Philia 4 (2018) 55–66

Hale GÜNEY

New Epigraphic Documents from Northeast Phrygia

Abstract: This paper presents the initial results of an epigraphic survey carried out in 2015 in northeast Phrygia, today encompassing Mihalıççık County located between the Sakarya (San- garios) river to the north and the Porsuk (Tembris) river to the south. The paper focuses on nine new inscriptions attested as spolia in Çalçı, Çardak, Dinek, İkizafer, Kızılbörüklü, Kozlu, Otluk and Yalımkaya villages and their vicinities, all located in Mihalıççık County in Eskişehir pro- vince today. All of these inscriptions contain information relating to the inhabitants as well as land-ownership in the region of northeast Phrygia. The paper begins by laying out the historical geography of the survey area, and then it presents a catalogue of the inscriptions with commen- taries. Keywords: Mihalıççık; Considiana; imperial estate; funerary inscriptions; imperial fre- edmen; veterans.

I. Introduction An epigraphic survey, conducted in northeast Phrygia since 2014, has revealed fifty new inscriptions, most of which date to the second and third centuries AD. These inscriptions not only offer some new information about the cultural and social status of the inhabitants of this area, but also provide evidence for the existence of Galatian and Thracian names, the cult of Zeus Sarnendenos and Zeus Akreinenos, as well as local stonemasonry in northeast Phrygia.1 Ten of the fifty inscriptions found in the 2014 survey came from a necropolis situated close to a limestone quarry at Çalçak, a site 4 km distant from Dinek village in Mihalıççık.2 The first surveyed area is Mihalıççık in modern , a county located 90 km to the north-east of Eskişehir (figure 1). This county, roughly situated to the northeast of the ancient city of Dorylaion (modern Eskişehir) and Midaion, between the Tembris river (Porsuk) to the south and the Sangarios (Sakarya) river to the north in antiquity, was part of northwest neighbouring and Asia.

 Dr. Hale Güney, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cologne, Institute of Historical Studies - Ancient History, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, D – 50923 Cologne ([email protected]). Eskişehir Province Mihalıççık , , Çifteler, and Counties Epigraphic Survey Project was approved by the Turkish Ministry for Culture and Tourism. The 2015 survey was assisted by Yılmaz Ergi, representing the Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s Department of Cultural Affairs and Museums, which kindly provided permission for this survey. The 2015 survey staff consisted of Hale Güney (project director) Er- man Yanık (research assistant), Murat Dirican (specialist in archaeometry) and Süleyman Güney (driver and guide). I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Ministry and to its representative Yılmaz Ergi for their in- terest and contribution to the season’s successful outcome. I am grateful to Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Stiftung and the University of Cologne for hosting me and providing me a fellowship to prepare the inscriptions for publication. I would like to thank Erman Yanık for all his help in recording inscriptions and Murat Dirican for his help in archaeometry during the survey. I thank the local people in Çalçı, Çardak, Dinek, İkizafer, Kızılbörüklü, Kozlu, Otluk and Yalımkaya villages for their help. I am much obliged to Mustafa Adak, Walter Ameling, Cilliers Breytenbach, Thomas Corsten, Konrad Stauner and Peter Thonemann for their helpful comments. Without their help, the publication of this work would not have been possible. This article is dedicated to the 70th birthday of Stephen Mitchell, who has been external supervisor for this project since 2014. 1 Güney 2016, 125–139. 2 Güney 2016, 125–139. 56 Hale Güney

The question of which city or estate the first survey area (Mihalıççık County) belongs to is an important issue, as none of the inscriptions found so far bear a place name, such as that of an estate or city.3 It can be suggested that some part of the area of discovery in Mihalıççık seems to have been a part of the Choria Considiana, which covers the fertile land in northeast Phrygia.4 The Choria Considiana, an estate originally owned by a family of Italian origin which passed into imperial hands, is named in a single inscription previously found in Yukarı İğde Ağaç in Beylikova County, to the south of Mihalıççık County.5 The inscription records the erection of a temple and statues dedicated by Eutyches, oikonomos of the Choria Considiana under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus between AD 177–180: «Eutyches, the bailiff of the two Augusti of the Considian estate, with his sons the slaves Faustinus and Neikerotianos, constructed the temple with the statues, when the most powerful procurator, Claudius Valerianus, was priest».6 An inscription also found in Yukarı İğde Ağaç bears traces of a vow made to Zeus by priests and priestesses on behalf of seven villages within the same imperial estate, all of whose inhabitants worshipped Zeus as their deity.7 The Choria Considiana, which included the majority of Mihalıççık and Beylikova Counties, was roughly located to the south of Sarıyar Dam, to the north of Sivrihisar County and to the east of Alpu and Mahmudiye Counties in Eskişehir province.8 After 25 BC and the creation of the imperial province of Galatia by , the border between the provinces of Asia and Galatia ran through this region, Akkilaion (perhaps located near Alpu) being the easternmost city of the province of Asia. The Sangarius River separated the area from Bithynia, and the closest city was , on the Bithynian-Galatian border. The villages of Babadat, Mülk and Nasreddin Hoca, which are east of modern Sivrihisar, formed the northwestern part of the territory of , which was in Galatia.9 A later account, Theodore of Sykeon in the 7th century, implies that the territory of Juliopolis was expanding towards Akreina (modern İkizafer?) located in Mihalıççık County.10 An epigraphic analysis made by Mitchell, however, shows that the ancient villages of Akreina (Ikizafer/Ikikilise?) and Phyle (Beyköy) were apparently part of another estate, belonging to the Roman senatorial family of the Plancii, which was situated to the east of the Choria Considiana during the Roman Imperial period.11 Both estates were in the neighbourhood of the small cities of Akkilaion, and Colonia Germa, as well as Juliopolis. This paper focuses on nine new inscriptions attested as spolia in Çalçı, Çardak, Dinek, İkizafer, Kızılbörüklü, Kozlu, Otluk and Yalımkaya villages and their vicinities, located in Mihalıççık County. The inscriptions found in Çalçı (no. 3) and Otluk (no. 9) shed some light on land-ownership in the region. Inscription no. 9 indicates the existence of another estate belonging to a veteran and his son around Otluk village. It seems likely that Otluk village and surroundings was not a part of the Choria Considiana. This division geographically makes sense, as the existence of a vast mountainous area called Sündiken Mountain (Kızıl Tepe 1818 m, Kartal Tepe 1754 m) divides the land dramatically to the north. It made villages located on the two sides of the mountain range less connected. Inscription no. 3, found outside Çalçı village, provides the name of an imperial freedwoman, Ailia Sisa. Along with other attestations centered around Beylikova county, it can be tentatively suggested that Çalçı village to the north, 35 kms away from Yukarı İğde Ağaç village, was also part of the Choria Considiana. It is

3 Only the names of few local communities and villages are known from the inscriptions found in our area. 4 RECAM 34; Talbert 2000, Phrygia, Map 62. http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/609442 (access date: 15.07.2018). 5 RECAM II 34; cf. SEG 32, 1263. 6 RECAM II, 34. 7 RECAM II, 37. 8 Talbert 2000, Phrygia, Map 62. http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/609442 (access date: 15.07.2018). 9 Mitchell 1974, 27–39; Niewöhner et al. 2013, 104. 10 Vita Theodore of Sykeon I 79. 11 Belke 1984, 120; 175–6; 215; Mitchell 1974, 27–39. New Epigraphic Documents from Northeast Phrygia 57 hoped that the new material which will be obtained during the next seasons can help shed more light on the landownership pattern in the region.

II. Catalogue Cat. No. 1 Inv. No. 25 H-W: 0.12 X 0.75 m L: 3 cm. Findspot: in a courtyard of an abandoned house in Dinek village. Description: Grey marble pillar reused, bearing letters arranged in two groups, to the left and right of a vertical bar in projecting relief (perhaps the lower part of a cross or a doorstone). Text: ΚΑΤΜ | ΕΙΝ Commentary: The line may contain a name, Katmenios, attested in a funerary inscription from Amorion.12

Cat. No. 2 Inv. No. 47 H-W: 0.42 X 0.48 m T: 0.11 m L: 2 cm. Findspot: used as a step of a stair in Çardak village. Description: Grey marble stele broken at the top and bottom. Text: Μ̣άνης ἄλυπ̣ε̣ ἥ̣ρ- 2 ω̣ς χαῖρε· ἐκόσμησε τὸν τάφον Δαδα ἡ αὐ- 4 τοῦ σύ̣[νβιος μνήμης] [ἕ]νεκεν. Translation: Manes, without grief, hero, farewell. Dada adorned the tomb for his husband, in memory. Commentary: Dada13 and Manes are common Phrygian names attested in our survey area.14 Massive architectural elements belonging to a building and stelae dated to the Roman period are also attested in this area and in a village cemetery in Çardak.15 Theodore of Sykeon in the 7th century mentions a village called Pidron quite close to Akreina (İkizafer?).16 Based on his account, Anderson suggests that Çardak, located 10 kms west of İkizafer, could be Pidron.17

Cat. No. 3 Inv. No. 23 H-W: 0.23 X 0.54 m L: 3 cm. Findspot: in a field outside Çalçı village. Description: Crystallized limestone pillar stele, broken at the top and bottom; letters barely visible.

12 Waelkens 1986, no. 540; LGPN Vc, p. 215. 13 Zgusta 1964, 139, no. 244–1; RECAM II 23, 29, 33; LGPN Vc, p. 104. 14 RECAM II, 2–3, 5–8 and 10; LGPN Vc, p. 260–262. 15 Cf. Anderson 1899, 73f. 16 Vita Theodore of Sykeon I 79. 17 Anderson 1899, 73–74. 58 Hale Güney

Text: Αἰ(λία) Σισα καὶ τὰ 2 τέκνα αὐ- τῆς [Λ]αου- 4 ᾳ̣ πατ[ρὶ] ἡμ[ῶν] μνήμης 6 χάριν. Translation: Ai(lia) Sisa and her children for Laouas, our father, in memory. Commentary: The inscription was found in a place called Arılık outside Çalçı village. Pillar stelai are not a common form for funerary monuments, although two other ex- amples of pillar stelai have been attested in our survey area.18 This is the second attestation of the name Laouas in our survey area.19 Sisa is a common name attested in the region.20 The Roman gentilicium Ailia/Ailius indicates imperial freedmen; the name is previously attested in our survey area as it was apparently part of an imperial estate, the Choria Considiana.21

Cat. No. 4 (Figure 2) Inv. No. 38 H-W: 0.47 X 0.54 m L: 2 cm. Findspot: under the wooden door of a private house in Kozlu village. Description: Grey marble stele bearing a funerary inscription. Only the left of the inscription is preserved; the upper side and the right side are missing. The bottom is not preserved, but it seems that we can see the traces of the last line. Text: [ ] Σεμνῇ ΟΥII[ ] 2 ΕΠΕΝ εὔχομα[ι ] καὶ Μάξιμᾳ καὶ [ ]- 4 οντι καὶ Σεμνῇ καὶ [Οὐά]- λεντι καὶ ΙΡ γιαν 6 εἶχεν παρὰ Σεμ[νῆς] ΝΤΗΝΟΥ [ ... ] 8 [------]NA [------]NΜΝΙΙ 10 [- - - -]ΗΝΕΜΕ[ ... ] [ ... ] l. 3–4: Αὐξάν|οντι?

18 Güney 2016, 134–135, no. 7; Güney [forthcoming], no. 4. 19 In Yukarı Dudaş: RECAM II 44; LGPN Vc, p. 243. 20 RECAM II 334, 379, 394; LGPN Vc, p. 391. 21 Aşağı İğde Ağaç: RECAM 22; Yukarı İğde Ağaç: RECAM 35; Sarıyar: RECAM 153; Kızılbörüklü: RECAM 62. New Epigraphic Documents from Northeast Phrygia 59

Translation: …for Semne …, I pray, for so and so, Maxima, Auxanon (?), Semne, Valens and so and so, by Semne who had… Commentary: This inscription was found in the village along with votive inscriptions to Zeus Akreinenos; both were in secondary use. Semne is a Greek name also attested in Galatia.22 Maxima is a common Latin name attested in Phrygia.23 Valens is another Latin name which can be found in the region.24

Cat. No. 5 Inv. No. 40 H-W: 0.38 X 0.24 m T: 0.22 m L: 2–3 cm. Findspot: found in a field, currently in a private depot in İkizafer village. Description: Limestone fragment bearing three lines of an inscription. Broken on all sides. Text: [ ] ὡς ἐσορᾷς (staurogram) Θ̣[ ] 2 [ τολ]μήσῃ θύσησ[θαι ? ] [ ].θηισεσθο[ ] l. 1: last letter either theta or epsilon; ὡς ἐσορᾷς is dactylic, and suggests this may have been a verse inscription. l. 3: traces of a vertical bar before the first theta. Translation: … as you see … dares to sacrifice ? … Commentary: The use of the staurogram dates back to the beginning of the second century AD.25 Therefore, the letter forms and the existence of staurogram of this fragment may well be an indication of an early Christian epitaph dated to the pre-Constantinian period.26 Anderson observed the traces of Akreina, an ancient village, above İkizafer village located only a few kms east of Kozlu village.27 According to Theodore of Sykeon, there was an oratory dedicated to the archangel Michael in Akreina.28 Re-used funerary monuments with Latin crosses and other marble blocks were observed by our team in the village.

Cat. No. 6 (Figure 3) Inv. No. 49 H-W: 0.41 X 1.42 m T: 0.11 m L: 3 cm. Findspot: in front of Tekke, Kızılbörüklü village. Description: Grey marble stele with mouldings at the top and bottom; basket, comb and an object (brush?) in pediment, wreath in the middle of stele, pellet in the middle of crown, broken at the top and bottom. Text:

22 RECAM II 248; LGPN Vc, p. 386. 23 MAMA V 234; LGPN Vc, p. 263. 24 RECAM II 179, 398; MAMA VII 242, 521. 25 Breytenbach – Zimmermann 2017, 15; cf. Sironen 2018, 201–216. 26 See discussion in Breytenbach – Zimmermann 2017, 13–20. The large number of pre-Constantinian Christian inscriptions was attested in Phrygia. In the region under consideration, however, no such inscriptions are known so far. This fragment may provide us the first example, cf. Güney 2018, 109–110. 27 Anderson 1899, 73–74. 28 Vita Theodore of Sykeon I 79. 60 Hale Güney

ἐτείμησαν Δα- 2 δαν Μανία θυ- γάτηρ ---O---- 4 [ἐκ] τῶ̣ν ἰδί[ω]ν μ̣- νήμης χάριν. Translation: Mania, daughter, [and so and so] honoured Dada for the sake of memory. Commentary: The letters were intentionally erased, because the place is believed to be a Muslim cemetery with old graves. The use of older necropoleis by later Turcoman communities is due to the easy availability of stone there and it is therefore frequently attested in the region.29 A similar form of stele, with the same wreat, is attested in another village, few kms west of Kızılbörüklü.30 Dada is a common Lallname in the region.31 Mania, a Latin female name, is attested in Asia Minor, especially in Phrygia and Galatia.32

Cat. No. 7 Inv. No. 51 H-W: 0.26 X 0.67 m T: 0.17 m L: 3 cm. Findspot: in a field in Bahçekuyu, Yalımkaya village. Description: Grey limestone stele broken into two pieces and broken at the top, bottom and left. Text: [ἐτείμ]η͜σαν Ἀππ- 2 [αν ] Πάπιος, Τ.- [ ]Ξ̣ σύνβιος 4 [ Δο]β̣ηδω̣ν Πα- [πιος καὶ] Λαλα μν͜ ήμη[ς] 6 [χά]ριν. Translation: Papios, so and so, Dobedon, husband, Papios and Lala honoured Appa, in memory. Commentary: If the restoration of the first two letters is correct, Dobedon is a Galatian name attested in our survey area.33 Papios is a common name attested in Phrygia and Galatia.34 Appa and Lala are frequently attested «Lallnamen».35

Cat. No. 8 (Figure 4) Inv. No. 29 H-W: 0.64 X 1.20 m L: 2.3 cm. Findspot: in a courtyard of a house in Otluk village.

29 Sivas-Sivas 2004, 107. 30 RECAM II, 49. 31 Zgusta 1964, 139, no. 244–1; RECAM II 23, 29, 33; LGPN Vc, p. 104. 32 Zgusta 1964, 293–94, no. 865–1; in Galatia: RECAM II 59, 100, 132, 309; Güney 2016, 131; LGPN Vc, p. 262. 33 RECAM II, 105; LGPN Vc, p. 124. 34 IK Pessinous 175; LGPN Vc, p. 348. 35 Appa: Zgusta 1964, 73, no. 66–12; MAMA VII 170, 264 353, RECAM II 51 and 299, LGPN Vc, p. 46-47; Lala: Zgusta 1964, 265, no. 790–1; RECAM II 23, 28, 71, 318, 368; LGPN Vc, p. 242. New Epigraphic Documents from Northeast Phrygia 61

Description: Grey marble stele broken top and bottom; a woman, man and two children wearing the himation are depicted along with a dog (?). Below the inscription, a chalice, a mirror, a comb and a reaping hook. Text: Πολύκαρπος ἀνέ<σ>τησεν ζῶ- 2 ν καὶ φρονῶν [στή]λην Παπᾳ ζή- σαντι ἔτη εἴκοσι πέντε, συ̣νετ- 4 είμ<η>σεν ἡ ν[ύμ]φη Ολυπιάς. l. 1: ἀνέτησεν in lapis. This form can be seen in Pes- sinous36, Akmonia37 and Anzoulada in Lycaonia.38 l. 2: After ζῶν καὶ φρονῶν, one might expect ἑαυτῷ. l. 3–4: συνετ|είμσεν in lapis; συντιμάω is rarely used in inscriptions.39 l. 4: Ολυ<μ>πιάς. Translation: Polykarpos while living and in his right mind, erected the stele for Papas who lived 25 years. Oly(m)pias, his daughter-in-law, joined in honouring him. Commentary: Polykarpos is attested in Phrygia and Galatia.40 Papas is also a well known Lallname, attested in the region.41 Olypias42 in line 4 which was also found as a female name in Cyprus and Macedonia must be Olympias since –m often drops due to nasalised pronunciation.43 The two other letters were omitted by the engraver in lines 1 and 4. The provenance of this stele must have been Köçekkıran and Darboğaz outside Otluk village, where a necropolis was located. This kind of funerary monument is not common in our survey area, but it can be found in the upper Tembris valley in Phrygia.44

Cat. No. 9 (Figure 5) Inv. No. 31 H-W: 0.47 X 92 m T: 0.15 m L: 2 cm. Findspot: used as a step in house entrance in Yumaklıca, Otluk village. Cf. no. 8 for the possible provenance. Description: Grey marble stele with moulding and a wreath on the top, pellet in the middle of wreath, decorated with leaves on the right and left side, broken at the top and bottom. Text: Μνήμης χάριν· 2 [Τί]τος Φλάϊος Κλήμης καὶ Κλημεντεῖνα ἐτείμησαν 4 τὸν πατέρα ἴδιον Τῖτον

36 IK Pessinous 67, 69. 37 MAMA VI 151. 38 MAMA VIII 288. 39 See, TAM V 190 (Saittai): συντειμησάντων τὴν μητέραν Ἰουλια νοῦ καὶ Ἀπολλωνίδου τὴν μάμ μην καὶ Ἀμμίου τῆς θυγατρός. 40 MAMA VII 181; LGPN Vc, p. 362. 41 RECAM II 240; MAMA VII 243, 389, 433, 445, 450, 467, 468, 477, 505, 531; LGPN Vc, p. 344-346. 42 SEG 20, 297; EAM 123; as male name in Cilicia SEG 37, 1291. 43 Olympias is a common name attested in Phrygia, Galatia and Asia Minor, in general. RECAM II 372; Waelkens 1986, 621; LGPN Vc, p. 325-326. 44 Masséglia 2013, 100–101, 106, 111, 117–119. 62 Hale Güney

[Φλ]άϊον Κλήμεντα οὐετρα- 6 νὸν ἐστρατευμένον [λε]γιωνά(ριον) ἔνι σπείρῃ 8 [τ]ε̣τάρτῃ Ῥητωρῶν· ἀπηρτισμένα καὶ τὰ 10 γεγραμένα ἀγάλματα τοῦ Ὀφιλίου Ῥούφου τοῦ 12 [ἐ]πιτρόπου τοῦ παῖ[δος] [Τί]του Φλαίου Κλήμε[ν]- [τος]. l. 2: Φλάϊος = Φλάουιος.45 l. 7: σπεῖρα=cohors.46 l. 9: ἀπαρτίζω: complete.47 l. 12: παῖς = υἱός. Translation: In memory. Titus Flavius Clemens and Clementina honoured their own father Titus Flavius Clemens, a veteran who has served as legionarius in Cohors IIII Raetorum. Ophilius Rufus, overseer of his son, Titus Flavius Clemens, carved and completed the statues. Commentary: It seems that the veteran Flavius Clemens and his son owned an estate in the region because a steward (ἐπίτροπος) of the latter is mentioned in line 12. This could be an indication of the northwestern border of the Choria Considiana. A freedmen family with the same nomen gentile emerged in our survey area.48 The deceased veteran, his son and daughter bear the Latin cognomem Clemens. This has not to mean that they were of Italian origin. Clemens was widely used among the provincials in Phrygia and Galatia.49 Titus Flavius Clemens served in Cohors IIII Raetorum equitata. The name of this cohors occurs as σπεῖρα δʹ Ῥετῶν in an epithaph from Side.50 Cohors IIII Raetorum equitata belonged to the army of Moesia superior until the early second c. AD.51 Emperor Trajan integrated this unit into the expedition- ary forces for the Parthian war.52 After the war, the cohors remained in Cappadocia. The cohors was un- der Arrian’s command in c. AD 135.53 There is no clue in the inscription providing where Titus Flavius Clemens was stationed or when he joined the cohors. The inscription mentions him as legionarius. If this is taken literally, he may have been transferred from any legion to this auxiliary unit any time (prior or after an expedition).54 Another

45 See, Gignac 1976, I 232; IK Klaudiupolis, no. 137. 46 Mason 1974, 85. 47 For this verb used in veteran epitaph found in Lycaonia: Sterrett 1888, 171, 280. 48 Flavius Euodos and Flavia Epigone in Çalçak Roman necropolis which is located 45 kms east of Otluk village where no 9. was found. Güney 2016, 130–131, no. 1. 49 For the evidence see LGPN Vc, p. 223; For the Latin name Ophilius attested as Ophellios in Galatia and Phrygia see: LGPN Vc, p. 341. 50 I.Side II, no. 219; cf. Spaul 2000, 282. 51 Spaul 2000, 282; Speidel 2009, 619. 52 It is known by a new military diploma of AD 115, Eck– Pangerl 2005, 49–67. 53 It was also listed in the Notitia Dignitatum; Speidel 2009, 619. 54 cf. RMR 64 col. II 13–21: legionaries transferred from the legio II Traiana to the cohors I praetoria Lu- sitanorum. New Epigraphic Documents from Northeast Phrygia 63 possibility may also be that his relatives were just ignorant of his correct title. If they used legionarius instead of miles, then he was not transferred from a legion. The inscription mentions Ophilius Rufus who carved and completed the statues. Our team discovered a marble quarry, just outside Otluk village, where traces of extraction can be seen clearly.55 The marble used in this epitaph and some others found nearby had presumably been extracted from the quarry in close proximity to the site. Yet, a provenance analysis is needed for certainty.

Abbreviated Literature Anderson 1899 J. G. C. Anderson, Exploration in Galatia cis Halym, JHS 19, 1899, 52– 134. Belke 1984 K. Belke, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 4: Galatien und Lykaonien, Vienna 1984. Breytenbach – Zimmermann C. Breytenbach – C. Zimmermann, Early Christianity in Lycaonia and Ad- 2017 jacent Areas. From Paul to Amphilochius of Iconium, Leiden 2017. EAM T. Rizakes – G. Touratsoglou (eds.), Epigraphes Anō Makedonias (Elimeia, Eordaia, Notia Lynkēstis, Orestis). Tomos A', Katalogos epigraphōn, Athens 1985. Eck – Pangerl 2005 W. Eck – A. Pangerl, Traians Heer im Partherkrieg. Zu einem neuen Diplom aus dem Jahre 115, Chiron 35, 2005, 49–67. Gignac 1976 Th. Gignac, A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods I, Milan 1976. Güney 2016 H. Güney, New Inscriptions from the Choria Considiana I: Çalçak Roman Necropolis, Anatolian Studies 66, 2016, 125–139. Güney 2018 H. Güney, New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The Cult of Hosios and Dikaios, Gephyra 15, 101–117. Güney (forthcoming) H. Güney, New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia, Epigraphica Anatolica [2018]. IK Klaudiupolis F. Becker-Bertau (ed.), Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 31: Die Inschriften von Klaudiu Polis, Bonn 1986. IK Pessinous J. Strubbe (ed.), Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 66: The Inscriptions of Pessinous, Bonn 2005. LGPN Vc J.-S. Balzat – R. W. V. Catling – É. Chiricat – T. Corsten (eds.), A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Inland Asia Minor, volume V.C, Oxford 2018. MAMA V C. W. M. Cox – A. Cameron (eds.), Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua V: Monuments from and Nacolea, Manchester 1937. MAMA VI W. H. Buckler – W. M. Calder (eds.), Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua VI: Monuments and Documents from Phrygia and Caria, Manchester 1939. MAMA VII W. M. Calder (ed.), Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua VII: Monuments from Eastern Phrygia, Manchester 1956. MAMA VIII W. M. Calder – J. Maxwell Ross Cormack (eds.), Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua VIII: Monuments from Lycaonia, the Pisido-Phrygian Borderland, , Manchester 1962. Mason 1974 H. J. Mason, Greek terms for Roman institutions: a lexicon and analysis, Toronto 1974. Masséglia 2013 J. Masséglia, Phrygians in relief: trends in self-representation, in: P. Tho- nemann (ed.), Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society, Oxford 2013, 95–123. Mitchell 1974 S. Mitchell, The Plancii in Asia Minor, JRS 64, 1974, 27–39. Niewöhner et al. 2013 P. Niewöhner – G. Dikilitaş – E. Erkul et al., Bronze Age höyüks, Iron Age hilltop forts, Roman poleis and Byzantine pilgrimage in Germia and its

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Özet Kuzeydoğu Phrygia’dan Yeni Yazıtlar Bu çalışmada kuzeydoğu Phrygia’da, kuzeyde Sakarya (Sangarios) nehri güneyde ise Porsuk (Tembris) nehri arasında yer alan bugün Eskişehir İli’ne bağlı Mihalıççık İlçesi’nde 2015 yılında yürütülen epigra- fik yüzey araştırmasında keşfedilen dokuz yeni yazıt incelenmektedir. Bu yazıtlar devşirme malzeme olarak Mihalıççık İlçesi’ndeki Çalçı, Çardak, Dinek, İkizafer, Kızılbörüklü, Kozlu, Otluk ve Yalımkaya köyleri ve çevrelerinde tespit edilmiştir. Bütün bu yazıtlar kuzeydoğu Phrygia’da yaşayan halka ilişkin bilgiler sunmakla beraber bölgedeki toprak mülkiyeti konusunda da fikir vermektedir. Çalışma, araştır- ma bölgesinin tarihsel coğrafyasını içeren kısa bir giriş bölümüyle başlamakta ve ardından yazıtların in- celendiği bir katalog bölümüyle son bulmaktadır. Yazıtların çevirileri şöyledir: No. 2. «Keder çekmeksizin, kahraman Manes, elveda. Eşi Dada bu mezarı anısı vesilesiyle düzenledi». No. 3: «Ai(lia) Sisa ve kendi çocukları babamız Laouas’ın anısı vesilesiyle (yaptırdık)». No. 4: «… Semne için …, yakarıyorum, filanca için, Maxima, Auxanon (?), Semne, Valens ve filanca, … sahip olan Semne tarafından …» No. 5: «… gördüğün gibi … (her kim) kurban etmeye cesaret ederse ? …» No. 6: «Kızı Mania ve filanca Dada’yı anısı uğruna onurlandırdılar». No. 7: «Papios, filanca, eşi Dobedon, Papios ve Lala Appa’yı anısı vesilesiyle onurlandırdılar». No. 8: «Polykarpos yaşarken ve aklı salimken bu steli 25 yıl yaşayan Papas için diktirdi. Gelini Oly(m)- New Epigraphic Documents from Northeast Phrygia 65 pias, onu onurlandırmaya katıldı». No. 9: «Anısı hoş olsun. Titus Flavius Clemens ve Clementina kendi babaları Cohors IIII Raetorum’da lejyoner olarak görev yapmış olan veteran Titus Flavius Clemens’i onurlandırdılar. Oğlu Titus Flavius Clemens’in çitflik kahyası Ophilius Rufus heykellerini oydu ve tamamladı». Anahtar Sözcükler: Mihalıççık; Choria Considiana; İmparator arazileri; Mezar yazıtları; İmparator azat- lıları; Emekli asker.

Fig. 1. Map of the survey region (Ertunç Denktaş).

66 Hale Güney

Fig. 2. Inscription no. 4. Fig. 3. Inscription no. 6.

Fig. 4. Inscription no. 8. Fig. 5. Inscription no. 9.