Southern California Medicine

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MEDICINE

By JOHN W. SHUMAN, M.D.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

Part II*

Mexican Medicine in California A Politician, Manuel de Alva, m.d.23 (1822-48) When Richard Den first came to the When Spain lost California to Mex province of California, already twenty- ico, that was the twilight of her rule. one years of Mexican-Golden Bear Nevertheless, many Spaniards re medicine had been practiced; and he mained, as did their customs, language was not here long before he knew the and medical practices. Most medical records of those Mexican surgeon-gen historians refer to this quarter of a cen erals. While they may not have been tury as an era of standstill. This is medical giants, some of them deserve wrong, because time did not stand still; more than mere mention. gestation of the Golden Bear Republic Doctor Don Manuel Alva was the took place, ending with its birth and fourth milestone in California medi adoption; and immigration was taking cine, but not so lasting as some of the place rapidly, bringing with it Gringo others. He came to Monterey with Gov or foreign medicine. ernor Figueroa; the latter introduced It is noteworthy that of three doctors printing in California. When this gov who made history during that epoch, ernor died (1835), Doctor Alva was two were foreigners; Bale and Den. chosen to embalm the remains for re Den became the nestor Gringo because turn to Mexico. Alva either used too he was the first foreigner to come here much, too little, or an inferior brand with a bona fide diploma and to con of arsenic because when the coffin was tinue in practice. He raised the stand opened ten years later, there was not a ard of regular medicine and held it so vestige of the gubernatorial remains. until he died, a period of over fifty This surgeon was a politician and years. Commentators state that “Den politics have been the downfall of many never took out naturalization papers”— a good doctor. With a few Mexicans, he adopted the Golden State. he revolted against Governor Alvarado. The following served as surgeon-gen As a consequence, he was arrested and erals in the Mexican period: confined in the San Miguel jail. Not J. Evan Perez de Leon, m.d...... 1829-30 long afterwards he escaped and joined Manuel de Alva, m.d...... 1831-40 the guerrilla band of Carillo. Later he Manuel Crespo (phlebotomist)...... 1832 Edward T. Bale, m.d...... 1840-43 was captured and this time secured a Faustino Moro, m.d. (hospital pardon upon his oath not to meddle director) ...... 1844-64 with politics again. History states that Richard S. Den, m.d...... 1846-48 he learned his lesson. * Part I appeared in the May, 1938, issue of Annals of Medical History, n.s., vol. 10, p. 215. Shortly after these events, Alva efficient services, in the absence of able turned from Catholicism to “free think competition, that either the Governor ing.” It was not long until he suffered or historians promoted him to the rank a severe illness, and after his recovery of surgeon-general. he became ultra-religious. This resulted Edward Bale, the fifth California in his being relieved from duty by the medical milestone, was a colorful char Governor and returned to Mexico, acter and in his short life in California where all government employees were made several pages of history. Bale was deported when they became demented. a young man when he arrived from There was no doctor in Los Angeles England, and soon became the first in 1831, the year in which Governor Gringo-Mexican surgeon-general. But, Victoria was severely wounded in a as it often happens, too much success duel. A visiting English surgeon, name when one is very young often turns the not recorded, saved his Honor’s life by head. It was stated, in brief, that Doc operating upon him in the San Gabriel tor Bale was well educated but quar infirmary. relsome, a reputation which he began Alfred Robinson gives an accurate to earn soon after assuming office. picture of the type of doctoring the Immediately after his arrival, he palefaces received during those two wooed and won Maria Ignacia So- decades, w’hen every foreigner was sup beranes, who was the favorite niece of posed to know something of medicine. General Salvatore Vallejo—and thereby One night Robinson was called to see hangs a tale. It was through his wife’s a neighbor woman, who was suffering uncle that Edward secured his appoint from stomach ache. He gave her a few ment as the surgeon; and the General, drops of laudanum which quieted her who did nothing by halves, gave them pains, and he was hailed “a medico”! as a wedding present a large tract of Robinson, to illustrate how easy it land in the Napa Valley, called the was for a layman to become a doctor Camo Humana (human meat). Bale in those early days, wrote of an Ameri secured his naturalization papers in can sailor who deserted a whaling vessel 1841, and soon after rented space for and began practicing in Santa Barbara. an apothecary shop in Monterey from This tar’s efforts were soon crowned the United States consul, Thomas Oli with success among the ignorant ver Larkin. It was not long, however, classes, because folks said his remedies until this little drugstore became a performed such marvellous cures. grog-shop and the doctor ran afoul of These happenings occurred during the law. Evidently he was either cut the time when the advance guard of ting prices or “spirits.” As a result, that mighty emigration of American Doctor Bale retired to the ranch. settlers began arriving in the southwest, In due time the courtly old General overwhelming and taking possession of decided to pay a visit to his niece and the Golden State. her husband. The doctor became so violently enraged at the attentions paid A Duelist, Edward T. Bale, m.d.24 his wife by her uncle that he challenged Don Manuel Crespo was the regi him to a duel with swords. This was a mental phlebotomist of the army of oc serious error because the old Don was cupation. As there was no regimental a master swordsman, and so thoroughly surgeon, he must have rendered such did he thrash the doctor, with the flat of his sword, that Bale tried to shoot faith, strength) and they did not blem him. The medico was arrested, jailed ish their escutcheon. Nicholas, born in and nearly hanged. The benevolent 1812 and therefore nine years Rich General Vallejo, because of his niece, ard’s senior, came to America directly secured Bale’s pardon. The doctor then after graduating from the Dublin medi went into the lumber business, made cal college to establish himself, but he some money and died in 1851. was sidetracked into stock-raising. Not Faustino Moro, who followed Ed long after Nicholas arrived in the land ward Bale as surgeon-general, arrived of the redskins and padres, he wrote with Governor Micheltorena in Feb home that there were rare opportuni ruary, 1844. He acquired the title of ties here to practice medicine for the “Director of Hospitals” as the result lad who had the nerve to come. He so of handling the 1844 smallpox epi stimulated Richard that the lad began demic and planning the first California studying medicine in the same college public hospital in May of that year. from which his brother had graduated. This hospital was erected on the out The Dublin Medical College was es skirts of Monterey. Government, tablished in 1821, and Robert James church and laity backed it financially. Graves was its prime founder. He was a They called it a “pest-house.” All other grand clinical teacher who published general hospitals experienced such a his impressive life work, “The Clinical beginning. Practice of Medicine,” the year Rich When the Mexican troops were ard Den came to California (1843) • routed out of Monterey by Fremont’s Nicholas and Richard never grew troopers, they came to Los Angeles. tired of reminiscing about their old This was in the latter part of 1846, chief and his tales of pioneering in when Moro resigned and went home. Irish medicine. He was the first doctor It was then that the sixth milestone of to advise and practice feeding the fever California medicine, Richard Den, patient. He often remarked, “I want no made history.25 other epitaph than ‘he fed fevers.’ ” Prior to his teachings, the slogan was, A Dublinite, Richard Den, m.d.26 “Feed a cold and starve a fever.” Graves It was the lure of California that was a pioneer in treating goiter, and brought Richard Somerset Den here his name is given to the disease other and held him for more than a half wise called exophthalmic goiter. century in the practice of medicine. It Nicholas wrote that there was such a yielded experience and happiness, scarcity of able doctors here that even which comes only to those who have he, who had forsaken the profession, enjoyed life to its fullest. With a new was forced to practice, not only on his people, a new language, a new coun vassals but also on his neighbors for try, to w7hich were constantly coming many miles around. He penned about new folks to seek fortune, fame and the mighty nimrod, Jedediah Smith, glory, what more was there for an ad who had crossed the burning sands of venturous soul to seek? the Mojave Desert to establish the first Richard Den and his brother, Nicho land contact between eastern United las A., were born of Norman and Celtic States and Southern California. He also stock in Waterford, Ireland. The fam told the tale of “Peg-Leg” Smith, the ily motto was Ex fide, fortes (from trapper, who used buckskin thongs to ligate the vessels after amputating his fornia had been surrounded with a halo own leg with a hunting-knife, an In of romance; that if Cabrillo’s wander dian having shattered the leg with a ings along these rugged shores and in bullet; and still another about Kit Car- lands, and his death in one of its bays son who, at the tender age of eighteen, and burial on one of its islands, had successfully amputated the mangled been penned by a Homer, it would be arm of a comrade with a razor and a taught as a classic; he vowed that his hand-saw, staunching the blood with a tory and fiction never told of a greater red-hot iron. These and many other faith, love and sacrifice than that of sagas so thrilled young Den that im Fray Serra and his medical comrades mediately following his graduation he in the founding and operating of Cali set out for California. fornia’s twenty-one missions. A communication from Doctor F. The longer Richard remained, the Dixon, Dean of the Dublin University more he believed Nicholas, and the Faculty of Physic, states that the Dens firmer became his attachment to Cali graduated as externes. In those days a fornia. The young doctor found here young man who read medicine under not only a wealth of romantic history, a preceptor for a year or two was known but also a variety of contrasts, stories as an “externe.” After attending a few of resourcefulness and sterling worth clinics at the medical college, if he suc which were unsurpassed by anything cessfully passed the examination of the he had ever heard of or read, even in medical board, he was granted a di Greek mythology. For thrilling adven ploma. The Dens’ parents were not ture, all one has to do is to scan the his wealthy, which was one reason they torical sketches concerning the coming studied as externes and not as full-time of Fremont; Kearney’s long march, and medical students. That is also the rea for stark tragedy, the fate of the Don son why Richard earned his passage to ner party. America as the ship-surgeon of the Shortly after debarking, Richard was Glenswilly, which sailed from London invited to perform several operations in August of 1842, bound for Australia. in Los Angeles, a town of about twelve On arrival there, the port officer com hundred inhabitants. News was scarce, mended Den upon being the first doc but traveled fast in spite of the lack of tor in a long time to land passengers newspaper, telephone and telegraph. In without sickness and a death. those days, everyone was a messenger. He arrived in Santa Barbara in Sep Nicholas urged him to go. He went, tember, 1843, to visit his brother, in wondering what would happen if one the colorful days of senoritas, dons and of the patients succumbed during the departing padres; days of hospitality, operation. thrilling rodeos and gay fiestas. He did Den took along his own meager sup not intend to stay, but did desire to ply of instruments, supplemented by see the country which had been so his brother’s, and made on horseback widely advertised, and he had plenty of his first long-distance call, one hundred time to see it because no vessel touched miles away. these almost unknown shores for many Not only were those operations suc months. cessful, but the patients lived. It was Nicholas was a good booster. He told then that both the natives and the for Richard that, from its infancy, Cali eigners actually petitioned the doctor by letter to locate in Los Angeles, pointed surgeon-general of the Mexi which he did in July of 1844, thereby can army in southern California by Pio becoming the city’s nestor graduate Pico, the last Mexican governor of the physician and surgeon. state. He functioned in this capacity un The Spanish gentry called him El til peace was declared July 4, 1848, and Gringo, meaning one who cannot speak California as a whole became one of the Spanish, especially an Irishman. This United States. Then Den retired to appellation Den did not resent, retaliat private life. ing by calling them “greasers”; and it Den served with distinction as the was not long before the phrase, Des last of the six Californian-Mexican sur pues de Dios, Doctor Don Ricardo, geon-generals, meriting the following meaning “After God, Doctor Don historical citations; Richard” was coined. He experienced 1. General Richard S. Den efficiently no difficulty in securing, from the Mex treated the few American prisoners con ican authorities, a license to practice. fined in the Los Angeles jail for a short His early days were as multicolored time after the battle of Chino. as the rainbow, and if all could be writ 2. General Richard S. Den had for a ten, would fill volumes. He knew and private patient, the United States Consul, was one of a people in whom social Thomas O. Larkin, during the latter’s ar and pastoral elements were blended. rest in Los Angeles by Castro’s troops. Romance and chivalry, hidalgo and va- For early convenience in reading, a quero, Caballero and conquistador, tabulated list of practitioners in South pomp and pageantry, were all a part of ern California has been prepared. It their life before El Gringos came en shows where the various doctors prac masse and changed the picture. ticed, when they arrived, and in many Two years after locating in La Cuida cases where they came from. These are de Nuestra Senora La Reina de Los the men who bridged the way from Angeles, the ancient Spanish name of yesterday’s to today’s medicine in this city, the youthful physician was ap Southern California. A List of Early Southern California Physicians San Diego Name Arrival Remarks Pedro Prat, m.d...... 1769...... California nestor J. O. Pattie...... 1828...... Trader and vaccinator During the “idle forties,” especially the latter half, there were a few United States Army surgeons on duty, who did private practice. George McKinstry, m.d...... 1846...... New York. San Diego nestor (see be low) Jose Arnez, m.d...... 1846...... A Castillian graduate of Havana. Subdivided Ventura. Senior partner of Arnez and C. L. Bard. J. C. Isbel, m.d...... 1846...... Western Reserve Medical College. Wm. Winder, m.d...... 1853 C. B. Hoffman 8c Burr, m.d.’s...... i860 S. S. Phillips...... 1864...... A free-lance R. H. Gregg, m.d...... 1868 Soon afterwards came Doctors Frances, Guiberson, Pali, Thatcher and Voorman. Name Arrival Remarks San Bernardino O. M. Wozencraft, m.d...... 1847...... Member of first committee to frame state laws — — Peacock, m.d...... 1861...... An eclectic, wealthy at times. Had charge of county hospital many years when in prime; died there in poverty Later were Cunningham (who sired thirty-six children), St. Clair, Barton, Rousseau, Oli ver, Ainsworth, Barrows, Gentry, Montgomery and a Smith.

San Luis Obispo Charles Freeman, m.d...... 1848...... English; Santa Barbara in 1851. The -----Hayes, m.d...... 1865------Mission scroll is so blurred that in------Albert, m.d...... 1868 itials cannot be deciphered. — — Ransom, m.d...... 1868

Santa Barbara James Burroughs (Diego Borris)...... 1825 Isaac Sparks ...... 1833 Nicholas A. Den, m.d...... 1836...... Historians state “not a graduate”; his daughter states he was. See “Swing ing the Censer” by Katherine Den Bell. W. A. Streeter...... 1844...... Naturalist, dentist and lay practi tioner Wm. McKee, m.d...... 1846...... Wedded a prominent daughter of Spain John Callagham, m.d...... 1847...... Wedded a prominent daughter of Spain James L. Ord, m.d...... 1848...... A native of Maryland (see below) R. de La Cuesta...... 1850...... An “externe”—the pioneer pediatri cian of California (see below) -----Wallace, m.d...... 1851...... Baltimore -----Brinkerhoff, m.d...... 1851...... Buffalo James Barry, m.d...... 1856...... Ireland. The Spanish folks called him a distinguished Medico Ire- landes. Barry treated the notorious bandit, Jack Powers. C. L. Bard, m.d...... 1868...... The great California medical his torian Doctors Biggs, Bates, Knox and Winchester came soon afterwards.

Los Angeles Wm. Keith, m.d. (?)...... 1835...... Did scant practice John Marsh (Marchet)...... 1836...... A. B. from Harvard William Money...... 1842...... A quack Richard S. Den, m.d...... 1843...... Los Angeles nestor W. B. Osbourn, m.d...... 1848...... Druggist,politician, etc. John T. Griffin, m.d...... 1854...... University of Pennsylvania William Edgar, m.d...... 1857 Henry S. Orme, m.d...... 1866 Some of these men deserve more than ability in applying medical relief meas just passing mention. Brief biographi ures. The Donner party had been lost cal sketches have been compiled for the for months on this trip westward over more worthy or interesting ones. the Sierras, suffering from cold, famine James Ohio Pattie21 was a Kentucky and attacks by Indians. trader who was one of San Diego’s Doctor McKinstry was never able to great medical benefactors. In the days settle down to the general routine and when Echeandia was the Mexican Gov grind of a community practice. There ernor (1828) Pattie and his father ar were many days when he answered the rived in San Diego. Both men were call of adventure, disappearing for a thrown in jail. The father soon died, period and living with the Digger In and James would also have died had it dians, a real adventure. not been for his knowledge of a “me James L. Ord, m.d.,29 was Santa Bar dicament” which he had in his posses bara’s earliest doctor of medicine. sion. Smallpox was raging in California, There he married one of the beautiful and many thousands of Indians and and winsome daughters of the La- Spaniards were dying. In exchange for Guerra family. On account of his his freedom, Pattie, who possessed alliance with this proud old Spanish- smallpox vaccine, promised to vac California family, he occupied an cinate the governor and everyone else unique position in the early annals of in the territory. He was freed and be the state. As a surgeon, he had an ex gan his stupendous task at San Diego. cellent reputation all along the coast. After vaccinating the governor, mis He was a native of Maryland. It has sionaries, soldiers, settlers and neo been written many times that through phytes, he worked northward, even his veins coursed the blue blood of the tually reaching San Francisco and the old South and the proudest of Eng Russian colony of Bodega. Pattie land’s nobility, his father being the claimed that he vaccinated 22,000 per romantic off-spring of King George iv sons. For vaccinating the Russian col and Mrs. Fitzherbert, who became the ony he was paid one hundred dollars, morganatic wife of George when he and for his service to the territory of was Prince of Wales. California, Father Cabot offered him Ramon de La Cuesta was an inter five hundred cattle and five hundred esting character. He had been an in mules with land on which to pasture terne in a hospital, but not a graduate the same, provided he would embrace doctor. Although he had no desire to the Catholic faith and become a Mexi practice general medicine, he was so can citizen. Nicholas Den, in relating successful in the treatment of the dis Pattie’s experiences, stated that Pattie eases of small children that his services unhesitatingly refused. were continually in demand. Thus George McKinstry, Jr., m.d.28 was a Cuesta became the pioneer pediatri New Yorker and really the first regular cian of California. practitioner to locate in San Diego. Be William Keith™ never did say why fore settling there he had had an adven he came—many pioneers did not, and turous career. He had been the first folks did not get too inquisitive. He sheriff of the northern district at Sut simply stated that he was an American, ter’s Fort. He was a hero of the Donner came from Sonora, Mexico and pre party rescue because of his skill and ferred running a general merchandise store to the practice of medicine. tor, bishop, artist and writer, illustrat Maybe he was not even a doctor. In ing his writings on history, medicine, 1849 he went north after gold, and philosophy and religion, none of which never returned. lasted long. John Marsh (Juan Marchet)31: Money, who preferred the accent on Many have told, but none better than the last syllable, published in the Los Doctor Lyman, of his leaving his frock Angeles Star on November 3, 1855: coat, silk cap and kid gloves in Boston Am sorry to inform the public that when he hied westward. But he brought since the Reformed New Testament along his bachelor of arts diploma from Church has unanimously conferred upon Harvard. As none of the Los Angeles me the office of bishop, deacon and de town council could read his Latin fender of the faith of said apostolic sheepskin, it was passed upon as gen church, it is inconvenient for me to any uine by a San Gabriel padre. longer practice my physical system. My He ceased practicing here in less California Family Medical Instructor is than a year because he had to take now ready for press, containing three “fees-in-kind,” that is, money was so physical systems in the two hundred scarce that folks paid for their medical pages, with 50 plates of the human body. services with bacon, eggs, potatoes and It will likewise contain a list of five thou sand patients, whom I have had under even beef hides. He took up ranching treatment in the course of fifteen years to curtail the middle-man’s profit, and of practice from the port of San Diego thus became a financier. to that of San Francisco, and only four, to This pioneer wrote many alluring my knowledge, have died while under my and inspiring articles about California’s care. advantages for Missouri and Wisconsin newspapers, winning for himself the Discussion title, “The Original Come-to-California Although the United States adopted Sloganeer.” He is credited with causing California, evidence of the Spanish the first westward emigrant-train mission occupancy days remain in through Kansas City (1841) . Southern California. Cities, streets and Doctor George Kress of Los Angeles highways have Spanish names. Seeds has a letter in Marsh’s handwriting the padres planted still continue to bear proving that he was in Yerba Buena fruit and many of the old-world prac (San Francisco) in March, 1837. This tices of medicine, brought here by the is the year he acquired and retired to early medicos, are with us today, al Los Madonos ranch in the shadow of though often difficult to recognize. Mt. Diablo near Antioch, where he be All through the early years, Cali came a squaw-man, fathered several fornians wailed for “more and better children, acquired wealth, and in 1856 doctors”; that wail is still being uttered was slain by one of his cow-hands. with accent on the “better.” Spanish- If you wish further details about the Mexican doctors, even as doctors today, remarkable story of Marsh, be sure to often found themselves as inadequate read Doctor George Lyman’s novel, in dealing with dire situations as did “John Marsh, Pioneer.” the Indian medicine-men. During the William Money,32 a Scotchman, Mexican period, when many American came to Los Angeles a year or so before settlers were coming here, many of Den. He claimed to be a practical doc them were forced to practice medicine. It was the times and not the climate Soler. Jose had the bedding, clothing that made many of them, who took and house burned, after the plaster was their degrees, while crossing the conti removed, when a wealthy pioneer died nent, like John Marsh, go into the prac in it from phthisis. The deceased left tice of medicine. Some of those hardy his properties to charities, but in the pioneers were men of superior intelli excitement of the occasion his jewels gence, and it is probable that the help and monies were lost. When this was they rendered, was as valuable as much reported to the Mexican Viceroy, the that existed. We will learn more about president of the San Fernando College some of that type later—those who loved sued the province of California for full medicine and devoted the remainder value of the property destroyed.34 of their lives to it. Whether the suit was won or lost is not recorded. Epidemics From the earliest Spanish days, epi Insanity demics of various sorts took their yearly There were many incidents of men toll. Smallpox was a common enemy. tal disturbances. Mental depression fol Edward Twitchell33 notes that in 1833 lowed by insanity was not only common there was an epidemic which converted among the missionaries, but also among a thickly populated country into almost the natives. It is told that two priests a wilderness, some estimating the were sent back to Mexico because they deaths at one hundred thousand In went out of their minds, and several dians. The disease was simply called a incidents have already been cited of mysterious pestilence. Maybe it was medical men becoming mentally unbal smallpox, and maybe it was an epi anced. The emotional character of the demic similar to the one experienced people was marked. during the crowded cantonment days Latido, or palpitation of the heart, of 1918 which was called influenza and was another common chronic ailment. pneumonia. At any rate, the redskinned It was diagnosed by marked pulsations folks could not withstand crowding. of the aorta in the upper abdomen. In Acute infectious diseases like measles the World War (1918) this was called also killed large numbers. Syphilis was “soldier’s heart,” a simple tachycardia present. The white settlers’ diseases or rapid heart, which we think was due were peculiarly dangerous to the un to an imbalanced thyroid. protected aborigines. Treatments Phthisis In the frontier life of small, widely Consumption, the white-plague or separated communities, and with a tuberculosis, was fairly well known to scarcity of doctors, it was natural that the early Spanish doctors, and many home medication should flourish in recognized its contagiousness. Isolation California ranchos. was not practiced, however, nor was But what treatment! One might find rest. But the personal belongings of the ranch patriarch using warm hides, consumptives were frequently burned. stripped from recently killed calves to In this connection, there was the inci wrap children in who suffered conges dent of Doctor Don Jose Morelos, who tive chills; chickens split open for poul followed the Beloved Physician, Pablo tices; thrusting paralytic children into the warm paunch of a slaughtered Thebaic tincture gtts. vi steer; applying fresh cow manure for Gum ammoniacum O burns; or swallowing a cricket’s limb Sig: One scruple q 4 hours to relieve urinary suppression. So po The beautiful thing about that pre tent was the latter that folks really be scription was that it was harmless. lieved that if the whole insect were Many wrote prescriptions like that only swallowed the effect would prove fatal. for show, just Hocusing and Focusing. Cupping was a common practice. When it was not “blood-letting,” it Horn-cups which also served for drink was “bowel-letting,” hence this: ing purposes were used. A coin, pre ferably a gold one, was placed over the Rx affected area with a small piece of Orange peel, fairly powdered 5 iv lighted paper resting upon it; over both divided into scruples. Sig: One scruple at a time in any manner a cup was then quickly placed, thus the best being to drink wine after it. producing a vacuum. This technique resulted in a black-and-blue spot, due Treatment for rheumatism, that di to blood being drawn out of the ves agnostic-skirt which covers a multitude sels into the soft tissues. Today some of errors, was: doctors draw blood out of a vein and Rx inject it into a soft part of the same Equal quantities of flour of sulphur and patient’s body, calling it “autohemo- flour of mustard seed. Make an electuary therapy.” (a paste of honey or treacle). By modern standards, the medical Sig: Take a bolus as big as a nutmeg sev prescribing of those days was not dis eral times a day. Drink after it a quarter tinguished. Typical of early California of a pint of the infusion of lovage (a plant which produced vomiting). prescriptions which have survived is this “placebo”; Sulphur has recently been revived as Rx a rheumatic cure, sold under the name Tartar emetic Gr. v of “activated sulphur.”

A Few Early California Home Remedies Name Use Cheese—Melted ...... As a poultice for bites of scorpions and other insects Chilicayote (American gourd) ...... Drastic cathartic Culantrillo (maiden-hair) ...... For blood disorders Embrocation (many types) ...... Liquid for rubbingaching joints Gordolobo (mullen) ...... Externally used for sprains, and sick lungs Lard (unsalted) ...... Good for every sickness Melva leaves and cactus...... Cataplasm (poultice) Marrow of beef...... For anemia Poleo (pennyroyal with sage) ...... For suppressed menses Potatoes (raw leaves of the potato) ...... To temples for headache Ratz Colorado ...... Tea for a gargle Sarsaparilla ...... Blood tonic Sulphur ...... Externally for rheumatism, shock and skin diseases (it will cure scabies) Willow tea ...... A febrifuge (to lower fever, and a cure for rheumatism) Yerba Buena (the good herb) ...... Panacea or “cure-all” (In 1925, during a round-up in Arizona, the seventy year old cook was preparing a tea from this herb “to purify the blood of one of the cow-punchers,” so he said.) Yerbe de clava tea (Juliana curyophyllata) . .For spasms Yerba del pallo (Commelyna tuberosa) ... .To stop bleeding, inside and out Yerba del sapo (Erynigum anethysenium) ..To cause sweating. Acute worry will do the same The Dawn of United States Medicine medicine was not a narrow trail marked (1849-69) by milestones, but a well-marked road The dawn of United States medicine upon which coach-and-four could in California, although not nearly as travel. long as that which preceded Spain’s day Forty-niners here, was not exactly a day burst. The hoisting of the Stars and Stripes at Of the forty-niner type of doctor who Monterey, and the birth of the Bear came to Southern California and re Republic, at which Doctor Robert B. mained, William Osbourne35 of New Semple, the Kentucky dentist, offi York rates first. He was the kind many ciated, did not take all of California admire. Just glance through his Who’s from Mexico, the time when Los An Who: Came to Los Angeles as Colonel geles became the capital of the remain Stevenson’s regimental surgeon in ’48; der of the Mexican province. It was not gold-miner and mine-surgeon in ’49; until a year and a half of United States opened the first Los Angeles drugstore military rule that Alta California, as a in ’50; promoted California’s first whole, became one of the United medical society in ’51; made the first States. daguerreotype the same year; was a It is noteworthy that, up to this time, deputy-sheriff; postmaster under Presi the highlights of California medicine dent Buchanan in ’53; importer of received their doctor of medicine de roses, shrubbery and fruit and was the grees in the old world and were, for first to ship grapes east (1854) ; pro the most part, Navy or ship-surgeons. moted the first deep well for water in Now comes a new era, the advent of ’55; died in ’67. If he had specialized he medical men educated in the new might have been forgotten. world, the Army doctors, the latter ar The ’49 gold-rush brought many riving as surgeons of Fremont’s, Kear new doctors. At one time there were ny’s, Stevenson’s and Stockton’s com over 1500 medicos at the gold mines, mands. and with them was the ex-military sur Many of them, sensing vast oppor geon, William Osbourne. When the tunities, resigned their commissions, news went around the world that gold located in private practice, and became had been discovered in the spillway of notables. They were the doctors who Captain Sutter’s saw-mill, countless helped make the last twenty years of numbers caught gold-fever. Homes, California’s first century of white man’s businesses, ships and towns were de medicine. serted; artisans, editors, lawyers, preach This was a period of continued fron- ers, teachers and doctors, as well as tierism: forty-niners, bandits, vigilantes, customers, subscribers, clients, patrons, covered wagons, Civil War and Indian pupils and patients, came to seek gold. skirmishes. From then on, California A typical illustration of the latter was Richard Den, the Los Angeles nes from the east, was laid in San Francisco tor physician, who had more practice by Toland, Gibbons and Cooper. What than he could look after, but hurried these doctors earned in fees, they gave north to dig for the precious metal. There he met Doctor Osbourne. As soon as Den’s gold-fever abated so that he could think clearly, he realized that the sudden increase in population would send prices of food, raiment, shelter and professional services sky- high. Then it was that he quit panning for gold and became a mine-surgeon, as did many physicians. Sacramento became California’s medical center for a time, because this city was close to the “diggings.” When doctors grew tired of the rough life, many located there. Others located in San Francisco and Los Angeles. John Palmer, Isaac Rowell. Stephen Harris, Robert McMillan, Henry Grey, A. J. Bowie and many others went to San Francisco and became medical giants. Many of these frontier medical men were the pick of the land from which they hailed; Southern California is back ten-fold in ideals and gifts: hos proud to be still reaping rich medical pitals, medical colleges, societies and heritages from such men as Doctors journals. These hardy forty-niner pio Toland, Gibbons and Cooper. Gold neering doctors will not be forgotten. alone was not their goal, because they, Many of them, if afraid of land, sea or like Den and many others, had been of one another, did not show it and making a nice livelihood before they when tongues were inadequate, swords, started for El Dorado. pistols or fists settled the issues. Only the fittest survived those peril Den and Osbourne had plenty of ous voyages and treks. They were the frightful accidents, dysentery, erysipelas energetic, the persevering and the and typhoid to care for during their shrewd. Not all doctors who started ar practice at the mines. It is reported rived. For example, Kirkbride from that one day’s carnage was composed Iowa. This doctor died from cholera of: several accidental deaths, two mur while en route at Devil’s Gate. His ders, a hanging, a whipping, and an comrades reported that he tried some of attempted suicide, as well as a duel his own medicines but soon became un fatal for both. Think of Placerville, a conscious and died. He was buried in city of 40,000, with two chapels, six a shallow grave with a buffalo robe for taverns, five grocery stores, a gambling a winding-sheet. house, a printing office, the rest tents The cornerstone of medical educa and huts—and one begins to under tion on this coast, which was brought stand what stirred the vivid imagina- lions of Bret Harte and Mark Twain. Osbourne must have heeded his Den, after six months of roughing friend’s advice, or perhaps he was a it, grew tired of this life, shaved off his good politician, because his store re beard, cleaned up and came home, mained open. bringing along his new friend, William Upon arrival, Den found that Los Osbourne. Historians love to record the Angeles was no longer a physician-poor rumor that “Richard Den made as town because there were now many much as $1,000 in fees in one day at the eastern medical men with diplomas mines,” failing to state just what day. hung up in their offices. There is no doubt but that prices for Osbourne, having been educated in the necessities of life were high; take New York and trained in the Army, for example, laudanum, which retailed knew the value of organization and he at one dollar a drop and quinine at knew how to organize. It may have -one dollar a grain. In that day, quinine been that some of the local doctors re was thought to be a cure-all because of quested him to promote that first medi its effects in curing the chills of ma cal society. In all events, it was formed: laria. Consequently, it was adminis and William, being a diplomat, signed tered for everything from headache to his first name in Spanish. His signature gout. was last on the list, the place where all After the Argonauts came the titanic secretary-treasurers sign, therefore he feats of the railroad builders, the rise of must have been the secretary. Los Angeles and the planting of a new A fee-bill is another old idea among civilization. The great California professionals, especially doctors; even drama, which began when Padre Serra today fee-bills are occasionally discussed and Doctor Prat landed at Dead Man’s by the council of the local medical as Point, is still being played. History is sociation. still in the making, for example, the Claiming priority is still another very Colorado River Aqueduct. old custom, that is, the first arrival, the first family, and the first society; yet The First Medical Society36 there are those who will not admit that Men binding themselves together the Yang-na Indian medical men had into groups, for their own protection, a medical society in Los Angeles, or is a very old custom. When Richard Pipirna as they called it, but tradition Den and that imaginative ex-Army-sur- has it so. geon, Will Osbourne, grew weary of For years our present state capital, mining, they came to Los Angeles while Sacramento, claimed priority in medi she was experiencing her first boom. cal societies in California. It was called Den did not have any trouble inducing Osbourne to open the first drugstore. the Medico-Chirurgical Association, They considered that it would not only and was founded in May, 1850, having be a good investment but that it would signed up fifty doctors who were in fill a dire need. Den cautioned Os town that day, most of them from the bourne about selling intoxicating li mines. quor, relating how Edward Bale, m.d., Although the group of “Faculty” of had encountered serious difficulties fee-schedule signers of Los Angeles can with the authorities in Monterey when not compete in numbers, it can ante he sold grog in his drugstore. Doctor date the Medico-Chirurgical Society by four months, the nativity of this A few interesting facts about the co elder being in January. Both societies signers of that first association, which chose names that would impress the became the father of the present Los laity. I'he main purpose of the "Fac- Angeles Medical Association when re ultad de Medicos de Los Angeles" organized in 1871, may be noted. seemed to be the publication of a fee Charles Cullen, the President, be schedule for the information of pro cause his name was first, was a graduate spective clients. Since Spanish was still of Brown University, and was the first the predominant language, it was used officially recorded coroner of Los An in the circularized handbill. Doctor geles. He was disqualified as coroner be George Kress, the well-known editor of cause he was conscientious and studied California and Western Medicine has too minutely into situations. There is a unique copy of this document. It no doubt but that he was above the reads: position. Cullen was not only a good doctor but a competent writer, receiv Facultad de Medicos de Los Angeles25 ing $10.00 a column as the Los Angeles January 16, 1850 correspondent for the San Francisco Aviso [be advised]: Bulletin. Art. 1. Por una prescription en Members of the coroner’s jury were la officina paid $10.00 for "sitting on a body.” A. [For one prescription in P. Hodges, m.d., who succeeded Cullen the office] ...... $5.00 as coroner, made a good record one Art. 2. Por una visita en la ciu- day, October 20, 1851, when he held dad de dia eleven inquests on Irving’s band of [For one day visit in the horse-thieves. An early local newspaper city] ...... 5.00 reported one of Coroner Hodges’ ver Art. 3. Por una visita en la ciu- dicts as, “The deceased came to his dad de noche death by lead-balls shot from a gun.” [For one night visit in the city] ...... 10.00 A. J. Blackburn, the first Vice-Presi Art. 4. Por una visita en el camp dent, because he signed second, was a par cada legua general practitioner, as was Dodge, the [For one visit in the second Vice-President. They fail to get country by each mile] 5.00 any other mention. That is the way Art. 5. Por una sangria with vice-presidents—no one ever hears [For one bleeding] .... 5.00 about them until something lethal hap Art. 6. Por cada aplicacion de pens to the President. ventoses A few of the other local doctors who [For one application of may have helped elect these officers, be cups] ...... 10.00 cause they were active here during that Firmamos nuestros nombres al antecente time, were: A. W. Hope, m.d., one of [We sign our names to the the first senators; John C. McFarland, above]: m.d., of Downey, a lieutenant-governor; Firmados [signed]: and Stephen C. Foster, m.d., the first Charles R. Cullen, m.d., A. J. Black mayor of Los Angeles after American burn, m.d., J. W. Dodge, m.d., Gui occupation of California, also a first llermo [William] B. Osbourne, m.d. senator. This was about the time that Den came as a regimental surgeon when said to himself, “I'll help the new medi Kearny’s and Stockton’s commands cal group by raising hacienda visits to united in battle with the Mexicans at $20.00 each.” He has been criticized San Gabriel on January 8, 1847, and for this step by many who may not captured Los Angeles with its 3500 in know the host of visits on poor folks he habitants, the last capital of the Mexi made for nothing, often furnishing the can province. When John C. Fremont medicines. arrived from the north soon thereafter, The society functioned the best it Kearny went to San Diego and with could. Like many other organizations him his surgeon, John Griffin, who be which start off with enthusiasm, it qui came the commanding officer of San eted down after a time and became so Diego’s United States Army General inactive that it had to be rejuvenated Hospital. in 1871. Surgeon Griffin held this post until Harlan Shoemaker, m.d., Secretary 1853 when he went to Washington, of the Los Angeles County Medical As D.C., and served in the Surgeon-Gen sociation in 1926, was delighted to find eral’s Office for a year. He grew home that this association not only had a sick for the land of perpetual sunshine father, but that its forebear, the Fac and genial hospitality, and resigned his ulty, was a hardy, pioneering forty- post. It was then that he located in Los niner. Since that date each issue of the Angeles where he practiced until his Bulletin of the Association acknowl death forty years later. edges the origin on its second page. Soon after locating here, Griffin ac There was many an early Californian quired, for fifty cents an acre, a large who enjoyed a busy, interesting short tract of land east of the Los Angeles life after arriving; many of them did River, now called East Los Angeles or not live long enough to suffer senility. Lincoln Heights, hence his title, “The They passed out by accident, disease or Father of East Los Angeles.” To Grif duel, leaving memoirs as did the Los fin belongs the honor of helping to re Angeles Faculty of Medicine in 1871. organize the Faculty of Medicine into the date when reorganization took the Los Angeles Medical Association, place. of which he was later made an honorary Griffin, Edgar, Orme and Widney member. Historians admiringly write that Now appear a quartette of distin Griffin was a wealthy man, owning guished men, concerning whom George L. Cole wrote in his memoirs: “I have $15,000 worth of real estate as early as dwelt upon the lives of these four el 1858; also that, “John Griffin origi derly physicians who qualified well in nated the Los Angeles County Water the healing art and were of such high Company, and secured a franchise to standing that they set an early example supply the city with -water for thirty for us to follow.”37 years.” They forget that he was the man John S. Griffin came so early in the who started the move for a county hos day of United States medicine that pital here in 1852, when he was com many historians insist that he should manding officer of San Diego’s Base rank next to Den as the oldest active Hospital. This was at the time when practitioner. That is wrong because he there was another smallpox epidemic among the Indian grape-pickers. The esting light on his devotion to duty. stricken ones would plunge into a ditch One night an enlisted man came to Ed to get relief from their agonizing head gar’s tent, begging assistance for an in aches and fevers, and wotdd lie on the jured comrade. Edgar, though suffering banks like cholera-sick swine until from a fever, took the call. The night picked up critically ill or dead. Another was dark and the ground slippery . . . item some writers do not mention is his horse fell and injured him, but he that John Griffin was the Superintend remounted, pushed on, and took care ent of Schools here in 1856. of the man's broken leg, using tree I he next on this historical list was limbs for splints and shirt-strips for William Edgar, a Scotch-Irish-English bandages. The next day the doctor descendant who read medicine under could not walk because his left side was Samuel D. Gross and graduated from paralyzed as a result of his horse’s fall. the University of Louisville in 1848. When he returned to duty four Doctor Edgar was commissioned that months later, it was under General Ord same year in the United States Army in Los Angeles (1857) > whom he aided Medical Corps as an assistant surgeon, in making the first authentic geographi and assigned to duty with the Jefferson cal survey of the city. Four years later, Barracks troops in Missouri. Later he Major Edgar was ordered east for serv was transferred to the Regiment of ice in the Civil War. This brought on Mounted Rifles which marched to Ore another attack of paralysis, and he was gon in 1849. On trT his regiment relieved. He came to Los Angeles and protected many emigrants who were located in private practice. He was the struggling "on to California or bust!" doctor who boomed in his gruff way at At one time on that long hike, the sus Joseph Kurtz, when the latter consulted tenance was so low that only hardtack him about locating: "Why locate here? and salt pork were to be had for mess. There are too many doctors already!" Fresh meat was so in demand that not It is only proper that early Los An only jack-rabbits but rattlesnakes were geles medical associates shotdd have an relished, proof that the aborigines knew ex-Confederate Army medico, Harry good food. Surgeon Edgar reported that Orme, who came in 1869. The blend a fat snake, well-cooked, tasted much ing of the blue and gray armies’ medi like eel. cos after the Civil War was an easy mat Edgar also recounted that when the ter. Doctors, as a ride, fight only over notorious bandits, Joaquin Murietta little things like microbes and patients. and “Three-Fingered Jack," were slain, Doctor Orme was born in Georgia in he preserved the head of one and the 1837, graduated in arts from Ogle three-fingered hand of the other with thorpe University in 1858, and received whisky and arsen ions acid. Evidently it his medical degree from the New York fixed the tissues because they were sub Medical College in 1861. He naturally sequently exhibited in various parts of became a Confederate Army surgeon. California. As to his abilities, let these attest: Presi In spite of Edgar’s robust appearance dent of the California State Board: in his later years, he suffered service- member of the Los Angeles County connected disabilities. He is recorded Medical Association and California as taking a four months’ furlough in Medical Society; Vice-President of the 1855. the cause of which throws inter American Climatological Association and the Medico-Legal Society of New next Spring. The more obstinate called York; a Councilor of the International it “spring-fever” until they became ill. Medical Congress; a Thirty-Second De Then they dosed themselves with sul gree Mason. George Cole wrote, “Doc phur and molasses! tor Orme was a popular gentleman and Doctor Orme received $10.00 a day a good citizen in all relations of life.” for making visits to the “pest-house,” The greatest study of mankind is his the origin of the present General Hos medicine. From earliest time, treat pital, and looking after other unsani ment of disease has been mixed up -with tary conditions of the pueblo. beliefs, many mere superstitions. The In relation to epidemics and health care of sick and wounded is easier for maneuvers, it is well to know that the a real doctor than the layman imagines. Sisters of Charity were paid by the city It is the medico’s meat and drink. The a pittance for each patient for whom man who is sick or hurt wants comfort they cared; and, regardless of their own and will pay for it, but the man who is health, fulfilled their Florence Night well is certain he will never be sick and ingale pledge efficiently and faithfully. does not worry about a few little germs. These were the six sisters, three Ameri So one of California’s great medical can and three Spanish, who emigrated stories is protecting civil health, from with Sister M. Scholastica as the Supe Pablo Soler’s day away on into the fu rior, from their St. Joseph’s Mother ture. To protect the health of the indi House in Emmetburgh. Maryland, vidual. family and community against June 15, 1855. They came through the disease and death is what regular doc solicitations of that first medical soci tors have always attempted to do. They ety, the Faculty of Medicine. They will go right on doing it because it is a opened their first hospital in the home part of their creed. of Don Cristobal Aguilar, calling it an The first record of anything like a infirmary, supposedly in honor of San sanitary measure issued by a layman in Gabriel’s Infirmary, which had long southern California was on May 27, ceased to function. This Sisters’ Hospi 1847, when Colonel J. Chevaz issued an tal succeeded. By 1880 it occupied an edict “to spend three or four dollars to extensive brick building, situated on a clean up the heads and remnants of cat hill and surrounded by spacious gar tle from the city and burn them after dens, the St. Vincent Hospital. six o’clock and not to throw filth in the Doctor Orme aided greatly in en streets,” adding, “that is why the epi forcing smallpox vaccination. Follow demic (smallpox) lasts so long.” It ap ing him came Pigne, Dupuytren, Gale pears that Den was a better surgeon and McKee as health officers, employed than a health protector. only by the day when there was an epi Things -were pretty lax here until demic. The County Medical Associa 1868 when Henry Orme, the ex- tion pleaded year after year with the “Johnnie Reb” came along as the first City Council for a physician to be ap health officer and took care of the pointed as health officer by the year, smallpox cases, meriting a “Thank-you but it was not until more than seven doctor” note from the Mayor’s secretary years of California’s second century of with this addendum: “This will termi medicine had passed before one was ap nate your services until the next epi pointed, at $50.00 a month. demic,” which, as usual, occurred the The last, but in no wise the least, of these prime associates of southern Cali Let the Buckeye-born. San Francisco fornia medicine is Joseph Widney, collegiate-varsity graduate, Indian born in 1841. He is the patriarch of fighter, ordained minister, surgeon, ed today, whose yesterday in the practice ucator. author, conduct the discussion of medicine began in 1866. Joseph of the last twenty years of California’s Widney left Miami University in Ohio, first century of White-Man’s medicine. coming by steamer to San Francisco in This gentleman who is rounding out 1862. where he received his master's de the last two years of a century of life gree from the Pacific University and needs 110 corrections. his medical degree from Poland Medi Discussion cal College in 1866. Like his associates, By Joseph P. Widney, m.d. he saw two years of army service in Ari zona fighting Indians. Fhe first California medical college In 1887 he published “California of was established in San Francisco by the South," which has caused much fa Cooper, alone. He was a bold and bril vorable comment. He was a member of liant surgical operator. At his death, in the State Board early and late; helped 1864. the school was suspended. Doctor Griffin. Orme and Edgar to revive the Toland then established the Toland Los Angeles Medical Association. Medical College, not as successor to the Three years after locating here he Cooper School but as a new school, en founded, with Griffin, Edgar. Orme tirely independent of the old. Fhe and others, the Southern California building which he erected for the Medical College, thereby earning a school was at North Beach, directly title, “a noted man of California." across the street from the County Hos He is the physician who was in at pital. Phis school was merged into the tendance when Vasquez was captured State University as its Medical Depart and did much to destroy that bandit’s ment. Some years later, Doctor Cooper’s hope of escape. A volume could be nephew, Doctor L. C. Lane, established written about him who has battled so and erected the building for the Cooper valiantly for basic education for those Medical College of San Francisco, who would treat diseases of mind and named for his uncle, Doctor Cooper body. (who had established the first college Since retiring from active practice in California) . Phis second Cooper some years ago, he has labored faith College later (1915) became a part of fully in his spacious library, gazing the Stanford University system. Doctor every now and then through a large Lane remained its head until the time window at only one of his pets, Ameri of his death. ca’s Alps, the Sierra Madres, that is, Fhe Medical College of the Univer until he lost his sight. Since then he sity of Southern California at Los An has worked harder than ever writing; geles was established by me, and I re for example, “The Lure of the Land," mained its Dean for some ten years. “The Faith That Has Come,” “Three I hen, as the presidency of the Univer Americas,” and “Race, Life and Reli sity came to me, I retired from the gions” have been published since 1932. deanship to take up the broader work His current book is “Civilizations— of the University. A few years later this Why Do They Die?”; and he has sev school was merged into the Medical eral more in the making. College of the California State Univer sity, having all its graduates from the Quaker stock, refined and cultured. beginning accredited by the State Uni His profession had come to him as an versity as a part of that system. This inheritance from a long line of ancestry school has since been revived as a part and has been passed on to a lengthen of the University of Southern Cali ing line of posterity. His name carries fornia. with it a benediction to the profession. With the gradual passing of medical T he work of reorganization of the education into the hands and under the Los Angeles County Medical Society control of the state as a matter pertain was not done by Doctor Griffin but by ing to public health, the tendency all myself who, leaving the Army, had set over the United States is to merge all tled in Los Angeles on October 8, 1868. independent or outside schools with the 1 issued the call for the meeting which State university, with all medical di was held in Griffin’s and my office. I plomas issued by the State. With this acted as secretary of the meeting and change which is now going on in medi nominated Doctor Griffin for the presi cal education, it is probable that the dency of the Society, as a courtesy to two medical schools now existing in one of the oldest and most prominent Los Angeles will be merged into one, men of the profession in Los Angeles. under entire control of the State, with Doctor Griffin’s wife was the sister of all graduates of the revived school (in General Albert S. Johnston. the University of Southern California) A relic of that first society not men again accredited by the State, as a part tioned was Doctor J. B. Winston who of the State University System. married into a very prominent Spanish Doctor Toland was a strong, success family and later owned a very prosper ful and widely known surgeon, but like ous hotel. Another was Pigne Depuy- Cooper was better known for his opera tren, a stout French gentleman of the tive skill than as a writer. old school, the surgeon of the French Doctor Gibbons was a physician, not Hospital. The first time we met I did a a surgeon, who was also widely known thigh amputation for him on one of his as a temperance lecturer. He was of patients. References 1. Field, Lady M. A. California Speaking. tion of America, N. Y., Macmillan, San Francisco, 1934. ’933- 2. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 9. Lyman, G. Beginnings of California 5 vols., 1885. medical history. Calif, & West. Med., 3. Culleton, Rev. J. H., Chancellor-Secre 123:491, 1925. tary, Diocese of Monterey. Personal 10. It might interest a few to know the leg communication, April 21, 1937. end of that part of the official seal of 4. Bard, C. L. Contribution to medical his Los Angeles which has to do with the tory. Southern Calif. Practitioner, Au gust, 1894. eagle sitting on a cactus with a rattle 5. Catlin. In: H. H. Bancroft’s History of snake in its mouth: The Great Spirit California. said unto the chief medicine man of 6. Clemens, S. L. Boughing It. the Aztecs, “Go search and where ye 7. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. find a bird sitting upon a tree with a I:435- snake in its beak, there build thy city.” 8. Those interested in Spain’s colonization They searched until a brave found of America should read the book such a coincidence, and there Mexico by C. E. Chapman, Spain’s Coloniza City was built. The Spanish adopted this symbol and all expeditions from 24. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. Mexico carried this emblem. 1:708. it. Bravo, F. Opera Mcdicinalia. Mexico 25. Kress, G. The Medical Profession of City, 1750. Southern California. 12. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 26. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 1:128. I:779- 13. The Diary of Miguel Costanso. Acad, of 27. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. the Pacific Coast, 1: No. 4. 4:768. 14. McGroarty, J. S. Los Angeles Sunday 28. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. Times, June 8, 1930. 4:725- 15. Palou, Fray. The Records of Monterey. 29. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 16. Noticias de las Californias. 4:759- 17. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 30. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. L439, 501, 679-80. 4:697. 18. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 31. For further details ol this remarkable 1:468. character, see “John Marsh, Pioneer; 19. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. the Life of a Trail Blazer on Six Fron 2:140, 147, 150, 153. tiers,” by George Lyman. N. Y., Scrib 20. McGroarty, J. S. California; Its History ner, 1930. and Romance. 1911, p. 124. 32. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. 21. Maria Antonia Field was made a Lady of 4:743. Also Kress, G. Ihe Medical the Royal Order of Isabella in 1931 by Profession of Southern California. King Alfonso xm “for preserving Span 33. Twitchell, E. Calif, & West. Med., ish California tradition and history." May, 1925. She wrote in a personal communica 34. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. tion on April 7, 1937: “Many records 2:147. of the Mission were destroyed and 35. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. burned during the years of the Mexi 4:761. can secularization, but the above facts 36. George Lyman really discovered this so are preserved in my family records. ciety in Beginnings of California’s They are not legends but authenti medical history, Calif. & West. Med., cated facts.” 23:491-576 (May) 1925. And I adver 22. This discussion, as well as that which tised it! follows the Mexican era, would have 37. Coi.e, G. L. Medical associates. Los An been impossible had not Bard’s “Con geles M. A. Bull., 1930, reprinted. The tribution to Medical History” been reader is also referred to “History of consulted; also Charles E. Chapman’s Los Angeles,” by Willard; “Pen Pic “History of California,” N. Y., Mac tures of Gardens of the World”; “Buc millan, 1921, on “Indian Customs and caneer Doctors” by Eloesser; and the Foods.” Los Angeles Medical Association Min 23. Bancroft, H. H. History of California. ute Books which were consulted though 1:692. not cited in this review.