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Development of a Performance Specification for Camera/Video Imaging Systems on Heavy Vehicles Final Report: Supporting Research

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Development of a Performance Specification for Camera/Video Imaging Systems on Heavy Vehicles Final Report: Supporting Research DOT HS 810 960 July 2008 Development of a Performance Specification for Camera/Video Imaging Systems on Heavy Vehicles Final Report: Supporting Research This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. If trade or manufacturers’ names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENT PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. DOT HS 810 960 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Development of a Performance Specification for Cam­ July 2008 era/Video Imaging Systems on Heavy Vehicles 6. Performing Organization Code: 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Wierwille, Walter W.; Schaudt, William A.; Spaulding, Jeremy M.; Gupta, Santosh K.; Fitch, Gregory M.; Wiegand, Douglas M.; Hanowski, Richard J. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 3500 Transportation Research Plaza (0536) 11. Contract or Grant No. Blacksburg, VA 24061 DTNH22-05-D-01019 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Final Report, Supporting Research 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. July 2003 – June 2007 Section NVS-322, Room W46-418 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes Note that “Final Report, Specifications” appears in a separate document. 16. Abstract Video technology has advanced rapidly and is available today at relatively low cost, with relatively high performance and small size. An important potential application for this technology is in heavy vehicles. It can be used to provide views to the driver that were previously unavailable (“enhancements”), and it can also be used to take the place of certain mirrors (“surrogates”). Enhancement applications are directed toward reducing blind spots or allowing better views around the heavy vehicle, whereas surrogate applications are directed toward replacement of essential mirrors. Such mirrors create aerodynamic drag and require the need for external structures. Consequently, there is a desire to replace them with video, if it is feasible to do so. This research project had the main objective of devising and testing a variety of concepts for the use of camera/video im­ aging systems (C/VISs) applied to heavy vehicles, with emphasis on tractor trailers but potentially also applying to other heavy vehicles. Part of the objective was to develop operational specifications for feasible C/VISs, which would be sup­ ported by the research results. The current report provides an overview of the research conducted to support the final specifications which are provided in a companion document (Wierwille, Schaudt, Gupta, Spaulding, & Hanowski, 2007). The current report reviews all of the work performed. Earlier topics covered in summary in the report include: review of video technology, identification of viewing needs, development of candidate use concepts, conducting a driver focus group, and preparation of initial specifications. Later topics included experimentation; specifically, the following were carried out: preliminary road testing of various C/VISs, preparation and performance of formal road testing, analysis of all results, and documentation of the entire project. Both the earlier and later topics are covered in the current report and form the justification for the final specifications document. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Truck Video, Video Monitoring, Truck Blind Spots, No restrictions. This document is available through the National Truck Mirrors, Truck Visibility, Truck Safety, Rear­ Technical Information Service; Springfield, VA 22161. view 19. Security Classif. (of this re­ 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price port) Unclassified 320 This report is free of charge Unclassified from the NHTSA Web site at www.nhtsa.dot.gov Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed pages authorized iii METRIC CONVERSION CHART SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm 2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) v TABLE OF CONTENTS TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENT PAGE......................................................................................... iii METRIC CONVERSION CHART ............................................................................................................ v ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................... xxiii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. xxv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER NOTICE.............................................................. xxvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 1 FINAL REPORT AS JUSTIFICATION FOR THE FINAL SPECIFICATIONS............................................................ 2 TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS OF SURROGATES AND ENHANCEMENTS.............................................................. 2 MAJOR PROJECT STEPS............................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES RELEVANT TO VIDEO IN HEAVY VEHICLES.......................................................................................................... 7 MIRROR REGULATIONS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR HEAVY TRUCKS......................................... 7 Regulations ........................................................................................................................................... 7 SAE Standards ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Recommended Practices Documents .................................................................................................... 9 CURRENT C/VIS WORK............................................................................................................................ 11 PATENT RESEARCH OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 11 HUMAN FACTORS CONCERNS AND COMPARISON OF MIRRORS TO C/VISS .............................................. 12 Mirror versus Camera System Comparisons ...................................................................................... 12 Environmental Concerns and Reliability ............................................................................................ 13 Imaging Concerns..............................................................................................................................
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