Annals of Agrarian Science 16 (2018) 389–395

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Annals of Agrarian Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aasci

Assessment of industry: Suitability for production, consumption, and utilization T

Omprakash Sahu

School of Chemical and Food Engineering, BiT Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: is one of the oldest commodities in the world. It can be produced from sugarcane, or other crops By-products having sugar content. Wide applications of sugar make massive demand in the domestic including international Food market. An assessment of environmental impact for sugar processing industry has done in terms of production, Pollution processing, recycling, and utilization. has a significant contribution on government revenue and Sugarcane employment opportunities. It has other goodness like the development of community system and administrative Recycling aspects of the environmental management plan. The purpose of the study to focus the importance of sugar Waste management industry including process, the resource required and products formed along with sources of pollution and built- in mitigation measures with respect to wastewater, gaseous emissions, and solid wastes. by- products are now being used as raw material in the production of valuable products, which provides employ- ment to the rural people and also have a potential to earn forging exchange by the export. The discussion of this study shows that sugar industry did not involve in a generation of harmful chemical substance neither the product has an effect on surrounding environment. It comes under the green industry, which maintained zero discharge.

Introduction production with an unacceptable amount of organic and inorganic in- cluding pollutant inform gaseous and solid. Hence these pollutants have Sugar was first introduced by India during the fourth and sixth an adverse effect on the surrounding environment [10]. Still, sugar centuries by cutting sugarcane [1]. Sugar can be produced from su- industries have some unsolved objective, which is unable to conclude garcane and sugar beet, Out of 120 nations nearly 65 nation produced [11]. From the environmental point of view factory facing question from sugarcane, nearly 40 are from sugar beet and 10 are from both [2]. mark related to all types of pollution (air, water, land, and sound) due The top ten nations, which produced two-thirds of total sugar world- to mismanagement and industrial standardization [12,13]. Therefore, wide is tabulating in Table 1 [3]. Sugarcane is coming under worthy it's necessary to study the impact on the environment and adverse ef- agricultural crops, which have special contributing for energy, refuel fects. and chemical synthesis [4,5]. One of the waste from the sugar industry; Environmental Impact Assessment study is organized inspection to were utilized for steaming of the boiler by all most all the analyze the environmental norms [14]. The aim of environmental im- country, which produced sugar from sugarcane [6]. In olden age, sugar pact assessments (EIA) study is not only to bring down the unfavorable factory produced sugar only and there byproduct are unserviceable, but impact on the environment but also catalyst the favorable impact and the concept change and this by-product are reprocessing for power and retained the standard for the healthy environment. A significant study some pharma products [7]. This reprocessing unites creates new em- analyzes all the movement in the industry, rectifies, arrange the alter- ployment opportunity for an urban and rural area and supports to natives and maintain transparency to authority. Perfect environment collect international currency [8]. Without reprocessing or open management in the industry ensures about policy, laws, rule and reg- dumping of waste from sugar industry has a significant impact on air, ulation, raw material, energy, and workers safety. This can observe by water, and land ecosystem. They have a major role in changing the the authorized agency with regular auditing. The space between in- physicochemical characterization of this ecosystem [9]. formation and industry can be also filled by the environmental impact The sugar processing industry have the large quantity of water de- assessments study. mand and generated a large quantity of wastewater at all stages of sugar The main aim of this study is to examine the environmental impact

Peer review under responsibility of Journal Annals of Agrarian Science. E-mail address: [email protected]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2018.08.001 Received 5 April 2018; Received in revised form 31 July 2018; Accepted 1 August 2018 Available online 02 August 2018 1512-1887/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Agricultural University of Georgia This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/). O. Sahu Annals of Agrarian Science 16 (2018) 389–395

Table 1 Table 2 Sugar production and consumption in world top ten countries by 2017–2018 Trend in world sugar production and consumption [17]. [3]. S.No Year Production Consumptions Stock Trade S.No Country Production Consumptions Contribution of (MT) (MT) Sugar production 1 2009–10 159.0 161.7 28.8 34.0 (%) 2 2010–11 165.4 162.7 29.3 24.8 3 2011–12 174.8 168.4 35.2 24.7 1 Brazil 38.87 10.60 20.28 4 2012–13 184.3 173.0 42.5 23.9 2 India 32.44 26.50 16.93 5 2013–14 181.9 176.5 43.8 27.4 3 European 21.15 18.80 11.03 6 2014–15 179.7 179.8 43.6 27.9 Union 7 2015–16 173.4 173.4 40.5 28.3 4 China 10.25 15.70 5.34 8 2016–17 170.9 173.5 30.9 31.2 5 Thailand 13.73 2.63 7.16 9 2017–18 187.6 170.6 28.8 – 6 USA 8.39 11.18 4.37 7 Mexico 6.32 4.59 3.29 8 Pakistan 7.42 5.40 3.87 mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc. Among them, Arsenic, 9 Russia 6.50 6.16 3.39 mercury, lead, and cadmium are heavy metal and present in small 10 Australia 4.70 10.1 2.45 11 Others 41.82 62.14 21.82 quantity in sugar juice [19]. These heavy metals are separate from sugar juice at the time of processing by separation and purification method [20]. The physical and chemical property of sugar is mention in of sugarcane processing industry that has an adverse effect on pro- Table 3. duction, processing and pollution level. The study also discussed the process phase mitigation to operate a healthy industry. Sugar manufacturing process

Sugar production Sugar can be generally produced by two manufacturing process i. e, (1) carbonation process and (ii) sulphitation process. Among both of Sugar is found in all the green leaves, fruit and vegetable in form of them, sulphitation process is most used due to an economical process of carbohydrates that stored in form . Sugar is mainly two type's refining as compared to another available process [21]. The first raw sugar and second is refined sugar. The raw sugar is purified major unit operations are listed and shown in Fig. 2. and crystallized sucrose; a combination of and with – fi polarization (Pol) of 96 99°, shown in Fig. 1. The re ned sugar pro- Collection of raw material duced from sugarcane, sugar beet corn and cassava etc [15]. They are mostly grown in the tropical and sub-tropical area. Among all agro- The sugarcane and sugar beet are collected from near agricultural crops sugarcane and beet sugar generates and contained more sucrose, farmland. A full growth or mature plant were selected, removes the that why cultivated more for business purpose. leaves and roots in the farmland. The selected sugar contains material is Sugar crystals are covered with having a brown golden in transported to the sugar processing industry, where they kept in god- color. It can be processed from sugarcane and sugar beet. The raw sugar owns. From godown, with help of conveyor, it passes to sugarcane fi mainly used to produce re ned sugar, which required removal of im- crushing compartment. purities and bleaching before production of refined sugar. The polar- ization of refined sugar has more than > 99°. Refined are used Crushing of sugarcane for daily consumption (basic diet) and input material of the food and beverage industry [16]. The sugar production graph increases nearly In this section, first sugarcane was washing with warm water to 11.5%, from 2009 to 10 to 2014–15 crop year and increase 2% every remove the impurities like mud, oil, and grease during transportation year, which mention in Table 2 [17]. The productions of sugar de- etc. This washed sugarcane was cute in small pieces with help of the pending on the economic, environment, social aspects and sucrose cutter. Now send to the rolling mill to press the sugarcane and extract contained. Sugar can be produced by three types of juices [18]: Cane the juices from it. In pressed sugarcane again added hot water and juice contained 93% purity after clarification process; Beet juice having pressed to recover the maximum percentage of juice. The extracted 91.8% purity after purification process; Corn juice contained 95% juice was sending for purification into juice clarifiers and unserviceable purity after filtration. Sugar consists of carbohydrates, protein, calcium, pressed sugarcane (baggage) were dispatch to the boiler house for fuel iron, potassium, and sodium, including a small percentage of arsenic, purposed.

Juice clarification

The sugar solution from crushing roll having 15–20% of solid, 10–15% sucrose and 70–90% of purity, these statistics calculated from the method of juice removal, geographical condition, types and age of sugarcane. In juice clarification sugar solution heated up to 70–75 °C and bring the concentrated 15% of the solution. Further transfer to another set, where concentrated solution heated 110–120 °C by adding lime, invert sugar, salts, silicates, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, and organic acids to increase the pH to 7.5. This concentrated sugar solution separated into two form first liquid knows to be and second suspended solid know to be mud. A maximum amount of suspended solid was removed at this step by adding phosphate as coagulant ma- terial. To remove water from syrup, a clarified solution send to vacuum boiling cells arrangement know to be Evaporator. As compared to Fig. 1. Photosynthesis reaction for sucrose formation. clarifier juice concentration (15%) in an evaporator, it increased to 60%

390 O. Sahu Annals of Agrarian Science 16 (2018) 389–395

Table 3 The physicochemical property of sugar.

S.No Property Characteristics

Physical characteristics 1 Taste Sweet 2 Crystal Monoclinic 3 Solubility Soluble in water and dilute alcohol and solubility increase with temperature 4 Specific gravity (20° C) 1.05917 5 Optical activity Dextro-rotatory Chemical characteristics 1 Action of heat Perfectly dry sugar can be heated to 160 °C without decomposition. It then melts forming a non-crystallizing substance. In the presenceof

moisture it decomposes at 100 °C, becoming a and liberating water. On further heating changes to CO2 and formic acid 2 Action of heat on dilute By prolonged heating at the boiling point the dissolved sucrose slowly combines with water and breaks up into glucose and fructose solutions concentrated syrup. acid and reduction of sucrose cause color in refined sugar. This appears to yellow-brownish in color, generally, bone char and carbon material Crystallization were used to remove the color. At last, due to high crystallization and drying, moisture comes out from sugar that wet the sugar again. The The concentrated syrup forwarded to single effect vacuum pan, process which removes the moisture from sugar is known to be con- where the syrup is evaporated until super saturated reached and con- ditioning in sugar plant, in this process air-current were passes to sugar, vert into grains (sugar). The growths of grains continued with the ad- to remove the moisture of sugar. dition of water until the pan is full of crystal and syrup (dense mass). These crystals are formed in desired size and a dense mass known as Packing and bagging “masticate”. The crystal where discharged through a foot valve into a crystallizer and cool it. Refined sugar is stored in silos and then packaged in different ca- pacity bags and transfer to the required station. Centrifuge Sugar industry by-products The masticates produced from crystallizer send to rotating type equipment know to be a centrifuge. In centrifuge masticate is separated The sugar processing industry not only serve the food diet, but the from syrup by applying high spinning. A separated syrup is known to side product has also a significant role in energy generation, medicines molasses and recirculates to the crystallizer. Finally, after maximum and chemical products [22]. There are mainly three side-product of recovery of grains, it has been used for distillery, micro-nutrient etc. sugar processing industry bagasse (25–30% cane) after crushing of su- Free from molasses masticates are commercial sugar, which withdraws garcane, pressmud (3–5% cane) after clarification and molasses from the centrifuge, passes to drier and standard sizes of mesh. (3.5–5% cane) after centrifuge. These co-products of sugar industry have many more application, shown in Fig. 3. A number of small-scale Depolarization and conditioning industries connect with sugar industry by-products in terms of social and economic status and operate due to these byproducts [23]. In South During the processing due to plant pigment, reaction with amino African sugar industry, 0.56 tones of filter press, 0.38 tonnes of

Fig. 2. Manufacturing process of sugar form sugarcane.

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Fig. 3. Sugar industry byproducts at processing. molasses, and 2.4 tonnes of bagasse are produced from 8.46 tons of acid; bioethanol; bakery yeast; chemical solvent; micronutrient and sugarcane and requires 17000 m3 of water for processing [24]. In other cattle feed etc. Mostly molasses is used in the alcohol industry for ethyl words, 1 kg of sugar produced nearly 0.3 Kg of molasses and 1.25 Kg of alcohol production. In the distillery, molasses were anaerobically fer- bagasse [25]. In Mauritius, one ton of sugar produced 0.27 ton of mented in presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) at pH 4.5–5 molasses as a by-product. Another data from Thailand sugar industry and 30–32 °C temperature [38]. Practically 210–230 L of ethanol can be shows one tone of sugar cane produced 103.6 kg sugar and 45.2 kg produced from one ton of molasses in a batch process. During the fer- molasses [26]. mentation process of molasses, nearly 160Kg/ton of carbon dioxide was recovered and utilized for food preservation and other industries. Bagasse Ethylene produced by hydrolysis of ethanol is used in the textile in- dustry; acetic acids produced by oxidation are used in cosmetics, Bagasse is initial stage co-product of sugarcane industry after juice coatings, varnishes etc; acetone as chemical and pharma industry sol- extraction. It contains nearly 45–50% water, 2–5% dissolved sugar and vent. Absolute alcohol (0% water) is used in the pharma industry, la- 40–45% fibers. The main components of bagasse are cellulose (36.0%), boratory chemical including internal engine feed in place of petrol. The ffi pentosans (26.0%), Lignin (20.0%) and ash (2.2%). Nearly 30–33% of blending of petrol with absolute alcohol has shown good e ciency in the weight of sugarcane/beet, is used as fuel in boilers to produce the increase of octane number, thermal property of engine and reduc- electricity [27] and also biochar [28], ethanol [29], adsorbent [30] etc. tion of the air pollutant (SOx, NOx, HC, and CO) [39]. Apart from this Production of energy from nonrenewable energy (coal and oil) source is molasses has been also used in cattle feed (enrich nutrition), mono- economical and eco-friendly as compared to production of energy from sodium glutamate and Lysine [40]. bagasse [31]. In literature, an author has been suggested four alter- natives of bagasse utilization; composting to convert into organic Press mud manure; burning for steam production; digestion for methane gas pro- duction and input for pulp and paper production [32]. Press mud is also a byproduct of the sugar industry and known to Including pulp and paper production, it has been also used for filter cake. It contains 75–80% moisture; 2–5% of sugar and 5–10% of hardboard and packing material. Before putting as raw feed, baggage fibers. Generally, in filter cake sulphites (sulphitation processes), was treated with alkali to remove the unwanted component like lignin phosphates (added to increase the settling rate), organic carbon and and pentosans. Excellent tensile, tearing, rubbing, absorbability some amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, iron and magnesium strength and other mechanical property was reported for the hard- are also available [41]. Due to enrich inorganic material it has been board, paper and packing paper [33]. As per information production of used as fertilizer to increase the agricultural productivity. Previously 1 GWh electricity from baggage and coal by incineration, baggage press mud cause environmental effect, like the increase in a population found to be suitable in terms of a greenhouse effect, acid rains and of insects and odor near industry area due to open dumping. From last degree of poisonous [34]. Baggage has been also decomposed anaero- decade nearly 40% of wax and lipids from cane juice recover in large bically for methane gas, which used in electricity production [35]. level by clarification process. Crude wax contains hydrocarbon, alcohol, Additionally, baggage used as a solvent for refining lubricants, wood esters and fatty acids as the tough fraction, which used in polish resin, manufacture of Nylon 6.6, rayon and acetate fiber, plastic, ex- manufacturing and paper finishing. The soft section generates sterols plosives, lacquers including alternative sugar for diabetic patients. and fatty acids that can be used as a coating material for fruits pre- Advanced equipped sugarcane industry save nearly 2–7% of baggage servation [42]. after fulfilled the boiler requirement, which is an extra source of in- – come. Baggage ash (0.4 0.5%) left after incineration that used in soil Wastes from sugar industry fertilizer (potassium and phosphate) and glass (silica 70–75%) manu- facturing [36]. Air pollution

Molasses Air pollution from sugar industry is considered to be very negligible as compared to other industry [43]. Source of air pollutant are during Molasses is an additional important side product of the sugarcane unloading sugarcane from loader in form of dust; cutting and shedding processing industry. Nearly 2.5–4% of molasses were produced from in small fibers in form suspended particulate matter; burning of waste one tone of sugarcane. It contains sucrose 35%, water 20%, fructose sugarcane bagasse inform of smoke and open dumping of solid waste in 9%, glucose 7%, reducing sugars 3%, carbohydrates 4%, nitrogenous form of smells. During all these activities a major precaution was taken. compounds 4.5%, non-nitrogenous acids 5%, ash 12% and others 5% To protect from dust at the time of loading and unloading, water spray [37]. Molasses is precious raw material for, alcohol industry; acetic around the area, cutting, and shedding were completed in covered

392 O. Sahu Annals of Agrarian Science 16 (2018) 389–395 automatic equipment. In boiler house chimney high power electro- Solid waste statics precipitator was installed to reduce the suspended particulate matter (SPM), wet scrubber and adsorber are used to reduced the sulfur Solid waste produced at each stage of sugar processing [51]. On the dioxide (SOx) and nitrous oxide (NOx), maintain proper height of agricultural land, top leaves and root note is the primaries, which used chimney to protect from metrological effects. Open dumping of solid for animal feed and organic fertilizer after decomposition. Finished waste like filter cake, mud and molasses were reprocessing and utilize sugarcane was passed to juice extraction, the fibrous residue from the in other industrial application to prevent the smell [44]. cane called baggage's generating. Mostly this baggage's are used for steam generation to produce the electricity, which runs the sugar in- Waste water dustry [52]. Burned sugarcane produced ash that also used to improve the soil fertility of farmland and as an adsorbent to treat the industrial The sugar mill is coming under those agro-industries which requires wastewater. After juice calcification syrup pass to the evaporator, but a large quantity of fresh water for processing and discharge half of the settled solid is solid waste. The mud from clarification is filtered on ratio as effluent. It required 1500–2000 L of water to crush one tone of rotary vacuum filters to recover the maximum juice and used as micro- sugarcane and generated 1000 L of wastewater [45]. The wastewater is nutrients. Lastly after centrifuging, sugar cannot be recovered caused generated from different sections of the industry such as mill house, molasses. Molasses have been used in pharma industry and distillery for boiler blowdown, rotary filter and condensate, leakage from pumps and wine production. The solid waste generates from sugar industry need pipes in the evaporators and centrifuge house, along with periodical proper management otherwise, create an environmental problem. Open floor washings. They are harmless organic in nature. The sugar industry dumping of these solid wastes responsible for unpleasant smell, birding wastewater also contains oil and grease including the thread of cane, of mosquito and flies, photochemical smog etc [53]. which filter and skimming before dissolving with other sources waste- water. Overall wastewater is subjected to the conventional treatment Process phase alternatives process, which has screening, equalization, sedimentation, coagulation, oxidation pond and filter in series [46]. A normally used wastewater The process phase mitigation gives the direction to reduce or treatment in the sugar industry to treat the effluent is shown in Fig. 4. minimize the environmental risk. These assumptions were calculated Wastewater treatment plant has two individual sections one is physi- from the bottom line at production to finished product [54]. The sugar cochemical section and another one is biological treatment section. The industry has likely to causes a major impact, it may not be properly water treatment plant moreover operates in a continuous manner, so managed and stress added to various environment parameters (water, that wastewater can be treating up to acceptable norms. air, land, sound, and sico-economical). The hot water in form of precipitate from the evaporator were collected separately, due to nontoxicity and cool down with the cooling Water- environment tower. This water is either recalculates to plant and added at crushing section or discharge for purpose in the industry site. In lit- The wastewater generated from sugar industry contains a number of erature number of the researcher has been analysis the degree of phy- physicochemical properties. The amount of wastewater generating de- sicochemical contaminates from sugar industry wastewater. It was pends upon the capacity of the plant. These effluent characteristics can identified that without treated wastewater is objectionable to discharge be optimized by implementing of advanced water treatment system and in the stream or other practices. The same way a number treatment properly maintains of old accessories. To minimize the unfavorable technology was also suggested by researchers to treat the sugar industry discharge without treated wastewater can be stored in the artificial wastewater capable to treat up to accepted norms. An advanced type of lake. Treated wastewater can reuse in floor cleaning, plantation and treatment methods like membrane separations technology [47], Ad- agricultural purpose [55]. sorption [48], chemical coagulation [49], electrochemical treatment [50] has been suggested to treat the sugar industry wastewater. Ulti- Air environment mately physicochemical and biological characteristic of wastewater from the sugar industry were minimized and utilize for recycling and The air pollution has a significant effect on the employee, equip- plantation uses. Without treated wastewater have an adverse effect on ment, and surrounding people. Proper attention will require, or else human health, flora, fauna and agricultural land. employee health and equipment surface corrosion will occur. It can be

Fig. 4. Conventional effluent treatment plant of sugar industry.

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