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Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA916853 Filing date: 08/20/2018

IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 91234356 Party Defendant Catawba Valley Brewing Company Correspondence ANGELA P DOUGHTY Address WARD AND SMITH PA 5430 WADE PARK BLVD WADE II SUITE 400, POST OFFICE BOX 33009 RALEIGH, NC 27636-3009 UNITED STATES [email protected] 919-277-9100

Submission Other Motions/Papers Filer's Name Erica B.E. Rogers Filer's email [email protected], [email protected], kgflem- [email protected] Signature /Erica B.E. Rogers/ Date 08/20/2018 Attachments Declaration of Erica B.E. Rogers.pdf(349630 bytes ) Exhibit 1 - catawbabrewingcom_2018-08-17T19-14-04.pdf(2743556 bytes ) Exhibit 2 - Wiki Loch Ness Monster https___en.wikipedia.pdf(310016 bytes ) Exhibit 3 - Busch Gardens https___buschgardens.pdf(383701 bytes ) Exhibit 4- HOPS http___allaboutbeer.pdf(70252 bytes ) Exhibit 5 - TTB Webpage https___www.ttb.pdf(310143 bytes ) Exhibit 6 - from ROG - http___www.mbird.pdf(489817 bytes ) Exhibit 7 - CNN beer https___www.cnn.pdf(692573 bytes ) Exhibit 8 - CNN https___www.cnn.pdf(320264 bytes ) Exhibit 9 - Beer List Table .pdf(409307 bytes ) Exhibit 10 - Total Wine with Map.pdf(1217703 bytes ) Exhibit 11 - Beer Menus.pdf(1474522 bytes ) Exhibit 12 - Bergamonster.pdf(2473884 bytes ) Exhibit 13 - Brooklyn Monster Ale.pdf(2425972 bytes ) Exhibit 14 - Dr. Frankenstone's Monster IPA.pdf(1507803 bytes ) Exhibit 15 - Fog Monster NEIPA.pdf(4132979 bytes ) Exhibit 16 - Frost Monster.pdf(4028530 bytes ) Exhibit 17 - Green Monsta.pdf(3469906 bytes ) Exhibit 18 -Green Monster.pdf(3197348 bytes ) Exhibit 19 - Lake Erie Monster.pdf(4375434 bytes ) Exhibit 20 -Monsters Park.pdf(4236724 bytes )

INDEX TO DECLARATION OF ERICA B. E. ROGERS

Exhibit 1 – Webpages from catawbabrewing.com

Exhibit 2 – Wikipedia Article – Loch Ness Monster

Exhibit 3 – Busch Gardens Amusement Park Loch Ness Monster Ride

Exhibit 4 – All About Beer Magazine – "Hops"

Exhibit 5 – Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau website – "Beer Industry"

Exhibit 6 – "I Am What I Drink: Identity and Craft Beer" August 14, 2014 article by Mockingbird

Exhibit 7 – "What too much alcohol can do to your health" April 13, 2018, CNN article

Exhibit 8 – "Put down that energy drink" April 26, 2017, CNN article

Exhibit 9 – Table 1 –Beer Websites Data

Exhibit 10 – Total Wine & More website pages

Exhibit 11 – Beermenus.com website pages

Exhibit 12 – Beer websites – "Bergamonster"

Exhibit 13 – Beer websites – "Brooklyn Monster"

Exhibit 14 – Beer websites – "Dr. Frankenstone's Monster"

Exhibit 15 – Beer websites – "Fog Monster"

Exhibit 16 - Beer websites – "Frost Monster"

Exhibit 17 – Beer websites – "Green Monsta"

Exhibit 18 – Beer websites – "Green Monster"

Exhibit 19 – Beer websites – "Lake Erie Monster"

Exhibit 20 – Beer websites – "Monsters' Park"

Exhibit 21 – Beer websites – "SAAZ Monster"

Exhibit 22 – Beer websites – "Schloppy Monster"

Exhibit 23 – Beer websites – "Sea Monster"

7 Exhibit 24 – Beer websites – "The Astounding She-Monster Mango"

Exhibit 25 – Beer websites – "Vermonster"

Exhibit 26 – Beer websites – "Violin Monster"

Exhibit 27 – Website pages – "Monster Mash"

Exhibit 28 – Website pages – "Peat Monster"

Exhibit 29 – Website pages – "Wort Monster"

Exhibit 30 – Website pages – "C Monster"

Exhibit 31 – Brewers Association website – "craft brewer" definition

Exhibit 32 – "2018 Beer Style Guidelines" March 20, 2018 article by All About Beer Magazine

EXHIBIT 1

Document title: Catawba Brewing Co. | History of Catawba Brewing Capture URL: https://catawbabrewing.com/about-us Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:15:13 GMT Page 1 of 4 Document title: Catawba Brewing Co. | History of Catawba Brewing Capture URL: https://catawbabrewing.com/about-us Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:15:13 GMT Page 2 of 4 Document title: Catawba Brewing Co. | History of Catawba Brewing Capture URL: https://catawbabrewing.com/about-us Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:15:13 GMT Page 3 of 4 Document title: Catawba Brewing Co. | History of Catawba Brewing Capture URL: https://catawbabrewing.com/about-us Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:15:13 GMT Page 4 of 4

EXHIBIT 2

Loch Ness Monster - Wikipedia Page 1 of 16

Loch Ness Monster

In Scottish folklore, the Loch Ness Monster or Nessie is a creature said to inhabit Loch Loch Ness Monster Ness in the Scottish Highlands. It is often described as large in size with a long neck and one or more humps protruding from the water. Popular interest and belief in the creature has varied since it was brought to worldwide attention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal, with a few disputed photographs and sonar readings.

The creature commonly appears in Western media in a variety of ways. The scientific community regards the Loch Ness Monster as a phenomenon without biological basis, explaining sightings as hoaxes, wishful thinking, and the misidentification of mundane objects.[2]

Contents The "surgeon's photograph" of 1934, now known to have been a hoax[1] Name Similar Champ (folklore), Origins creatures Ogopogo, Mokele- History mbembe, Altamaha-ha Saint Columba (565) D. Mackenzie (1871 or 1872) Other Nessie, Niseag George Spicer (1933) name(s) Hugh Gray (1933) Country Scotland Arthur Grant (1934) Region Loch Ness "Surgeon's photograph" (1934) Taylor film (1938) William Fraser (1938) Sonar readings (1954) Peter MacNab (1955) Dinsdale film (1960) "Loch Ness Muppet" (1977) Holmes video (2007) Sonar image (2011) George Edwards photograph (2011) David Elder video (2013) Apple Maps photograph (2014) Google Street View (2015) Searches Edward Mountain expedition (1934) Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (1962–1972) Sonar study (1967–1968) Robert Rines studies (1972, 1975, 2001, 2008) Operation Deepscan (1987) Searching for the Loch Ness Monster (2003) Explanations Misidentification of known animals Bird wakes Eels Elephant Greenland shark Wels catfish Resident animals

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Misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects Trees Seiches and wakes Optical effects Seismic gas Folklore Hoaxes Exotic large-animal species Plesiosaur Long-necked giant amphibian Invertebrate

See also Footnotes Bibliography Documentary External links

Name

The creature has been affectionately called Nessie[a] (Scottish Gaelic: Niseag)[3] since the 1940s.[4]

Origins

The word "monster" was reportedly applied for the first time to the creature on 2 May 1933 by Alex Campbell, water bailiff for Loch Ness and a part-time journalist, in an Inverness Courier report.[5][6][7] On 4 August 1933 the Courier published a report by Londoner George Spicer that several weeks earlier, while they were driving around the loch, he and his wife saw "the nearest approach to a dragon or pre- historic animal that I have ever seen in my life" trundling across the road toward the loch with "an animal" in its mouth.[8] Letters began appearing in the Courier, often anonymously, claiming land or water sightings by the writer, their family or acquaintances or remembered stories.[9] The accounts reached the media, which described a "monster fish", "sea serpent", or "dragon"[10] and eventually settled on "Loch Ness monster".[11]

On 6 December 1933 the first purported photograph of the monster, taken by Hugh Gray, was published in the Daily Express;[12] the Secretary of State for Scotland soon ordered police to prevent any attacks on it.[13] In 1934, interest was further piqued by the "surgeon's photograph". That year, R. T. Gould published an account[14] of the author's investigation and a record of reports predating 1933. Other authors have claimed sightings of the monster dating to the sixth century AD.

History

Saint Columba (565)

The earliest report of a monster in the vicinity of Loch Ness appears in the Life of St. Columba by Adomnán, written in the sixth century AD.[15] According to Adomnán, writing about a century after the events described, Irish monk Saint Columba was staying in the land of the Picts with his companions when he encountered local residents burying a man by the River Ness. They explained that the man was swimming in the river when he was attacked by a "water beast" which mauled him and dragged him underwater. Although they tried to rescue him in a boat, he was dead. Columba sent a follower, Luigne moccu Min, to swim across the river. The beast approached him, but Columba made the sign of the cross and said: "Go no further. Do not touch the man. Go back at once."[16] The creature stopped as if it had been "pulled back with ropes" and fled, and Columba's men and the Picts gave thanks for what they perceived as a miracle.[16]

Believers in the monster point to this story, set in the River Ness rather than the loch itself, as evidence for the creature's existence as early as the sixth century.[17] Sceptics question the narrative's reliability, noting that water-beast stories were extremely common in medieval hagiographies and Adomnán's tale probably recycles a common motif attached to a local landmark.[18] According to sceptics, Adomnán's story may be independent of the modern Loch Ness Monster legend and became attached to it by believers seeking to bolster their claims.[17] Ronald Binns considers that this is the most serious of various alleged early sightings of the monster, but all other claimed

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sightings before 1933 are dubious and do not prove a monster tradition before that date.[6] Christopher Cairney uses a specific historical and cultural analysis of Adomnán to separate Adomnán’s story about St. Columba from the modern myth of the Loch Ness Monster, but finds an earlier and culturally significant use of Celtic “water beast” folklore along the way. In doing so he also discredits any strong connection between kelpies or water-horses and the modern “media-augmented” creation of the Loch Ness Monster.[19]

D. Mackenzie (1871 or 1872)

In October 1871 (or 1872), D. Mackenzie of Balnain reportedly saw an object resembling a log or an upturned boat "wriggling and churning up the water". The object moved slowly at first, disappearing at a faster speed.[20][21] Mackenzie sent his story in a letter to Rupert Gould in 1934, shortly after popular interest in the monster increased.[21]

George Spicer (1933)

Modern interest in the monster was sparked by a sighting on 22 July 1933, when George Spicer and his wife saw "a most extraordinary form of animal" cross the road in front of their car.[8] They described the creature as having a large body (about 4 feet (1.2 m) high and 25 feet (8 m) long) and a long, wavy, narrow neck, slightly thicker than an elephant's trunk and as long as the 10–12-foot (3–4 m) width of the road. They saw no limbs.[22] It lurched across the road towards the loch 20 yards (20 m) away, leaving a trail of broken undergrowth in its wake.[22]

It has been claimed that sightings of the monster increased after a road was built along the loch in early 1933, bringing workers and tourists to the formerly-isolated area.[23] However, Binns has described this as "the myth of the lonely loch", as it was far from isolated before then, due to the construction of the Caledonian Canal. In the 1930s, the existing road by the side of the loch was given a serious upgrade (just possibly this work could have contributed to the legend, since there could have been tar barrels floating in the loch).[6]

Hugh Gray (1933)

Hugh Gray's photograph taken near Foyers on November 12, 1933 was the first photograph alleged to depict the monster. It was slightly blurred, and it has been noted that if one looks closely the head of a dog can be seen. Gray had taken his Labrador for a walk that day, and it is suspected that the photograph depicts his dog fetching a stick from the loch.[24] Others have suggested the photograph depicts an otter or a swan. The original negative was lost. However, in 1963 Maurice Burton came into "possession of two lantern slides, contact positives from th[e] original negative" and when projected on screen it revealed an "otter rolling at the surface in characteristic fashion."[25]

Arthur Grant (1934)

On January 5, 1934 a motorcyclist, Arthur Grant, claimed to have nearly hit the creature while approaching Abriachan (near the north-eastern end of the loch) at about 1 a.m. on a moonlit night.[26] According to Grant, it had a small head attached to a long neck; the creature saw him, and crossed the road back to the loch. Grant, a veterinary student, described it as a cross between a seal and a plesiosaur. He said he dismounted and followed it to the loch, but only saw ripples.[14][27]

Grant produced a sketch of the creature, it was examined by zoologist Maurice Burton who Sketch of the Arthur Grant sighting. stated it was consistent with the appearance and behaviour of an otter.[28] Regarding the long size of the creature reported by Grant; it has been suggested that this was a faulty observation due to the poor light conditions.[29] Palaeontologist Darren Naish has suggested that Grant may have seen either an otter or a seal and exaggerated his sighting over time.[30]

"Surgeon's photograph" (1934)

The "surgeon's photograph" is reportedly the first photo of the creature's head and neck.[31] Supposedly taken by Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London gynaecologist, it was published in the Daily Mail on 21 April 1934.[32] Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with it led to it being known as the "surgeon's photograph".[33] According to Wilson, he was looking at the loch when he saw the monster, grabbed his

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camera and snapped four photos. Only two exposures came out clearly; the first reportedly shows a small head and back, and the second shows a similar head in a diving position. The first photo became well-known, and the second attracted little publicity because of its blurriness.

Although for a number of years the photo was considered evidence of the monster, sceptics dismissed it as driftwood,[21] an elephant,[34] an otter, or a bird. The photo's scale was controversial; it is often shown cropped (making the creature seem large and the ripples like waves), while the uncropped shot shows the other end of the loch and the monster in the centre. The ripples in the photo were found to fit the size and pattern of small ripples, unlike large waves photographed up close. Analysis of the original image fostered further doubt. In 1993, the makers of the Discovery Communications documentary Loch Ness Discovered analysed the uncropped image and found a white object visible in every version of the photo (implying that it was on the negative). It was believed to be the cause of the ripples, as if the object was being towed, although the possibility of a blemish on the negative could not be ruled out. An analysis of the full photograph indicated that the object was small, about 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) long.[33]

Since 1994, most agree that the photo was an elaborate hoax.[33] It had been accused of being a fake in a 7 December 1975 Sunday Telegraph article which fell into obscurity.[35] Details of how the photo was taken were published in the 1999 book, Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed, which contains a facsimile of the 1975 Sunday Telegraph article.[36] The creature was reportedly a toy submarine built by Christian Spurling, the son-in-law of Marmaduke Wetherell. Wetherell had been publicly ridiculed by his employer, the Daily Mail, after he found "Nessie footprints" which turned out to be a hoax. To get revenge on the Mail, Wetherell perpetrated his hoax with co-conspirators Spurling (sculpture specialist), Ian Wetherell (his son, who bought the material for the fake), and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent).[37] The toy submarine was bought from F. W. Woolworths, and its head and neck were made from wood putty. After testing it in a local pond the group went to Loch Ness, where Ian Wetherell took the photos near the Altsaigh Tea House. When they heard a water bailiff approaching, Duke Wetherell sank the model with his foot and it is "presumably still somewhere in Loch Ness".[21] Chambers gave the photographic plates to Wilson, a friend of his who enjoyed "a good practical joke". Wilson brought the plates to Ogston's, an Inverness chemist, and gave them to George Morrison for development. He sold the first photo to the Daily Mail,[38] who then announced that the monster had been photographed.[21]

Little is known of the second photo; it is often ignored by researchers, who believe its quality too poor and its differences from the first photo too great to warrant analysis. It shows a head similar to the first photo, with a more turbulent wave pattern and possibly taken at a different time and location in the loch. Some believe it to be an earlier, cruder attempt at a hoax,[39] and others (including Roy Mackal and Maurice Burton) consider it a picture of a diving bird or otter which Wilson mistook for the monster.[20] According to Morrison, when the plates were developed Wilson was uninterested in the second photo; he allowed Morrison to keep the negative, and the second photo was rediscovered years later.[40] When asked about the second photo by the Ness Information Service Newsletter, Spurling " ... was vague, thought it might have been a piece of wood they were trying out as a monster, but [was] not sure."[41]

Taylor film (1938)

On 29 May 1938, South African tourist G. E. Taylor filmed something in the loch for three minutes on 16 mm colour film. The film was obtained by popular science writer Maurice Burton, who did not show it to other researchers. A single frame was published in his 1961 book, The Elusive Monster. His analysis concluded it was a floating object, not an animal.[42]

William Fraser (1938)

On 15 August 1938, William Fraser, chief constable of Inverness-shire, wrote a letter that the monster existed beyond doubt and expressed concern about a hunting party which had arrived (with a custom-made harpoon gun) determined to catch the monster "dead or alive". He believed his power to protect the monster from the hunters was "very doubtful". The letter was released by the National Archives of Scotland on 27 April 2010.[43][44]

Sonar readings (1954)

In December 1954, sonar readings were taken by the fishing boat Rival III. Its crew noted a large object keeping pace with the vessel at a depth of 146 metres (479 ft). It was detected for 800 m (2,600 ft) before contact was lost and regained.[45] Previous sonar attempts were inconclusive or negative.

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Peter MacNab (1955)

Peter MacNab at Urquhart Castle on July 29, 1955 took a photograph that depicted two long black humps in the water. The photograph was not made public until it appeared in Constance Whyte's 1957 book on the subject. On 23 October 1958 it was published by the Weekly Scotsman. Author Ronald Binns wrote that the "phenomenon which MacNab photographed could easily be a wave effect resulting from three trawlers travelling closely together up the loch."[46]

Other researchers consider the photograph a hoax.[47] Roy Mackal requested to use the photograph in his 1976 book. He received the original negative from MacNab, but discovered it differed from the photograph that appeared in Whyte's book. The tree at the bottom left in Whyte's was missing from the negative. It is suspected that the photograph was doctored by re-photographing a print.[48]

Dinsdale film (1960)

Aeronautical engineer Tim Dinsdale filmed a hump which left a wake crossing Loch Ness in 1960.[49] Dinsdale, who reportedly had the sighting on his final day of search, described it as reddish with a blotch on its side. He said that when he mounted his camera the object began to move, and he shot 40 feet of film. According to JARIC, the object was "probably animate".[50] Others were sceptical, saying that the "hump" cannot be ruled out as being a boat[51] and when the contrast is increased, a man in a boat can be seen.[50]

In 1993 Discovery Communications produced a documentary, Loch Ness Discovered, with a digital enhancement of the Dinsdale film. A person who enhanced the film noticed a shadow in the negative which was not obvious in the developed film. By enhancing and overlaying frames, he found what appeared to be the rear body of a creature underwater: "Before I saw the film, I thought the Loch Ness Monster was a load of rubbish. Having done the enhancement, I'm not so sure".[52]

"Loch Ness Muppet" (1977)

On 21 May 1977 Anthony "Doc" Shiels, camping next to Urquhart Castle, took "some of the clearest pictures of the monster until this day". Shiels, a magician and psychic, claimed to have summoned the animal out of the water. He later described it as an "elephant squid", claiming the long neck shown in the photograph is actually the squid's "trunk" and that a white spot at the base of the neck is its eye. Due to the lack of ripples, it has been declared a hoax by a number of people and received its name because of its staged look.[53][54]

Holmes video (2007)

On 26 May 2007, 55-year-old laboratory technician Gordon Holmes videotaped what he said was "this jet black thing, about 14 metres (46 ft) long, moving fairly fast in the water."[55] Adrian Shine, a marine biologist at the Loch Ness 2000 Centre in Drumnadrochit, described the footage as among "the best footage [he had] ever seen."[55] BBC Scotland broadcast the video on 29 May 2007.[56] STV News North Tonight aired the footage on 28 May 2007 and interviewed Holmes. Shine was also interviewed, and suggested that the footage was an otter, seal or water bird.[57]

Sonar image (2011)

On 24 August 2011 Loch Ness boat captain Marcus Atkinson photographed a sonar image of a 1.5-metre-wide (4.9 ft), unidentified object which seemed to follow his boat for two minutes at a depth of 23 m (75 ft), and ruled out the possibility of a small fish or seal. In April 2012, a scientist from the National Oceanography Centre said that the image is a bloom of algae and zooplankton.[58]

George Edwards photograph (2011)

On 3 August 2012, skipper George Edwards claimed that a photo he took on 2 November 2011 shows "Nessie". Edwards claims to have searched for the monster for 26 years, and reportedly spent 60 hours per week on the loch aboard his boat, Nessie Hunter IV, taking tourists for rides on the lake.[59] Edwards said, "In my opinion, it probably looks kind of like a manatee, but not a mammal. When people see three humps, they're probably just seeing three separate monsters."[60]

Other researchers have questioned the photograph's authenticity, and Loch Ness researcher Steve Feltham suggested that the object in the water is a fibreglass hump used in a National Geographic Channel documentary in which Edwards had participated.[61] Researcher Dick Raynor has questioned Edwards' claim of discovering a deeper bottom of Loch Ness, which Raynor calls "Edwards Deep". He found

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inconsistencies between Edwards' claims for the location and conditions of the photograph and the actual location and weather conditions that day. According to Raynor, Edwards told him he had faked a photograph in 1986 which he claimed was genuine in the Nat Geo documentary.[62] Although Edwards admitted in October 2013 that his 2011 photograph was a hoax,[63] he insisted that the 1986 photograph was genuine.[64]

David Elder video (2013)

On 27 August 2013, tourist David Elder presented a five-minute video of a "mysterious wave" in the loch. According to Elder, the wave was produced by a 4.5 m (15 ft) "solid black object" just under the surface of the water.[65] Elder, 50, from East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire, was taking a picture of a swan at the Fort Augustus pier on the south-western end of the loch,[66] when he captured the movement.[67] He said, "The water was very still at the time and there were no ripples coming off the wave and no other activity on the water."[67] Sceptics suggested that the wave may have been caused by a wind gust.[68]

Apple Maps photograph (2014)

On 19 April 2014, it was reported[69] that a satellite image on Apple Maps showed what appeared to be a large creature (thought by some to be the Loch Ness Monster) just below the surface of Loch Ness. At the loch's far north, the image appeared about 30 metres (98 ft) long. Possible explanations were the wake of a boat (with the boat itself lost in image stitching or low contrast), seal-caused ripples, or floating wood.[70][71]

Google Street View (2015)

Google commemorated the 81st anniversary of the "surgeon's photograph" with a Google Doodle,[72] and added a new feature to Google Street View with which users can explore the loch above and below the water.[73][74] Google reportedly spent a week at Loch Ness collecting imagery with a street-view "trekker" camera, attaching it to a boat to photograph above the surface and collaborating with members of the Catlin Seaview Survey to photograph underwater.[75]

Searches

Edward Mountain expedition (1934)

After reading Rupert Gould's The Loch Ness Monster and Others,[14] Edward Mountain financed a search. Twenty men with binoculars and cameras positioned themselves around the loch from 9 am to 6 pm for five weeks, beginning on 13 July 1934. Although 21 photographs were taken, none was considered conclusive. Supervisor James Fraser remained by the loch filming on 15 September 1934; the film is now lost.[76] Zoologists and professors of natural history concluded that the film showed a seal, possibly a grey seal.[77]

Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (1962–1972) Loch Ness, reported home of the monster The Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (LNPIB) was a UK-based society formed in 1962 by Norman Collins, R. S. R. Fitter, politician David James, Peter Scott and Constance Whyte[78] "to study Loch Ness to identify the creature known as the Loch Ness Monster or determine the causes of reports of it".[79] The society's name was later shortened to the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau (LNIB), and it disbanded in 1972. The LNIB had an annual subscription charge, which covered administration. Its main activity was encouraging groups of self-funded volunteers to watch the loch from vantage points with film cameras with telescopic lenses. From 1965 to 1972 it had a caravan camp and viewing platform at Achnahannet, and sent observers to other locations up and down the loch.[80] According to the bureau's 1969 annual report[81] it had 1,030 members, of whom 588 were from the UK.

Sonar study (1967–1968)

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D. Gordon Tucker, chair of the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at the University of Birmingham, volunteered his services as a sonar developer and expert at Loch Ness in 1968.[82] His gesture, part of a larger effort led by the LNPIB from 1967 to 1968, involved collaboration between volunteers and professionals in a number of fields. Tucker had chosen Loch Ness as the test site for a prototype sonar transducer with a maximum range of 800 m (2,600 ft). The device was fixed underwater at Temple Pier in Urquhart Bay and directed at the opposite shore, drawing an acoustic "net" across the loch through which no moving object could pass undetected. During the two-week trial in August, multiple targets were identified. One was probably a shoal of fish, but others moved in a way not typical of shoals at speeds up to 10 knots.[83]

Robert Rines studies (1972, 1975, 2001, 2008)

In 1972, a group of researchers from the Academy of Applied Science led by Robert H. Rines conducted a search for the monster involving sonar examination of the loch depths for unusual activity. Rines took precautions to avoid murky water with floating wood and peat. A submersible camera with a floodlight was deployed to record images below the surface. If Rines detected anything on the sonar, he turned the light on and took pictures.

On 8 August Rines' Raytheon DE-725C sonar unit, operating at a frequency of 200 kHz and anchored at a depth of 11 metres (36 ft), identified a moving target (or targets) estimated by echo strength at 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) in length. Specialists from Raytheon, Simrad (now Kongsberg Maritime), Hydroacoustics, Marty Klein of MIT and Klein Associates (a side-scan sonar producer) and Ira Dyer of MIT's Department of Ocean Engineering were on hand to examine the data. P. Skitzki of Raytheon suggested that the data indicated a 3-metre (10 ft) protuberance projecting from one of the echoes. According to author Roy Mackal, the shape was a "highly flexible laterally flattened tail" or the misinterpreted return from two animals swimming together.[84]

Concurrent with the sonar readings, the floodlit camera obtained a pair of underwater photographs. Both depicted what appeared to be a rhomboid flipper, although sceptics have dismissed the images as the bottom of the loch, air bubbles, a rock, or a fish fin. The apparent flipper was photographed in different positions, indicating movement.[85] The first flipper photo is better-known than the second, and both were enhanced and retouched from the original negatives. According to team member Charles Wyckoff, the photos were retouched to superimpose the flipper; the original enhancement showed a considerably less-distinct object. No one is sure how the originals were altered.[86]

British naturalist Peter Scott announced in 1975, on the basis of the photographs, that the creature's scientific name would be Nessiteras rhombopteryx (Greek for "Ness inhabitant with diamond-shaped fin").[87] Scott intended that the name would enable the creature to be added to the British register of protected wildlife. Scottish politician Nicholas Fairbairn called the name an anagram for "Monster hoax by Sir Peter S".[88][89][90]

Another sonar contact was made, this time with two objects estimated to be about 9 metres (30 ft). The strobe camera photographed two large, white, lumpy objects surrounded by a flurry of bubbles. Some interpreted the objects as two plesiosaur-like animals, suggesting several large animals living in Loch Ness. This photograph has rarely been published.

In 2001, Rines' Academy of Applied Science videotaped a V-shaped wake traversing still water on a calm day. The academy also videotaped an object on the floor of the loch resembling a carcass and found marine clamshells and a fungus-like organism not normally found in freshwater lochs, a suggested connection to the sea and a possible entry for the creature.[91]

In 2008 Rines theorised that the creature may have become extinct, citing the lack of significant sonar readings and a decline in eyewitness accounts. He undertook a final expedition, using sonar and an underwater camera in an attempt to find a carcass. Rines believed that the animals may have failed to adapt to temperature changes resulting from global warming.[92]

Operation Deepscan (1987)

Operation Deepscan was conducted in 1987.[93] Twenty-four boats equipped with echosounder equipment were deployed across the width of the loch, and simultaneously sent acoustic waves. According to BBC News the scientists had made sonar contact with an unidentified object of unusual size and strength.[94] The researchers returned, re-scanning the area. Analysis of the echosounder images seemed to indicate debris at the bottom of the loch, although there was motion in three of the pictures. Adrian Shine speculated, based on size, that they might be seals which had entered the loch.[95]

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Sonar expert Darrell Lowrance, founder of Lowrance Electronics, donated a number of echosounder units used in the operation. After examining a sonar return indicating a large, moving object at a depth of 180 metres (590 ft) near Urquhart Bay, Lowrance said: "There's something here that we don't understand, and there's something here that's larger than a fish, maybe some species that hasn't been detected before. I don't know."[96]

Searching for the Loch Ness Monster (2003)

In 2003, the BBC sponsored a search of the loch using 600 sonar beams and satellite tracking. The search had sufficient resolution to identify a small buoy. No animal of substantial size was found and, despite their high hopes, the scientists involved admitted that this proved the Loch Ness Monster was a myth. Searching for the Loch Ness Monster aired on BBC One.[97]

Explanations

A number of explanations have been suggested to account for sightings of the creature. According to Ronald Binns, there is probably no one explanation of the monster. Binns wrote that an aspect of human psychology is the ability of the eye to see what it wants, and expects, to see.[6] They may be categorised as misidentifications of known animals, misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects, reinterpretations of Scottish folklore, hoaxes, and exotic species of large animals. According to researcher Joe Nickell, Binns with his 2017 book The Loch Ness Mystery Reloaded he (Binns) has not written a sequel to his 1983 book Solved but updated with information that has been produced since. Nickell writes that Binns has "evolved into the author of ... the definitive, skeptical book on the subject". Binns does not call the sightings a hoax, but "as a myth in the true sense of the term" and states that the "'monster is a sociological ... phenomenon. ...After 1983 the search ... (for the) possibility that there just might be continues to enthrall a small number for whom eye-witness evidence outweighs all other considerations".[98]

Misidentification of known animals

Bird wakes Wakes have been reported when the loch is calm, with no boats nearby. Bartender David Munro reported a wake he believed was a creature zigzagging, diving, and reappearing; there were reportedly 26 other witnesses from a nearby car park.[86] Although some sightings describe a V-shaped wake similar to a boat's,[91] others report something not conforming to the shape of a boat.[52]

Eels A large eel was an early suggestion.[13] Eels are found in Loch Ness, and an unusually large one would explain many sightings.[99] Dinsdale dismissed the hypothesis, because eels undulate side to side like snakes.[100] Sightings in 1856 of a "sea-serpent" (or kelpie) in a freshwater lake near Leurbost in the Outer Hebrides were explained as those of an oversized eel, also believed common in "Highland lakes".[101]

Elephant In a 1979 article, California biologist Dennis Power and geographer Donald Johnson claimed that the "surgeon's photograph" was the top of the head, extended trunk and flared nostrils of a swimming elephant photographed elsewhere and claimed to be from Loch Ness.[34] In 2006, palaeontologist and artist Neil Clark suggested that travelling circuses might have allowed elephants to bathe in the loch; the trunk could be the perceived head and neck, with the head and back the perceived humps. In support of this, Clark provided a painting.[102]

Greenland shark Zoologist, angler and television presenter Jeremy Wade investigated the creature in 2013 as part of the series River Monsters, and concluded that it is a Greenland shark. The Greenland shark, which can reach up to 20 feet in length, inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean around Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and possibly Scotland. It is dark in colour, with a small dorsal fin.[103] According to biologist Bruce Wright, the Greenland shark could survive in fresh water (possibly using rivers and lakes to find food) and Loch Ness has an abundance of salmon and other fish.[104][105]

Wels catfish

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In July 2015 three news outlets reported that Steve Feltham, after a vigil at the loch which was recognized by the Guinness Book of Records, theorised that the monster is an unusually-large specimen of Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) which may have been released during the late 19th century.[106][107][108]

Resident animals It is difficult to judge the size of an object in water through a telescope or binoculars with no external reference. Loch Ness has resident otters, and photos of them and deer swimming in the loch which were cited by author Ronald Binns[109] may have been misinterpreted. According to Binns, birds may be mistaken for a "head and neck" sighting.[110]

Misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects

Trees In 1933, the Daily Mirror published a picture with the caption: "This queerly-shaped tree-trunk, washed ashore at Foyers [on Loch Ness] may, it is thought, be responsible for the reported appearance of a 'Monster' ".[111] In a 1982 series of articles for New Scientist, Maurice Burton proposed that sightings of Nessie and similar creatures may be fermenting Scots pine logs rising to the surface of the loch. A decomposing log could not initially release gases caused by decay because of its high resin level. Gas pressure would eventually rupture a resin seal at one end of the log, propelling it through the water (sometimes to the surface). According to Burton, the shape of tree logs (with their branch stumps) closely resembles descriptions of the monster.[112][113][114]

Seiches and wakes Loch Ness, because of its long, straight shape, is subject to unusual ripples affecting its surface. A seiche is a large oscillation of a lake, caused by water reverting to its natural level after being blown to one end of the lake (resulting in a standing wave); the Loch Ness oscillation period is 31.5 minutes.[115]

Optical effects Wind conditions can give a choppy, matte appearance to the water with calm patches appearing dark from the shore (reflecting the mountains). In 1979 W. H. Lehn showed that atmospheric refraction could distort the shape and size of objects and animals,[116] and later published a photograph of a mirage of a rock on Lake Winnipeg which resembled a head and neck.[117]

Seismic gas Italian geologist Luigi Piccardi has proposed geological explanations for ancient legends and myths. Piccardi noted that in the earliest recorded sighting of a creature (the Life of Saint Columba), the creature's emergence was accompanied "cum ingenti fremitu" ("with loud roaring"). The Loch Ness is along the Great Glen Fault, and this could be a description of an earthquake. Many reports consist only of a large disturbance on the surface of the water; this could be a release of gas through the fault, although it may be mistaken for something swimming below the surface.[118]

Folklore

In 1980 Swedish naturalist and author Bengt Sjögren wrote that present beliefs in lake monsters such as the Loch Ness Monster are associated with kelpie legends. According to Sjögren, accounts of loch monsters have changed over time; originally describing horse-like creatures, they were intended to keep children away from the loch. Sjögren wrote that the kelpie legends have developed into descriptions reflecting a modern awareness of plesiosaurs.[119]

The kelpie as a water horse in Loch Ness was mentioned in an 1879 Scottish newspaper,[120] and inspired Tim Dinsdale's Project Water Horse.[121] A study of pre-1933 Highland folklore references to kelpies, water horses and water bulls indicated that Ness was the loch most frequently cited.[122]

Hoaxes

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A number of hoax attempts have been made, some of which were successful. Other hoaxes were revealed rather quickly by the perpetrators or exposed after diligent research. A few examples follow.

In August 1933, Italian journalist Francesco Gasparini submitted what he said was the first news article on the Loch Ness Monster. In 1959, he reported sighting a "strange fish" and fabricated eyewitness accounts: "I had the inspiration to get hold of the item about the strange fish. The idea of the monster had never dawned on me, but then I noted that the strange fish would not yield a long article, and I decided to promote the imaginary being to the rank of monster without further ado."[123]

In the 1930s, big-game hunter Marmaduke Wetherell went to Loch Ness to look for the monster. Wetherell claimed to have found footprints, but when casts of the footprints were sent to scientists for analysis they turned out to be from a hippopotamus; a prankster had used a hippopotamus-foot umbrella stand.[124]

In 1972 a team of zoologists from Yorkshire's Flamingo Park Zoo, searching for the monster, discovered a large body floating in the water. The corpse, 4.9–5.4 m (16–18 ft) long and weighing as much as 1.5 tonnes, was described by the Press Association as having "a bear's head and a brown scaly body with clawlike fins." The creature was placed in a van to be carried away for testing, but police seized the cadaver under an act of parliament prohibiting the removal of "unidentified creatures" from Loch Ness. It was later revealed that Flamingo Park education officer John Shields shaved the whiskers and otherwise disfigured a bull elephant seal which had died the week before and dumped it in Loch Ness to dupe his colleagues. On 2 July 2003, Gerald McSorely discovered a fossil, supposedly from the creature, when he tripped and fell into the loch. After examination, it was clear that the fossil had been planted.[125]

In 2004 a Five TV documentary team, using cinematic special-effects experts, tried to convince people that there was something in the loch. They constructed an animatronic model of a plesiosaur, calling it "Lucy". Despite setbacks (including Lucy falling to the bottom of the loch), about 600 sightings were reported where she was placed.[126][127]

In 2005, two students claimed to have found a large tooth embedded in the body of a deer on the loch shore. They publicised the find, setting up a website, but expert analysis soon revealed that the "tooth" was the antler of a muntjac. The tooth was a publicity stunt to promote a horror novel by Steve Alten, The Loch.[125] Cryptoclidus model used in the Five TV programme, Loch Ness Monster: The Ultimate Experiment

Exotic large-animal species

Plesiosaur In 1933 it was suggested that the creature "bears a striking resemblance to the supposedly extinct plesiosaur",[128] a long-necked aquatic reptile which became extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. A popular explanation at the time, the following arguments have been made against it:

Plesiosaurs were probably cold-blooded reptiles needing warm tropical waters; the ◾ average temperature of Loch Ness is only about 5.5 °C (42 °F).[129] If the plesiosaurs were warm-blooded, they would require a food supply beyond that supplied by Loch Ness.[130] In an October 2006 New Scientist article, "Why the Loch Ness Monster is no plesiosaur", ◾ Reconstruction of Nessie as a Leslie Noè of the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge said: "The osteology of the neck plesiosaur outside the Museum of makes it absolutely certain that the plesiosaur could not lift its head up swan-like out of the water".[131] Nessie The loch is only about 10,000 years old, dating to the end of the last ice age. Before then, ◾ it was frozen for about 20,000 years.[132] If creatures similar to plesiosaurs lived in Loch Ness they would be seen frequently, since they would have to surface several times a ◾ day to breathe.[95]

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In response to these criticisms, Tim Dinsdale, Peter Scott and Roy Mackal postulate a trapped marine creature which evolved from a plesiosaur directly or by convergent evolution.[133] Robert Rines explained that the "horns" in some sightings as breathing tubes (or nostrils), allowing it to breathe without breaking the surface.

Long-necked giant amphibian R. T. Gould suggested a long-necked newt;[14][134] Roy Mackal examined the possibility, giving it the highest score (88 percent) on his list of possible candidates.[135]

Invertebrate In 1968 F. W. (Ted) Holiday proposed that Nessie and other lake monsters, such as Morag, may be a large invertebrate such as a bristleworm; he cited the extinct Tullimonstrum as an example of the shape.[136] According to Holiday, this explains the land sightings and the variable back shape; he likened it to the medieval description of dragons as "worms". Although this theory was considered by Mackal, he found it less convincing than eels, amphibians or plesiosaurs.[137]

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EXHIBIT 7
What too much alcohol can do to your health - CNN Page 1 of 17
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Health + Live TV
What too much alcohol can do to your health
By Sandee LaMotte, CNN  Updated 11:43 AM ET, Fri April 13, 2018
Photos: America's most popular liquor brands
With the craft-cocktail revolution in full swing, Americans today have a dizzying array of liquors to choo Here are the 15 most popular liquor brands in the US by 2014 retail-store sales (not counting liquor so bars) as measured by IRI, a Chicago-based market research firm.
1 of 16 Hide C
(CNN) — This feature is part of CNN Parallels, an interactive Story highlights series exploring ways you can improve your health by making small changes to your daily habits. Based on "standard" drink sizes, it's easy to A lot of us drink. Too many of us drink a lot. overindulge
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Drinking can affect your waistline, memory Worldwide, each person 15 years and older consumes 13.5 and looks grams of pure alcohol per day, according to the World Health Organization. Considering that nearly half of the world doesn't drink at all, that leaves the other half drinking up their share.
While the majority of the world drinks liquor, Americans prefer beer. The Beverage Marketing Corp. tracks these things: In 2017, Americans guzzled about 27 gallons of beer (or 216 pints), 2.6 gallons of wine and 2.2 gallons of spirits per drinking-age adult.
But Americans are lightweights in any worldwide drinking game, based on numbers from the World Health Organization. The Eastern European countries of Lithuania, Belarus, Czechia (the Czech Republic), Croatia and Bulgaria drink us under the table.
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In fact, measuring liters drunk by anyone over 15, the US ranks 36th in the category of most sloshed nation; Austria comes in sixth; France is ninth (more wine) and Ireland 15th (yes, they drink more beer), while the UK ranks 18th.
Who drinks the least in the world? The Arab nations of the Middle East.
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With all this boozing going on, just what damage does alcohol do to your health? Let's explore what science says are the downsides of having a tipple or two.
Counting calories
Even if you aren't watching your waistline, you might be shocked at the number of empty calories you can easily consume during happy hour.
Calories are typically defined by a "standard" drink. In the US, that's about 0.6 fluid ounces or 14 grams of pure alcohol, which differs depending on the type of adult beverage you consume.
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For example, a standard drink of beer is one 12-ounce can (355 milliliters). For malt liquor, it's 8 to 9 fluid ounces (251 milliliters). A standard drink of red or white wine is about 5 fluid ounces (148 milliliters).
What's considered a standard drink continues to go down as the alcohol content goes up. But what if that changes? Let's use beer as an example.
It used to be that light beer came in around 100 calories while regular beer averaged 153 calories per 12-fluid ounce can or bottle -- that's the same as two or three Oreo cookies.
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But beer calories depend on both alcohol content and carbohydrate level. So if you're a fan of today's popular craft beers, which often have extra carbs and higher alcohol content, you could easily face a calorie land mine in every can. Let's say you chose a highly ranked IPA, such as Sierra Nevada Bigfoot (9.6% alcohol) or Narwhal (10.2% alcohol), and you've downed a whopping 318 to 344 calories, about as much as a McDonald's cheeseburger. Did you drink just one?
If you pour correctly, white wine is about 120 calories per 5 fluid ounces, and red is 125. If you fill your glass to the brim, that might easily double.
Liquor? Gin, rum, vodka, tequila and whiskey cost you 97 calories per 1.5 fluid ounces, but that's without mixers. An average margarita will cost you 168 calories while a pina colada weighs in at a whopping 490 calories, about the same as a McDonald's Quarter Pounder.
A 2013 study in the US found that calorie intake went up on drinking days compared with non-drinking days, mostly due to alcohol: Men took in 433 extra calories, while women added 299 calories.
But alcohol can also affect our self-control, which can lead to overeating. A 1999 study found that people ate more when they had an aperitif before dinner than if they abstained.
Take heart. If you're a light to moderate drinker, meaning you stick to US guidelines of one "standard" drink a day for women and two for men, studies have shown that you aren't guaranteed to gain weight over time -- especially if you live an overall healthy lifestyle.
For example, a 2002 study of almost 25,000 Finnish men and women over five-year intervals found that moderate alcohol consumption, combined with a physically active lifestyle, no smoking and healthy food choices, "maximizes the chances of having a normal weight."
Related Article: What to eat to beat a However, it appears that heavy drinking and binge drinking could be linked to obesity. And that's a problem. The hangover numbers of binge drinkers -- defined as five or more drinks for men and four or more drinks for women within a couple of hours at least once a month -- has been rising in the United States.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says one in six adults binge about four times a month, downing about eight drinks in each binge.
In the UK, where binge drinking is defined as "drinking lots of alcohol in a short space of time or drinking to get drunk," a 2016 national survey found 2.5 million people admitted to binge drinking in the last week.
Alcohol, of course, has no nutritional value and contains 7 calories per gram -- more than protein and even carbs, which both have 4 calories. Fat has 9 calories per gram.
All those empty alcohol calories have to end up somewhere.
Heart disease and cancer
The prevailing wisdom for years has been that drinking in moderation -- again, that's one "standard" drink a day for women and two for men -- is linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. But recent studies are casting doubt on that long-held lore. Science now says it depends on your age and drinking habits.
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A 2017 study of nearly 2 million Brits with no cardiovascular risk found that there was still a modest benefit in moderate drinking, especially for women over 55 who drank five drinks a week. Why that age? Alcohol can alter cholesterol and clotting in the blood in positive ways, experts say, and that's about the age when heart problems begin to occur.
For everyone else, the small protective effect on the heart was evident only if the drinks were spaced out during the week. Consuming heavily in one session, or binge drinking, has been linked to heart attacks -- or what the English call "holiday heart."
Also, a 2018 study found that drinking more than 100 grams of alcohol per week -- equal to roughly seven standard drinks in the United States or five to six glasses of wine in the UK -- increases your risk of death from all causes and in turn lowers your life expectancy. Links were found with different forms of cardiovascular disease, with people who Related Article: Mediterranean diet may drank more than 100 grams per week having a higher risk of stroke, heart failure, fatal hypertensive disease and fatal be more helpful than statins aortic aneurysm, where an artery or vein swells up and could burst.
In contrast, the 2018 study found that higher levels of alcohol were also linked to a lower risk of heart attack, or myocardial infarction.
Overall, however, the latest thinking is that any heart benefit may be outweighed by other health risks, such as high blood pressure, pancreatitis, certain cancers and liver damage.
Women who drink are at a higher risk for breast cancer; alcohol contributes about 6% of the overall risk, possibly because it raises certain dangerous hormones in the blood. Drinking can also increase the chance you might develop bowel, liver, mouth and oral cancers.
One potential reason: Alcohol weakens our immune Related Article: Even one drink a day systems, making us more susceptible to inflammation, a driving force behind cancer, as well as infections and the could be shortening your life expectancy integrity of the microbiome in our digestive tract. That's true not only for chronic drinkers but for those who binge, as well.
Diabetes
The connection between alcohol and diabetes is complicated. Studies show that drinking moderately over three or four days a week may actually lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, drinking heavily increases the risk. Too much alcohol inflames the pancreas, which is responsible for secreting insulin to regulate your body's blood sugars.
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If you have diabetes, alcohol may interact with various medications. If you take insulin or any pills that stimulate the release of insulin, alcohol can lead to hypoglycemia, a dangerously low blood sugar level, because alcohol Related Article: Are reduced-calorie stimulates the release of insulin as well. That's why experts wines worth it? recommend never drinking on an empty stomach. Instead, drink with a meal or at least some carbs.
And, of course, because alcohol is made by fermenting sugar and starch, it's full of empty calories, which contributes to obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Mood and memory
Because alcohol is a depressant, drinking can drown your mood. It may not seem that way while you "party" your inhibitions away, but that's just the drink depressing the part of the brain we use to control our actions. The more you drink, say experts, the more your negative emotions, such as anxiety, anger and depression, can take over.
That's why binge drinking or drinking a lot in one sitting is associated with higher levels of depression, self-harm, suicide and violent offending.
Binge drinking is also associated with severe "blackouts": the inability to remember what happened while drunk. Blackouts can range from small memory blips, such as forgetting a name, to more serious incidents, such as forgetting an entire evening.
Alcohol does this by decreasing the electrical activity of the neurons in your hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for the formation of short-term memories. Keep up that binge drinking, and you can permanently damage the hippocampus and develop sustained memory or cognitive problems. Related Article: Eat Mediterranean diet Adolescents are most susceptible to alcohol's memory for a healthier and younger brain, studies disruption but less sensitive to the intoxicating effects. That say means they can easily drink more to feel as "drunk" as an adult would, causing even more damage to their brains.
How you look
Last but certainly not least, alcohol can have a significant effect on your good looks. First, it dehydrates you. That can leave your skin looking parched and wrinkled. It's also linked to rosacea, a skin condition causing redness, pimples and swelling on your face.
Do you know you can stink while you're drinking? During the time your liver is processing a single drink, which is on average an hour but varies for everyone, some of it leaves your body via your breath, urine and sweat.
Another reason drinking can affect your looks has to do with sleep. Although even a little bit of alcohol can help you fall
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Follow CNN Health on Facebook asleep quickly, as the alcohol is metabolized and leaves the and Twitter body you may suffer the "rebound effect." Instead of staying asleep, the body enters lighter sleep and wakefulness, which appears to get worse the more one drinks. See the latest news and share your comments with CNN Health on Facebook and Twitter. A lack of sleep leads to dark circles, puffy eyes and stress. Keep it up, studies say, and you're likely to see more signs of aging and a much lower satisfaction with your appearance.
So the next time you head to the pub for tipple or two, remember: You could be paying a price for all that fun.
CNN's Mark Lieber contributed to this report.
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EXHIBIT 8
What your energy drink can do to your body - CNN Page 1 of 5
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Health + Live TV
By Jacqueline Howard, CNN  Updated 4:42 PM ET, Wed April 26, 2017
Source: CNN
Put down that energy drink! 01:11
(CNN) — Energy drinks may be popular -- the global energy Story highlights drink market was worth $39 billion in 2013 and is forecast to reach $61 billion by 2021 -- but they have gotten a bad rep Experts weigh in on what happens in your among health experts. body after chugging an energy drink They "may pose danger to public health," warns the World Health Organization. Children "should not consume" them, "They're sort of a black box. We really don't cautions the American Academy of Pediatrics. know a lot about them," one says The American Beverage Association stands by the safety of energy drinks, indicating that many of their ingredients are also found in common foods and have been rigorously studied for safety.
So what exactly are those ingredients, and how do they impact your body?
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Over the years, concerned experts have been getting closer to answering those questions, said Dr. John Higgins, a sports cardiologist with McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston.
Most energy drinks typically contain large amounts of caffeine; added sugars; vitamins, such as B vitamins; and legal stimulants, such as guarana, a plant that grows in the Amazon; taurine, an amino acid that's naturally found in meat and fish; and L-carnitine, a substance in our bodies that helps turn fat into energy.
"Overall, the concern is that these vitamins, amino acids and herbals are often in higher concentrations than naturally in food or plants, and the effects when combined especially with caffeine may be enhanced," said Katherine Zeratsky, a clinical dietitian at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Higgins, who has led multiple studies on energy drinks and health impacts, agreed.
With the caffeine, sugar and stimulants, Higgins said that more research is needed to determine how those ingredients could interact to cause negative health effects.
Related Article: What's in your energy "They're sort of a black box. We really don't know a lot drink? about them," Higgins said of energy drinks.
"People need to be aware of that," he said. "For certain groups, it could be potentially dangerous, like for those under 18, women who are pregnant, people who have a caffeine sensitivity, people who don't consume caffeine on a regular basis and people who are taking certain medications, like Adderall for attention deficit (disorder)."
Rachel Hicks, a spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association, issued a statement from the group that said many people around the world have safely consumed energy drinks for more than 25 years.
"Many of the ingredients in energy drinks, such as B vitamins and taurine, are found naturally in many foods," the statement said.
"The fact remains that energy drinks have been extensively studied and confirmed safe for consumption by government safety authorities worldwide including a recent review by the Related Article: When energy drinks European Food Safety Authority. America's leading energy drink manufacturers voluntarily go beyond all federal contained real (radioactive) energy requirements when it comes to responsible labeling and marketing practices, including displaying total caffeine content -- from all sources -- on their packages," the statement said. "As recently as 2015, EFSA again concluded that it is unlikely that energy drink ingredients such as taurine interact adversely with, or enhance the effects of, caffeine."
Here's a look at how certain parts of your body may be affected after guzzling more than the recommended amount of energy drink, according to experts.
'Arteries of his heart were completely locked up'
After chugging an energy drink, you might notice your heart rate increase.
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Your rapidly beating heart could pose a health risk, as "energy drinks not only have been shown to raise stress levels, increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, they've also been shown to make the blood a little bit thicker," Higgins said.
The impacts that energy drinks may have on your heart and cardiovascular system could be due to how the caffeine interacts with other ingredients, such as the taurine, Higgins said.
Taurine, a common amino acid, can affect the levels of  water and minerals in your blood. Bits of guarana, the plant from the Amazon, are commonly added to energy drinks and already contain caffeine, which can increase a drink's total caffeine amount.
"There's been several cases described of people that have gone into cardiac arrest after consuming more than one Related Video: Study: Energy drinks can energy beverage, and when they've done sort of further harm teens 01:06 analysis on these individuals, they haven't been able to find anything abnormal other than the very high levels of caffeine and taurine in the toxicology," Higgins said.
"In one case, a young 28-year-old who drunk eight cans of an energy drink actually went into cardiac arrest, and they found his arteries of his heart were completely locked up. When they were able to open them up, all the testing revealed nothing wrong with this person other than he had high levels of caffeine and taurine," he said.
The possible interaction of caffeine with the other ingredients in energy drinks may impact the function of your arteries by inhibiting them from dilating properly, especially during exercise, Higgins said.
"The blood vessels in the heart during exercise have to get larger; they dilate and get larger so that more blood flow can get to the heart," he said.
A small study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association on Wednesday found that consumption of 32 ounces of an energy drink was associated with more Related Article: Can energy drinks cause changes in the heart's electrical activity and elevated blood pressure than other drinks with an equal amount of caffeine. hepatitis? But the study involved only 18 people.
"Our results should be interpreted with caution due to several limitations," the study authors wrote. "Importantly, our results only appear to be significant relative to the caffeine group, and the change from baseline post energy drinks is not alarming."
Large amounts of caffeine, however, might affect not only your body, but also your brain.
Energy drinks and the brain
Depending on how many energy drinks you consume, doses of caffeine equal to or above 200 milligrams can be linked to caffeine intoxication, according to a paper published in the International Journal of Health Sciences in
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2015. Symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, gastrointestinal irritation, muscle twitching, restlessness and periods of inexhaustibility.
"To give you an idea of products containing caffeine, Java Monster contains 100 milligrams per serving; 5 Hour Energy contains 200 milligrams per serving, and keep in mind that does not include amounts of other stimulants found in energy drinks that can enhance the effects of caffeine," said Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr, nutrition specialist and vice chairwoman in the department of nutrition at the University of California, Davis.
The US military has even warned against troops consuming too many energy drinks since doing so has been associated with sleep disruption, leading to periods of fatigue during Related Article: Can you OD on caffeine? briefings or on guard duty. Service members who drank three or more energy drinks per day were more likely to report about four hours of sleep or less, on average, per night than those who drank two or fewer a day, according to a study conducted in 2010.
The Consortium for Health and Military Performance recommends that service members, from sailors to Marines, limit their caffeine intake to no more than 200 milligrams every four hours and no more than 800 milligrams throughout the day, according to the Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center.
Some papers and research have linked energy drink consumption to an increased risk for symptoms of mental health problems. However, a review paper published in the Journal of Caffeine Research last year suggests that there is not enough evidence to determine causation or direction of Related Article: Army warns of new effect. threat: Energy drinks Now that energy drinks have grown in popularity, especially among adolescents, many health experts are concerned about the impacts they could have on young consumers.
How much 'energy' kids, adults could drink
Th copious amounts of caffeine that energy drinks tend to contain are why the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that children avoid consuming them.
For adolescents, 12 to 18, the academy recommends that they should not exceed 100 milligrams of caffeine a day, according to the CDC.
An intake of caffeine greater than 100 milligrams a day has been associated with elevated blood pressure in  adolescents, said Zidenberg-Cherr. Some 1,145 Americans ages 12 to 17 were admitted to emergency rooms for energy drink-related health
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emergencies in 2007, according to the CDC. That number climbed to 1,499 in 2011.
Related Video: Kids & Energy Drinks As for most adults, up to 400 milligrams of caffeine a day appears to be safe, according to the Mayo Clinic. 02:06 "Healthy adults who choose to drink energy drinks should not exceed one can per day," the Mayo Clinic's Zeratsky said.
Some parents and children may not even be aware of the potential health risks associated with energy drinks due to the way they are marketed, Zidenberg-Cherr said.
"There is no regulation of the marketing of energy drinks  targeted at young adults," she said. Energy drinks are popular among young athletes, especially for an extra energy boost. Yet the National Federation of State High School Associations recommends that they not be used for hydration prior to, during or after physical activity.
Related Video: Concerns over energy Furthermore, a common ingredient in energy drinks, guarana, is mentioned in the NCAA's 2016-17 banned drugs drink marketing 03:26 list, which is provided online.
Higgins, the Houston sports cardiologist, said that while shopping at a grocery store on a recent Saturday morning, he saw a woman with a 12-pack of Red Bull. Her son, who Higgins said appeared to be about 11 years old and who was wearing soccer gear, stood nearby.
They were waiting in line at a checkout counter.
"She was having a conversation, and the boy said, 'Oh, Join the conversation yeah, gee, our team will really do well today when we're having the Red Bull at the halftime.' And I was just thinking, wow, back in our day, we used to have oranges, bananas, See the latest news and share your comments water and juice, and they're doing energy drinks," Higgins with CNN Health on Facebook and Twitter. said.
"That just sort of told me, the mom obviously didn't understand that these are not like oranges or bananas or even juices," he said. "These are a completely different beast, and that's part of the confusion that people have."
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EXHIBIT 9
Table 1
# Beer Name Brewery Location Untappd Untappd Unique Untappd Beer Rate Beer Total Check Ins Check Ins Ratings Advocate Ratings Ratings Ratings 1 Bergamonster Two Roads Brewing Stratford, 2,957 2,797 2,457 88 47 2,592 Company CT 2 Brooklyn Monster Ale Brooklyn Brewery Brooklyn, N/A N/A 19,152 1,876 1567 22,595 NY 3 Dr. Frankenstone's Stone Brewing Escondido, 6,929 6,672 6,059 28 15 6,102 Monster CA 4 Fog Monster Rusty Rail Brewing Mifflinbur 7,989 7,009 6,450 37 6 6,493 Company g, PA 5 Frost Monster Captain Lawrence Elmsford, 16,447 13,776 12,440 426 119 12,985 Brewing Company NY 6 Green Monsta Wachusett Brewing Westminst 46,303 32,847 29,073 603 213 29,889 Company er, MA 7 Green Monster Deschutes Brewery Bend, OR 5,017 4,247 3,641 218 133 3,992 8 Lake Erie Monster Great Lakes Brewing Cleveland, 100,251 63,740 57,608 2,678 742 61,028 Company OH 9 Monsters' Park Modern Times Beer San Diego, 13,803 12,204 10,995 322 112 11,429 CA 1 Saaz Monster The Church Brew Pittsburgh, 2,546 2,431 2,155 16 N/A 2,171 0 Works PA 1 Schloppy Monster Rivertowne Brewing Export, PA 7,793 6,643 6,167 54 17 6,238 1 1 Sea Monster Ballast Point Brewing San Diego, 49,089 42,417 38,243 1,873 810 40,926 2 Company CA 1 The Astounding She- Spring House Brewing Lancaster, 26,568 19,891 18,191 374 93 18,658 3 Monster Mango Company PA 1 Vermonster Rock Art Brewery Morrisville 9,404 8,453 7,298 610 272 8,180 4 , VT 1 Violin Monster Arbor Brewing Ypsilanti, 9,396 7,230 6,615 117 45 6,777 5 Company MI Totals 304,492 230,357 226,544 9,320 4,191 240,055
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Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 1 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 2 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 3 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 4 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 5 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 6 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/search/all?tab=fullcatalog&text=monster&sort=most-popular&department=c0010&pagesize=96 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:19:47 GMT Page 7 of 7 Document title: Total Wine & More Stores Near You Capture URL: https://www.totalwine.com/all-stores Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 18:38:50 GMT Page 1 of 2
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Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=1&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:29:15 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=1&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:29:15 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=3&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:31:34 GMT Page 1 of 2 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=3&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:31:34 GMT Page 2 of 2 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=5&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:34:37 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=5&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:34:37 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=6&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:36:51 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=6&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:36:51 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=8&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:38:59 GMT Page 1 of 2 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=8&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:38:59 GMT Page 2 of 2 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=10&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:40:55 GMT Page 1 of 2 Document title: BeerMenus Search Results for monster Capture URL: https://www.beermenus.com/search?page=10&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:40:55 GMT Page 2 of 2
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Document title: Bergamonster - Two Roads Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/two-roads-brewing-company-bergamonster/2506067 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 12:51:05 GMT Page 1 of 2 Document title: Bergamonster - Two Roads Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/two-roads-brewing-company-bergamonster/2506067 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 12:51:05 GMT Page 2 of 2 Document title: Two Roads Brewing Company - Stratford, CT - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/TwoRoadsBrewing Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 13:14:39 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Two Roads Brewing Company - Stratford, CT - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/TwoRoadsBrewing Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 13:14:39 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Two Roads Brewing Company - Stratford, CT - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/TwoRoadsBrewing Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 13:14:39 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Bergamonster | Two Roads Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/30437/177372/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:47:59 GMT Page 1 of 6 Document title: Bergamonster | Two Roads Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/30437/177372/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:47:59 GMT Page 2 of 6 Document title: Bergamonster | Two Roads Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/30437/177372/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:47:59 GMT Page 3 of 6 Document title: Bergamonster | Two Roads Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/30437/177372/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:47:59 GMT Page 4 of 6 Document title: Bergamonster | Two Roads Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/30437/177372/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:47:59 GMT Page 5 of 6 Document title: Bergamonster | Two Roads Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/30437/177372/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:47:59 GMT Page 6 of 6 Document title: RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/reviews/two-roads-bergamonster-imperial-wheat-ale/353977/?order=RECENT Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 13:27:57 GMT Page 1 of 15
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Document title: Brooklyn Brewery - Brooklyn, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/brooklynbrewery/beer?sort=most_popular&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 14:25:26 GMT Page 1 of 6 Document title: Brooklyn Brewery - Brooklyn, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/brooklynbrewery/beer?sort=most_popular&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 14:25:26 GMT Page 2 of 6 Document title: Brooklyn Brewery - Brooklyn, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/brooklynbrewery/beer?sort=most_popular&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 14:25:26 GMT Page 3 of 6 Document title: Brooklyn Brewery - Brooklyn, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/brooklynbrewery/beer?sort=most_popular&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 14:25:26 GMT Page 4 of 6 Document title: Brooklyn Brewery - Brooklyn, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/brooklynbrewery/beer?sort=most_popular&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 14:25:26 GMT Page 5 of 6 Document title: Brooklyn Brewery - Brooklyn, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/brooklynbrewery/beer?sort=most_popular&q=monster Capture timestamp (UTC): Fri, 17 Aug 2018 14:25:26 GMT Page 6 of 6 Document title: Monster Ale | Brooklyn Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/45/2231/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:51:31 GMT Page 1 of 5 Document title: Monster Ale | Brooklyn Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/45/2231/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:51:31 GMT Page 2 of 5 Document title: Monster Ale | Brooklyn Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/45/2231/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:51:31 GMT Page 3 of 5 Document title: Monster Ale | Brooklyn Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/45/2231/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:51:31 GMT Page 4 of 5 Document title: Monster Ale | Brooklyn Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/45/2231/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 22:51:31 GMT Page 5 of 5 Document title: RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/reviews/brooklyn-monster-ale/538/?order=RECENT Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 16:54:51 GMT Page 1 of 264
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Document title: Dr. Frankenstone's Monster IPA - Stone Brewing - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/stone-brewing-dr-frankenstone-s-monster-ipa/1831635 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:17:48 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Stone Brewing - Escondido, CA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/StoneBrewing Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:25:16 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Dr. Frankenstone's Monster IPA | Stone Brewing | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/147/305709/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:33:42 GMT Page 2 of 5 Document title: Stone Dr. Frankenstone's Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/stone-dr-frankenstone-s-monster/558423/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:37:43 GMT Page 1 of 3
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Document title: Fog Monster NEIPA - Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/rusty-rail-brewing-company-fog-monster-neipa/2449883 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:46:55 GMT Page 1 of 4 Document title: Fog Monster NEIPA - Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/rusty-rail-brewing-company-fog-monster-neipa/2449883 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:46:55 GMT Page 2 of 4 Document title: Fog Monster NEIPA - Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/rusty-rail-brewing-company-fog-monster-neipa/2449883 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:46:55 GMT Page 3 of 4 Document title: Fog Monster NEIPA - Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/rusty-rail-brewing-company-fog-monster-neipa/2449883 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:46:55 GMT Page 4 of 4 Document title: Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Mifflinburg, PA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/RustyRailBrewingCompany Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:51:51 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Mifflinburg, PA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/RustyRailBrewingCompany Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:51:51 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Rusty Rail Brewing Company - Mifflinburg, PA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/RustyRailBrewingCompany Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:51:51 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Fog Monster | Rusty Rail Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/41951/321908/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:55:33 GMT Page 1 of 6 Document title: Fog Monster | Rusty Rail Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/41951/321908/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:55:33 GMT Page 2 of 6 Document title: Fog Monster | Rusty Rail Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/41951/321908/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:55:33 GMT Page 3 of 6 Document title: Fog Monster | Rusty Rail Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/41951/321908/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:55:33 GMT Page 4 of 6 Document title: Fog Monster | Rusty Rail Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/41951/321908/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:55:33 GMT Page 5 of 6 Document title: Fog Monster | Rusty Rail Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/41951/321908/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 17:55:33 GMT Page 6 of 6 Document title: Rusty Rail Fog Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/rusty-rail-fog-monster/597811 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 18:00:21 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Rusty Rail Fog Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/rusty-rail-fog-monster/597811 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 18:00:21 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Rusty Rail Fog Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/rusty-rail-fog-monster/597811 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 18:00:21 GMT Page 3 of 3
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Document title: Frost Monster - Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/captain-lawrence-brewing-company-frost-monster/274048 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:00:15 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Frost Monster - Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/captain-lawrence-brewing-company-frost-monster/274048 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:00:15 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Frost Monster - Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/captain-lawrence-brewing-company-frost-monster/274048 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:00:15 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Elmsford, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/CaptainLawrence Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:06:19 GMT Page 1 of 4 Document title: Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Elmsford, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/CaptainLawrence Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:06:19 GMT Page 2 of 4 Document title: Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Elmsford, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/CaptainLawrence Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:06:19 GMT Page 3 of 4 Document title: Captain Lawrence Brewing Company - Elmsford, NY - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/CaptainLawrence Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:06:19 GMT Page 4 of 4 Document title: Frost Monster Imperial Stout | Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/12959/88905/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:13:06 GMT Page 1 of 6 Document title: Frost Monster Imperial Stout | Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/12959/88905/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:13:06 GMT Page 2 of 6 Document title: Frost Monster Imperial Stout | Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/12959/88905/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:13:06 GMT Page 3 of 6 Document title: Frost Monster Imperial Stout | Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/12959/88905/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:13:06 GMT Page 4 of 6 Document title: Frost Monster Imperial Stout | Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/12959/88905/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:13:06 GMT Page 5 of 6 Document title: Frost Monster Imperial Stout | Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/12959/88905/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:13:06 GMT Page 6 of 6 Document title: Captain Lawrence Frost Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/captain-lawrence-frost-monster/206111/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Thu, 16 Aug 2018 22:14:09 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Captain Lawrence Frost Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/captain-lawrence-frost-monster/206111/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Thu, 16 Aug 2018 22:14:09 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Captain Lawrence Frost Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/captain-lawrence-frost-monster/206111/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Thu, 16 Aug 2018 22:14:09 GMT Page 3 of 3
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Document title: Green Monsta IPA - Wachusett Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/wachusett-brewing-company-green-monsta-ipa/39590 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:20:39 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Green Monsta IPA - Wachusett Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/wachusett-brewing-company-green-monsta-ipa/39590 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:20:39 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Green Monsta IPA - Wachusett Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/wachusett-brewing-company-green-monsta-ipa/39590 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:20:39 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Wachusett Brewing Company - Westminster, MA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/wachusettbrew Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:25:27 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Wachusett Brewing Company - Westminster, MA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/wachusettbrew Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:25:27 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Wachusett Brewing Company - Westminster, MA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/wachusettbrew Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:25:27 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Green Monsta IPA | Wachusett Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/20/66886/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:28:32 GMT Page 1 of 4 Document title: Green Monsta IPA | Wachusett Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/20/66886/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:28:32 GMT Page 2 of 4 Document title: Green Monsta IPA | Wachusett Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/20/66886/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:28:32 GMT Page 3 of 4 Document title: Green Monsta IPA | Wachusett Brewing Company | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/20/66886/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:28:32 GMT Page 4 of 4 Document title: Wachusett Green Monsta IPA • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/wachusett-green-monsta-ipa/221591/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:32:12 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Wachusett Green Monsta IPA • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/wachusett-green-monsta-ipa/221591/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:32:12 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Wachusett Green Monsta IPA • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/wachusett-green-monsta-ipa/221591/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:32:12 GMT Page 3 of 3
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Document title: Green Monster - Deschutes Brewery - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/deschutes-brewery-green-monster/18762 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:45:27 GMT Page 1 of 2 Document title: Green Monster - Deschutes Brewery - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/deschutes-brewery-green-monster/18762 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:45:27 GMT Page 2 of 2 Document title: Deschutes Brewery - Bend, OR - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/DeschutesBrewery Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:52:48 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Deschutes Brewery - Bend, OR - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/DeschutesBrewery Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:52:48 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Deschutes Brewery - Bend, OR - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/DeschutesBrewery Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:52:48 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Green Monster | Deschutes Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/63/52140/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:56:21 GMT Page 1 of 5 Document title: Green Monster | Deschutes Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/63/52140/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:56:21 GMT Page 2 of 5 Document title: Green Monster | Deschutes Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/63/52140/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:56:21 GMT Page 3 of 5 Document title: Green Monster | Deschutes Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/63/52140/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:56:21 GMT Page 4 of 5 Document title: Green Monster | Deschutes Brewery | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/63/52140/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:56:21 GMT Page 5 of 5 Document title: Deschutes Green Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/deschutes-green-monster/107003/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:59:46 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Deschutes Green Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/deschutes-green-monster/107003/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:59:46 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Deschutes Green Monster • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/deschutes-green-monster/107003/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 19:59:46 GMT Page 3 of 3
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Document title: Lake Erie Monster - Great Lakes Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/great-lakes-brewing-company-lake-erie-monster/10525 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:03:20 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Lake Erie Monster - Great Lakes Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/great-lakes-brewing-company-lake-erie-monster/10525 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:03:20 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Lake Erie Monster - Great Lakes Brewing Company - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/great-lakes-brewing-company-lake-erie-monster/10525 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:03:20 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Great Lakes Brewing Company - Cleveland, OH - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/greatlakesbrewingco Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:07:32 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Great Lakes Brewing Company - Cleveland, OH - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/greatlakesbrewingco Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:07:32 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Great Lakes Brewing Company - Cleveland, OH - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/greatlakesbrewingco Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:07:32 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Lake Erie Monster | Great Lakes Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/73/18421/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:11:03 GMT Page 1 of 5 Document title: Lake Erie Monster | Great Lakes Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/73/18421/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:11:03 GMT Page 2 of 5 Document title: Lake Erie Monster | Great Lakes Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/73/18421/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:11:03 GMT Page 3 of 5 Document title: Lake Erie Monster | Great Lakes Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/73/18421/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:11:03 GMT Page 4 of 5 Document title: Lake Erie Monster | Great Lakes Brewing Co. | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/73/18421/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:11:03 GMT Page 5 of 5 Document title: Great Lakes Lake Erie Monster Imperial IPA • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/great-lakes-lake-erie-monster-imperial-ipa/35835/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:21:34 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Great Lakes Lake Erie Monster Imperial IPA • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/great-lakes-lake-erie-monster-imperial-ipa/35835/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:21:34 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Great Lakes Lake Erie Monster Imperial IPA • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/great-lakes-lake-erie-monster-imperial-ipa/35835/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:21:34 GMT Page 3 of 3
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Document title: Monsters' Park - Modern Times Beer - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/modern-times-beer-monsters-park/580748 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:24:51 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Monsters' Park - Modern Times Beer - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/modern-times-beer-monsters-park/580748 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:24:51 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Monsters' Park - Modern Times Beer - Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/b/modern-times-beer-monsters-park/580748 Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:24:51 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Modern Times Beer - San Diego, CA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/ModernTimesBeer Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:28:44 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Modern Times Beer - San Diego, CA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/ModernTimesBeer Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:28:44 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Modern Times Beer - San Diego, CA - Beers and Ratings | Untappd Capture URL: https://untappd.com/ModernTimesBeer Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:28:44 GMT Page 3 of 3 Document title: Monsters' Park | Modern Times Beer | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/31987/114926/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:33:17 GMT Page 1 of 5 Document title: Monsters' Park | Modern Times Beer | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/31987/114926/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:33:17 GMT Page 2 of 5 Document title: Monsters' Park | Modern Times Beer | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/31987/114926/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:33:17 GMT Page 3 of 5 Document title: Monsters' Park | Modern Times Beer | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/31987/114926/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:33:17 GMT Page 4 of 5 Document title: Monsters' Park | Modern Times Beer | BeerAdvocate Capture URL: https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/31987/114926/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:33:17 GMT Page 5 of 5 Document title: Modern Times Monsters' Park • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/modern-times-monsters-park/257537/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:36:29 GMT Page 1 of 3 Document title: Modern Times Monsters' Park • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/modern-times-monsters-park/257537/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:36:29 GMT Page 2 of 3 Document title: Modern Times Monsters' Park • RateBeer Capture URL: https://www.ratebeer.com/beer/modern-times-monsters-park/257537/ Capture timestamp (UTC): Wed, 15 Aug 2018 20:36:29 GMT Page 3 of 3