regions, particularly, into the forest-steppe ones; 4) was not only advantageous in sense of earning in- toponymys, and 5) written sources of Classical and come («customs duties» withdrawing), but was fea- Mediaeval periods. sible for them and also was stimulated by other in- The analysis of the listed, as well as other in- terests. The latter means that the felt a direct data, allows the author to presume that the permanent need in leather; they had plenty of raw Scythians aimed at controlling not only salt-min- leather, but they did not have conditions for its ing sources, but especially its transporting, which processing in situation of nomadic everyday life. (№ 4, 2014, p. 63—80)

K.Yu. Peliashenko

HANDMADE POTTERY FROM THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD BURIALS IN THE -DONETSK FOREST-STEPPE REGION

Handmade ceramics from the Scythian period bu- tion appeared: a whole set of categories and types rials in the forest-steppe zone on the territory be- of kitchen and transport pottery vanished (dippers, tween the Dnipro and the Siverskyi Donets Riv- round-bottom bowls, and round and bi-cone large ers was systematized. Generally, it was found in pots), and archaic decoration in fact was not used 303 of 815 burial assemblages. However, not all of (geometric incised ornament, handmade cordon the hand made is available ceramcs for the analy- and plate). At the same time, new ceramics cate- sis due to fragmentation . The marked out pottery gories appeared (pitchers and pitcher-shaped ves- cate gories correspond to the traditional understand- sels and cups) and Ancient Greek pottery in in- ing of their functional purpose (jugs, dishes, dippers, creasing frequency was used in funeral practice. bowls, large pots, pitchers, cups, and small size ves- At the end of the 5th and the 4th c. BC, the chang- sels). Their typology is based on morphologic fea- es are noted in quantitative distribution of certain tures considering metric parameters. pottery types (jugs with profiled body and dishes In most cases handmade ceramics is represent- with sharply bent rim) and the percentage of buri- ed by intact forms and as a rule is found in dated als with handmade ceramics continued to descent. assemblages adding to the materials from settle- Quite wide usage of small size vessels (jugs, dishes, ments. Comparative description of ceramic types and jars) during the whole Scythian period was a allowed the author to determine the dynamics of common peculiarity for the funeral practice of the its spread in certain areas of the Dnipro-Donetsk Dnipro-Donetsk forest-steppe region population. forest-steppe region, as well as the time. Origin of the main elements of potter’s tradi- Most often handmade pottery was used in fu- tion in the Early Scythian period is related with neral customs by the population of local groups in the sites in the forest-steppe part of the Dnipro the , the , and the Rivers basins, as River middle region in the pre-Scythian period. against the Siverskyi Donets River region and the At the same time, certain forms are in accord- Dnipro River terrace forest-steppe region. At the ance with the materials of the North Caucasus same time, a whole set of common morphologic and the steppe part of the north re- peculiarities and common tendency of transforma- gion. Nevertheless, the bulk of ceramics used tion of wheel-made tradition in time indicates the during the Scythian period in funeral customs close ethnic similarity between local groups popu- by the Dnipro-Donetsk forest-steppe region lation in the Dnipro-Donetsk forest-steppe region. population find their analogies at the synchro- The highest morphological variety and frequen- nous sites in the Dnipro River right bank region. cy of pottery usage in funeral practice is indicated Similar lines in development of hand made pot- in the Early Scythian period. Since the end of the tery production are traced in forest-steppe tribes 6th c. till the second half of the 5th c. BC, together on both banks of the Dnipro River during the with decrease in number of burial assemblages with Scythian period indicating the common genetic pottery, the morphologic changes in potter’s tradi- base and close contacts. (№ 2, 2014, p. 36—51)

38 Ukrainian Archaeology, 2014–2015 c. BC th the third quarter of 6 —

th 7 c. BC the third th —

th quarter of the 5 quarter The end of the 6 c. BC th 4 — th The end of the 5

K.Yu. Peliashenko Handmade Pottery from the Scythian Period Burials in the Dnipro-Donetsk Forest-Steppe Region

N.O. Gavryliuk

HANDMADE CERAMICS FROM ANCIENT GREEK CENTRES AT THE NORTH COAST OF THE BLACK SEA AS A SOURCE FOR STUDY OF ETHNIC AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Mutual relations of the local and Greek population pottery of the group include casseroles (or cook- in the antique centers of the Northern Black Sea ing pots); pan-braziers; pots with a short, concave Area are examined on the handmade pottery (Ga- neck; pots with a flaring rim; vessels with a ledge vrylyuk 2010). It is represented by the collections of for lid and lids; jugs; footed cups and lamps. The materials of «basic» sites of the Northern Black Sea beginning of the handmade casseroles manufactur- Area: Tyras (400 finds), Olbia (589 finds), Nim- ing (fig. 1, 1—3) in the Northern Black Sea region pheon (229 finds), Artezian (500 finds) and other. must be dated by the late Archaic period (Kozyrka It is consists from five genetical groups. site). The period of their utmost spread was from the Greek group. Some vessels from this group imi- 4th c. to the 2nd c. BC (Olbia, Tyras). The time of tate wheelmade cookingware by shape. Handmade appearance of handmade casseroles in the Bospo-

Ukrainian Archaeology, 2014–2015 39