidium desvauxii Theil. 1 U uyces,eria formosa Wall. ------+ 1 U Unum carhanicum L. ------++ 3 U Lolium pertnne L. r - 0 - r - 0 + + 13 R Lotus pedunculatus Cav. a 0 - 0 - - - + + -+-+-a++ 22 U Lupinus polyphyllus Lind!. hybrids - + + -+----+ 5 R Luzula congesra (Thuill.) Lej. - + 5 R Lychnu f/os-€uculi L. 1 P Malus domes'ica Borkh. r------r-+-+ + + + + 12 R Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Port. - 0 1 R Mentha spicara L. -+ + r-- 7 P Mimulus gurratus DC. - + + 2 U M. moschatus Lind!. + + r--+++ 7 U Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum. ----ro-+ 3 R Myosotis caespilOsa K.F. Schulu -00++++ --0-+++ r-- 15 U Narcissus pseudonarclSsus L. 1 P Nastunium microphyUum (Bacon.) ~~. ---­ ++------3 U Naw;anlfia !quanosa (Esch.) Hook. et Am. ------r - - R

~ --..J

.... w 00 Table 2 continued

Site number 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Oxa/is tuberosa Mol. oca ("yam") Parentucellia lIiscosa (L.) CarueJ tarweed -+r-r-+r- Pllleum praterue L. timothy r - - + r - - Pinw.s contorta Dougl. var. lalito/ia Engelm. lodgepole pine P. radiata D. Don radiata pine - 0 - 0 - Plantago australis Lam. swamp plantain 0-0 - 0 f - 0 - P. lanceolata L. narrow-leaved plantain - + 0 (( - P. mIljo, L. broad-leaved plantain o-or-o r--+---- 0 - a Poa annua L. poa annua o-or-r-or + -00-0-( r-r-8-- P. pralensis L. poa pratensis - 0 - 0 0 0 - - Polygonum hydropipe, L. water-pepper o - r + P. persiearia L. willow weed r r - 0 PruMUa lIulgaris L. selfheal (+ r r 0 o r + r - 0 - 0 PrunU4 sp. o - Ranuncu/us aeris L. giant buttercup - v - R. !lammuJa L. spearwort R. sp. aft. fluuans Lam. water buttercup r - R. parviflorus L. smaD-flowered buttercup R. ,epens L. creeping buttercup - + r----f--+ Rhododendron ponlieum L. rhododendron Ribes ulIII-crispo L. gooseberry - 0 - ~ Rosa rubiginosa L. sweet brier r--+---- ~ Rubw.s fruticosU4 L. agg. blackberry 0-0 -----+------R. idaeU4 L. raspberry - - - - - 0 - - - - ~ r - 0 Rumex acetasel/a L. sheep's sorrel +ooof-for+ ------~ R. cong/ome,atus Murr. clustered dock - - 0 r - - ::sc. R. crispus L. curled dock r - - 0 - 0 - 0 - - - r - r - r .... R. obtusi/olius L. broad-leaved dock - - 0 r - -0+---- r - - o C Sagina procumbens L. pearlwort ( - 0 0 r - a + a--a----r-ar '1 ::s Salix fragi/is L. crack willow + - - - - Eo Sambucus nigra L. elderberry r - Senecio d. aquaticu! Hill marsh ragwort a S. jacobea L. ragwort a-va-+------r r - tIl S. syJllaticus L. wood groundsel o Solanum nigrum L. black nightshade o 0 -I\) S. tuberosum L. potato o r - r - ~ Sonchu! aspe' (L.) Hill prickly sow thistle o-f--o-o+ - 0 0 - .... S. ole,aceus L. sow thistle o r-- r- + - - - - - 0 o 0 r - $orbus aucwparia L. rowan ~'" Spergula aroensis L. spurrey o ------+---- Spergularia rubra (L.) Presl sand spurrey Stellaria alsine Grimm bog stitch wort r - ~ S. graminea L. stitchwort - 0 - N S. media (L.) Vill. chickweed o-o-r--r-f+ v - r - r r - o

.... g. :l Table 2 continued ~

site mode of 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 frequency entry t c::'" -... Oxalis tuberosa Mol. R -----+ Eo Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel + 7 R v;. Phleum pratense L. r - r - - - + + - + + - + + 11 R 2.. Pinus conlOrta Dougl. var. lall/olia '2. Engelm. ------+ 1 P I» P. radiata D. Don 2 P :l fI) Plantago australis Lam. - a 6 U - P. lanceolata L. f - r - r - 7 R S· P. major L. - 0 r - 0 r 0 o + + + + - + + o + 22 U Z Poa annua L. f - f 0 0 o 0 0 0 0+ + + + + + o + - + + f + + 37 U (1) P. pratensis L. r - + + 0-- 8 U ~ Polygonum hydropiper L. 3 R ~ P. persicaria L. + 4 U Prunella vulgaris L. r - r--++++ -+-+-0+ 25 U i>i'" ______r-- ;:J Prunus sp. 2 P Q. Ranunculus acris L. 2 R R. flammula L. - + + + 3 U R. sp. aft. fluitans Lam. - + 2 U R. parviflorus L. - - + 1 R R. repens L. r - r - - + ------0-+ 9 R RhodO

..... ~ Table 2 continued

Site number 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Taraxacum officinale Weber dandelion r - 0 + Teline monspessulana (L.) Koch Montpellier broom Trifolium dubium Sibth. suckling clover r - v + a 0 + - - a - - 0 r - T. pratense L. red clover r--+----­ - - 0 T. repens L. white clover 0+ o 0 0 v + f 0 0 + r - f T. subterraneum L. subterranean clover UleJCeuropaeus L. gorse a - r-rv- rr+ rrr f- r r - - Ulmus sp. elm Veronica agrestis L. field speedwell - - - - r - - V. arvensis L. wall speedwell V. serpyllifolia L. turf speedwell o + r - - Vida sativa L. vetch r - Vinca major L. periwinkle r - - Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray vulpia hair grass r - r - 0 r ------Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) SprengeJ arum lily r - r ------

oz Table 2 continued ~ N o SIte mode of 31 32 33 34 3S 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO 51 S2 53 54 5S 56 S7 S8 frequency entry s:;'" ::s Q. .... Taraxacum officina Ie Weber f 0 - 0 r - + - + - + r + 12 R o TeliM rnonspessulana (L.) Koch + 1 R ~ Trifolium dubium Sibth. - 0 f - - - r r - r - + + + + a + + 22 V a T. pratense L. r - r - + + + o + 10 R ~ - 0 - f - - - 0 r 0 o + + + + + - 0+ - + f + + 32 V T. repens L. ....o T. subterraMum L. - + 1 R t:C Ulex europaeus L. + + r - - 19 V o Ulmus sp. 1 P ; ::s Veronica agres/is L. 1 R '< 4 R V. arvensis L. -+---- - + r - - ..... r - - 0 - - + - + + - + 10 V \0 V. serpyl/ifolia L. 00 Vida sativa L. -1-- 0---- 4 U tv Vinca major L. 1 P Vulpia bromaides (L.) S.F. Gray - - - 0 - 0 for ------0 11 U < ~ Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) SprengeJ r - 3 P otv Johnson-Naturalised plants in New Zealand 141 beach, Cording Islands), Erigeron canadensis, and on which grasses (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus Cyperus eragrostis (both at Deep Cove), and lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, and Agrostis tenuis) and Lepidium desvauxii (gravel beach, Yates Point). herbs (Trifolium repens, Lotus pedunculatus, and This last is an Australian species only recently Hypochoeris radicata) are now abundant. The recorded in New Zealand (Garnock-Jones 1979). Eglinton Valley grasslands, although within Fiord­ Sites where I have studied vegetation but land National Park, are still leased for sheep recorded no naturalised plants are Bligh Sound head grazing, and harvested annually for Agrostis tenuis (estuary and river mouth), Pandora River mouth in seed. Gravel riverbanks also in the Eglinton Valley Thomson sound (sandy beach), Pigeon Island in have large and colourful stands of Lupinus Dusky Sound (R. Henry's old house site), and sites polyphyllus. . at and above treeline in Sinbad Gully (Johnson Lowland scrub, especially when seral, is liable to 1976), Tutoko Valley (near Milford), and near harbour scrub weeds. Thus, periodically burned Marrington Peaks, Doubtful Sound. fern/scrubland of bracken (Pteridium esculentum) Naturalised plants recorded by National Park and manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) east of staff, at sites additional to those in Table 2 are: Ulex Lake Te Anau contains Cytisus scoparius, Ulex europaeus at Arthur River and Harrisons Cove europaeus, Pinus contarta, and Leycesferia formosa. (both Milford Sound), George River mouth It is herbaceous plant communities of coastal (George Sound), Heel Cove Creek (Nancy Sound), beaches, dunes, and lowland lake shores which are Cooper Island (Dusky Sound); Rubus fruticosus at most subject to invasion. These communities are Arthur Valley and Clinton Valley; Cerastium regularly disturbed by wind, waves, or storm, fontanum at Murcat Bum, Dore Pass (P. Dorizac, resulting in bared surfaces on which new arrivals can CHR 182582). establish in competition with native plants. Despite the general aim of extermination of introduced flora and fauna from National Parks, this DISCUSSION is not practicable for many species. For some aliens e.g., the Rhododendron ponticum which survives in Other published records of naturalised plants within what was once the hotel garden at Cromarty, the study area are few. Poole (1951) listed 10 species historical interest outweighs nuisance value. from George and Caswell Sounds and Hankinson Attempts to exterminate many of the widespread hut. Of the 5 species recorded from this hut, 2 herbaceous weeds could actually result in increased (Dactylis glomerata and Prunella vulgaris) were not modification of the native vegetation. Certain plants seen by me in 1974, but 4 additional species were are problematical where they show an ability to present. Given (1973) listed Poa annua, Cerasnum usurp native vegetation. Among the most agressive fontanum, Cirsium arvense, and Sonchus asper from weeds are gorse, broom, crack willow, Canadian Dusky Sound and Wet Jacket Ann, all but the Poa pondweed, and marram grass. occurring away from huts, tracks or coast. Ulex europaeus (gorse) has been recorded widely Naturalised plants are absent from plant lists for from disturbed sites and has established itself from Secretary Island (Wardle & Mark 1970), West Cape water-carried propagules along the sea-coast, lake (Wardle et al. 1973), and Lake Shirley, near Caswell margins, and river edges. It is particularly extensive Sound (Given 1971). at Big Bay behind the beach. Being a well-known As noted by Given (1973) tracks and huts must be agricultural weed, colourful and disagreeably regarded as points of entry for invading species. To thorny, gorse has received prompt despatch by these can be added roads, settlements, and spraying or hand pulling within Fiordland National construction works. It is also obvious that many Park. With the erection of a control dam on the invaders have arrived unaided, spreading via the downstream of Lake Manapouri, the sea, lakes, and rivers, to become established in plus its load of weed seeds during unmodified but open coastal and lacustrine habitats. floods has been diverted into Lake Manapouri. Few exotic species are able to invade closed native Gorse has been a major component of floating flood communities. Forest covers most of Fiordland and is debris samples. New Zealand Electricity staff who essentially weed-free; the only species seen collected samples had observed that gorse seed sinks persisting under a forest canopy were Hypericum when placed in water and my own tests confirm this. androsaemum and Mycelis muraUs. Fresh slips Thus gorse that has dispersed via lakes or sea must within forest are sometimes colonised by Qrsium have had its seeds enclosed within pods, and vulgare, dispersed by wind-blown seed. Tussock perhaps also attached to stem fragments. To grasslands above treeline are also virtually free of minimise introduction of weeds into the Lake naturalised plants, though most valley-floor grass­ Manapouri area the discoloured flood waters of the lands at low altitude are modified. Valleys such as Mararoa are now spilled through the dam and down the Cascade, Jackson, Pyke, and Eglinton have flats the Waiau River. 142 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1982, Vol. 20

Cytisus scoparius (broom) is less widespread than north have totals recorded as follows (shared species gorse and has established more along roadsides than are in brackets): Mount Cook National Park waterways. It is most abundant in dry scrublands (Wilson 1976) 137 (73); Mount Aspiring National east of Lake Te Anau. Park (Mark 19n) 23 (22); Westland between Salix fragilis (crack willow) grows at a few sites Taramakau and Haast Rivers (Wardle 1975, 1980) around Lakes Te Anau and Manapouri (Johnson 160 (89). 1972). It is able to grow both taller and closer to the water than native woody plants, thus ousting native herbaceous communities by shading and by REFERENCES competition from the extensive fibrous root system. Brown, J. M. A. 1979: The Nelson Lakes and their Establishment of willows at new sites around the aquatic weeds. New Zealand Department of lakes was once prevented by red deer browsing, but Scientific and Industrial Research information series with marked reductions in deer numbers 10-15 years no. 142. ago, willow cuttings began to survive in more places. Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1979: Checklist of dicotyledons naturalised in New Zealand. 4. Rhoeadales. New Now, Fiordland National Park staff are working Zealand journal of botany 17: 303 -310. towards extermination of willows by felling, Given, D. R. 1971: Montane-alpine vegetation near Lake burning, and poisoning and some former stands, like Shirley, Fiordland. New Zealand journal of botany that on Buncrana Island in Lake Manapouri are now 9: 3-26. eradicated. --- 1973: Naturalised flowering plants in south-west Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) is well Fiordland. New Zealand journal of botany 11 : established in Lake Manapouri from where it was 247-250. first collected in 1959 (Mason 1960). It forms Johnson, P. N. 1972: Applied ecological studies of luxuriant growths in Lake Monowai, where it grows shoreline vegetation at Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, Fiordland. Part 2: The lake edge flora­ partly on the old forest soils that were submerged habitats and relations to lake level. Proceedings of when the lake level was raised by 3.5 m for hydro­ the New Zealand Ecological Society 19 : 120 -142. electric purposes in 1925. The ability of Elodea to Johnson, P. N. 1976: Vegetation associated with kakapo increase rapidly yet unobserved in New Zealand (Strigops habroprilu5 Gray) in Sinbad Gully, lakes has been documented (e.g., Brown 1979) and Fiordland, New Zealand. New Zealand joumal of it is likely that this weed will appear in other botany 14: 151-159. southern waterways. No control has been attempted Mark, A. F. 1977: Vegetation of Mount Aspiring National Park, New Zealand. Narional Parks AuthOrity, in Fiordland. scientific series number 2. Wellington, Department Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) has been of Lands and Survey. extensively planted in New Zealand to stabilise sand Mason, R. 1960: Three waterweeds of the family dunes. It dominates dunes in eastern South Island, Hydrocharitaceae in New Zealand. New Zealand having in many instances ousted the native sand journal of science 3 : 382-395. binders. Marram grass has established on 10 dune Poole, A. L. 1951: Flora and vegetation of the Caswell systems in the south-west and displays the same and George Sounds district. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 79: 62-83. propensity to displace native dune plants. Colonisa­ Wardle, P. 1975: Vascular plants of Westland National tion is in the initial phases only, the largest Park (New Zealand) and neighbouring lowland and infestations being to Coal River and Martins Bay. A coastal areas. New Zealand journal of botany 13 : programme to eradicate marram has been initiated 497 -545. within Fiordland National Park. --- 1980: Floristic notes for the region between the Other locally troublesome weeds which are Taramakau and Haast Rivers, Westland, New regularly controlled in Fiordland National Park tend Zealand. New Zealand joumal of botany 18: to be either prickly (Rosa rubiginosa and Orsium 53 -59. spp.) or colourful in flower (Hypericum Wardle, P.; Baylis, G. T. S.; Mark, A. F. 1973: Vegeta­ tion and landscape of the West Cape district, androsaemum. Crocosmia x crocosmiflora. Lupinus Fiordland, New Zealand. New Zealand journal of polyphyllus, and Digitalis purpurea. These latter botany 11 : 599 -626. plants are a feature for tourists on the Milford Wardle, P. Mark, A. F. 1970: Vegetation studies on highway. yet ironically this same colour, by Secretary Island, Fiordland. Part 10. Vascular contrasting with the sombre native vegetation, plants recorded from Secretary Island, New results in a conflict with National Park values and Zealand journal of botany 8: 22-29. motivates control of these weeds by Park staff. Wilson, H. D. 1976: Vegetation of Mt Cook National Compared with the 140 naturalised species found Park, New Zealand. National Parks AurhOrity, scientific series number 1. Wellington, Department in this study area, wet and mountainous areas to the of Lands and Survey.