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International Journal of and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-3, Issue-2, Feb.-2017 http://iraj.in STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN AN

HAYEDEH PISHKARI

BSc of Management, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract- Government around the world are placing greater emphasis on performance, particularly with regard to the expectations of their stakeholders and customers. While promoting accountability is an important motivation for this emphasis on performance, it is not the only driving force. Most organizations operate as a network of various departments that are inextricably interconnected. Decisions made in one part of the network necessarily affect the activities and outcomes in other network areas. This drives the growing need for transparency, both within and between government agencies. In addition, a focus on performance draws attention to results. Managing an organization needs expert and a complete program to perform management perfectly. We discuss about this program through the paper.

Keywords- Manage, Organization, Government, Perform.

INTRODUCTION said to have if its profitability is higher than the average profitability for all Strategic management involves the formulation and companies in its industry.Strategic management can implementation of the major and initiatives also be defined as a bundle of decisions and acts taken by a company's top management on behalf of which a manager undertakes and which decides the owners, based on consideration of resources and an result of the firm’s performance. The manager must assessment of the internal and external environments have a thorough knowledge and analysis of the in which the organization competes. general and competitive organizational environment Strategic management provides overall direction to so as to take right decisions. They should conduct a the enterprise and involves specifying the SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, organization's objectives, developing and Opportunities, and Threats), i.e., they should make designed to achieve these objectives, and then best possible utilization of strengths, minimize the allocating resources to implement the plans. organizational weaknesses, make use of arising Academics and practicing managers have developed opportunities from the environment and numerous models and frameworks to assist in shouldn’t ignore the threats. strategic decision making in the context of complex environments and competitive dynamics.[2] Strategic Strategic management is nothing but planning for management is not static in nature; the models often both predictable as well as unfeasible contingencies. include a feedback loop to monitor execution and It is applicable to both small as well as large inform the next round of planning. organizations as even the smallest organization face competition and, by formulating and implementing identifies three principles underlying appropriate , they can attain sustainable : creating a "unique and valuable [market] competitive advantage.It is a way in which position", making -offs by choosing "what not to set the objectives and proceed about attaining them. It do", and creating "fit" by aligning company activities deals with making and implementing decisions about with one another to support the chosen strategy. Dr. future direction of an organization. It helps us to Vladimir Kvint defines strategy as "a system of identify the direction in which an organization is finding, formulating, and developing a doctrine that moving.Strategic management is a continuous will ensure long-term success if followed faithfully". process that evaluates and controls the business and Corporate strategy involves answering a key question the industries in which an organization is involved; from a portfolio perspective: "What business should evaluates its competitors and sets goals and strategies we be in?" Business strategy involves answering the to meet all existing and potential competitors; and question: "How shall we compete in this business? In then reevaluates strategies on a regular basis to management theory and practice, a further distinction determine how it has been implemented and whether is often made between strategic management and it was successful or does it needs replacement. operational management. Operational management is concerned primarily with improving efficiency and MANAGEMENT controlling costs within the boundaries set by the organization's strategy.Overall, Strategic Our organization is unique in bringing together the Management is all about identification and worlds of reflective practice and thoughtful description of the strategies that managers can carry scholarship. The Society consists of nearly 3,000 so as to achieve better performance and a competitive members representing a kaleidoscope of backgrounds advantage for their organization. An organization is and perspectives from more than 80 different

Strategic Management in an Organization

108 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-3, Issue-2, Feb.-2017 http://iraj.in countries. Membership, composed of academics, improve our understanding of the interrelated business practitioners, and consultants, focuses on the dynamics of strategic and organizational processes development and dissemination of insights on the and outcomes. Strategic management involves the strategic management process, as well as on fostering formulation and implementation of the major goals contacts and interchange around the world. and initiatives taken by a company's top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of Strategic management is the management of an resources and an assessment of the internal and organization’s resources to achieve its goals and external environments in which the organization objectives. Strategic management involves setting competes. Strategy is defined as "the determination of objectives, analyzing the competitive environment, the basic long-term goals of an enterprise, and the analyzing the internal organization, evaluating adoption of courses of action and the allocation of strategies and ensuring that management rolls out the resources necessary for carrying out these goals." strategies across the organization. At its heart, Strategies are established to set direction, focus strategic management involves identifying how the effort, define or clarify the organization, and provide organization stacks up compared to its competitors consistency or guidance in response to the and recognizing opportunities and threats facing an environment. organization, whether they come from within the organization or from competitors. Making companies Strategic management involves the related concepts able to compete is the purpose of strategic of and . Strategic management. To that end, putting strategic planning is analytical in nature and refers to management plans into practice is the most important formalized procedures to produce the data and aspect of the planning itself. Plans in practice involve analyses used as inputs for strategic thinking, which identifying benchmarks, realigning resources – synthesizes the data resulting in the strategy. Strategic financial and human – and putting planning may also refer to mechanisms used resources in place to oversee the creation, sale, and to implement the strategy once it is determined. In deployment of products and services. Strategic other words, strategic planning happens around the management extends to internal and external strategic thinking or strategy making activity. communication practices as well as tracking to ensure Strategic management is often described as involving that the company meets goals as defined in its two major processes: formulation and implementation strategic management . of strategy. While described sequentially below, in practice the two processes are iterative and each For example, a for-profit technical college wishes to provides input for the other. increase enrollment of new students and graduation of enrolled students over the next three years. The Organizational Strategy purpose is to make the college known as the best buy The term strategy is derived from the Greek strategos, for a student's money among five for-profit technical meaning “general“.In a military sense, strategy colleges in the region, with a of increasing involves the planning and directing of battles revenue. In this case, strategic management means orcampaigns on a broad scale, that is, the ensuring that the school has funds to create high-tech responsibility of the general. In thiscontext, strategy classrooms and hire the most qualified instructors. is distinguished from tactics, which involve the The college also invests in and recruitment initiation ofactions to achieve more immediate and implements student retention strategies. The objectives. In the business world, however”,strategy” college’s leadership assesses whether its goals have often is used to refer to specific actions taken to offset been achieved on a periodic basis. actual orpotential actions of competitors. In a more Overall, Management is thus what tradition used to fundamental sense, the term denoteslinkages with the call a ‘liberal art’: ‘liberal’ because it deals with the goal-setting process, the formulation of more fundamentals of knowledge, self-knowledge, immediateobjectives, and the selection of specific wisdom, and leadership; ‘art’ because it is practice actions required in the application ofresources to and application. Managers draw on all the knowledge achieve these objectives. and insights of the humanities and the social science – on psychology and philosophy, on and Systems on history, on the physical sciences and on ethics. Contemporary strategic management activities are both information-producingand information- Strategic Management demanding. Important managerial feedback— Strategic Organization (SO) is devoted to publishing soundings, scanning,and of changing high-quality, peer-reviewed, discipline-grounded conditions resulting from previous programdecisions conceptual and empirical research of interest to and actions—must be available to facilitate timely researchers, teachers, students, and practitioners of and effective decisionmaking.Such procedures also strategic management and organization. SO provides generate information intended to provide a basis an international, interdisciplinary forum designed to formore informed decisions and actions over a range

Strategic Management in an Organization

109 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-3, Issue-2, Feb.-2017 http://iraj.in of time periods, locations,and perspectives. Feed communication process underlies common aspects of forward information emerges from such components , ranging from management asprojections and forecasts; goals, objectives, and and leadership to teamwork and organizational targets to be achieved; programanalyses and design. The transactional nature ofcommunication, evaluations; and the projections of outcomes and with multiple and simultaneous rhetorical processes, impacts ofalternative programs.Timely information is results in the TransactionalProcess Model. This essential to understand the circumstances model gives us insights into the dynamics of surroundingany problem and to identify and evaluate interactions withinorganizations, and the difficulty in alternative courses of action toresolve such problems. mediating or negotiating impasses in international In this sense, information is incremental knowledge relations. thatreduces in particular situations. Although vast amounts of facts,numbers, and other In general OD efforts are designed to bring changes data may be processed in any organization, what in the conceptualenvironment of an organization as constitutesinformation for strategic management well as in the outlook of the organizationalmembers. depends on the problem at handand the particular Each member begins to see himself as a resource to frame of reference of the manager. Traditional others and iswilling to lend his support to his accountingdata, for example, can provide information colleagues when it is needed. The when arrayed appropriately in balancesheets and conceptualenvironment brings about open and free financial statements. data, regardless of expression of feelings, emotions andperceptions. The how elaboratelyprocessed, may be relatively change must be for the better so that it develops the meaningless if the problem is related toan organization and such organizational development of the effectiveness of a new program. To contribute should be directed towards improvement to improveddecisions, the information available to inorganizational health and welfare of the members. management must be both timely andpertinent. The basic purpose of suchdevelopment is to improve the operational as well as interpersonal skills CONCLUSION ofemployees and it also helps members to develop interpersonal competenceincluding communication Management is understood in different ways by skills and an insight into themselves and others. different people.Economists regard it as a factor of Itimproves communication channels at all levels of production. Sociologists see it as aclass or group of the hierarchy and build teamspirit among workers as persons while practitioners of management treat it asa that their inter-group relationships are highly cordial. process. For our understanding, management may be viewed as what amanager does in a formal REFERENCES organization to achieve the objectives. In thewords of Mary Parker Follet management is “the art of getting [1] Richard A. Bassler. Data bases, MIS and data base management systems. ComputerScience and Public things donethrough people”. This definition throws Administration, compiled by Richard A. Bassler and light on the fact that managersachieve organizational NormanL. Enger. lexandria, VA: College Readings, 1976, goals by enabling others to perform rather p. 203. thanperforming the tasks themselves.Management [2] E. F. Codd. A relational model of data for large shared data banks. Communicationsof the ACM, Vol. 13, No. 6, encompasses a wide variety of activities that no June 1970, pp. 377–387. onesingle definition can capture all the facets of [3] E. F. Codd. The twelve rules for determining how management. That is why, itis often said that there relational a DBMS productis. TRI Technical Report EFC- are as many definitions of management as there 6/05-16-86. San Jose, CA: The Relational Institute.1986, [4] E. F. Codd. Relational completeness of the data base areauthors in the field. However, the definition given sublanguages. Data BaseSystems. R. Rustin, ed. by James A.F. Stonercovers all the important facets Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972, pp. 65–98. of management.According to him: [5] Peter G. W. Keen. Let’s focus on action not info. ”Management is the process of planning, organizing, Computerworld. November ;1997 ,17Marc Demarest. and in decision support systems. leading andcontrolling the efforts of organization [6] DecisionPoint. Portland, Ore., 2000. members and of using all otherorganizational [7] Walter J. Kennevan. Management information systems. resources to achieve stated organizational goals”. Management of Information Handling Systems. Paul W. Howerton, ed. Roselle Park, NJ: Hayden Book Company, 1974. Organizational Processes build on the underlying human behavior, human communication. The

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Strategic Management in an Organization

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