Natural Resources: Biology Spring 2020 Sanders

Forestry Unit Outline The suggested schedule for this unit: Week of April 13- Check that your chapter 20 homework gets done and turned in, go outside to view and do some labs pertaining to Week of April 20- Check that your chapter 21 homework gets done and turned in, continue with forestry and the importance of trees in our society

Mandatory Items: Week 1 To be turned Suggested date for completion​ and turn in is Monday, April 20th in to ​ Sanders

Tree Identification PPT notes Paper based and google.classroom

Chapter 20 Homework Page 525, #1-18 x Choose your own adventure-Pick 2 of the following items x

Succession-Changing Paper based: Explain where you have habitats handout seen succession occurring

BioMan-Succession Interactive https://biomanbio.com/HTML5GamesandLa bs/EcoGames/succession_interactive.html

Take a walk through a forest Journal what you see and hear. Don’t forget pictures!

Ecological Succession Watch the video and draw a cartoon summarizing ecological succession. Make sure to include primary and secondary succession. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V49Iov RSJDs

Watch a National Forest Virtual Record what you see and learn/forest is of Tour your choosing but check out the National Forest Service websites

Extra Practice-not required or graded ​ Crash Course Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZKIHe2 LDP8&feature=emb_logo

Amoeba Sisters video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqEUzg VAF6g Natural Resources: Biology Spring 2020 Sanders

Mandatory Items: Week 2 To be turned Suggested date for com​ pletion and turn in is Monday, April 27th in to ​ Sanders

Chapter 21 Homework Page 549, #1-17 x

Lumber Calculations notes Paper based and google.classroom

Choose your own adventure-Pick 2 of the following items x

Tree Height Measurement Paper based-try to measure the height of at activity least 3 trees

Estimating firewood from Paper based-try to measure the cord of standing trees activity firewood from at least 3 trees

Watch a National Forest Virtual Record what you see and learn/forest is of Tour your choosing but check out the National Forest Service websites

Firewise Alaska booklet PDF on google.classroom (I can also email the pdf). Read through the booklet and talk with your family about how firewise your home and neighborhood is.

Extra Practice-not required or graded ​ CASE 7.2.1 Value of a Tree Link on Google.classroom

CASE 7.2.2 Calculating Board Link on Google.classroom Feet

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Forested

• The definition of forested (land that is Tree Identification Powerpoint forested or has trees growing on it): to be classified as forested (forestland) the area must be at least one acre and contain at least 10% tree cover. Project Learning Tree

Vocabulary • Taxonomy is the study of the classification • ‘Dendro-’ from the Greek word meaning tree of living things. • ‘-ology’ meaning the study • Morphology is the study of the shape, of general appearance, or form of an organism. • Dendrology is the study of • is the care and cultivation of trees and includes forest trees. taxonomy, identification, silivical characteristics, • Ecology is the study of the relationships ranges, morphology, and between living and non-living things and ecology their environment.

What makes a tree a tree?

• Heights at least 4.5 meters (about 15 feet) • Single dominant woody stem (trunk or bole) • Capable of diameter growth • Perennial plant (present at all seasons of the year)

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What makes a shrub a shrub?

• Heights under 4.5 Tree Identification meters (less than 15 feet) • Multi-stemmed By observing leaves • Capable of diameter growth • Perennial plant

Conifers vs. Deciduous

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Which is Which? Characteristics of Conifers

• Needle shaped leaves • Seeds that develop inside cones • Evergreen – green year round • Gymnosperm, conifer, softwood • Examples: pine, spruce, hemlock, fir

Examples of conifers Conifer leaves

• Needle like • Scale like

Balsam fir Red pine

Fraser fir White pine Scotch pine

Conifer needles Deciduous Tree Characteristics

• Clusters • Singles • Broad flat leaves • Lose all leaves each year in the fall • Angiosperm (flowering plants), broadleaf, hardwood • Examples: oak, maple, beech, aspen, ash

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Deciduous examples Exceptions

• Larch trees have cones and needles, but lose their leaves each year. • Yew trees have needle shaped leaves and Red oak Elm Honey locust Red maple are evergreen but have berries not cones. • Holly trees have broad flat leaves and it is evergreen.

White Black locust beech Crimson king birch

Leaf characteristics-deciduous • Leaf arrangement: whorl, Leaf Arrangement alternate, opposite • Leaf type: simple or compound • Leaf edge: entire (smooth), lobed (projection), toothed (serrated) • Leaf texture: hairy, waxy, rough, smooth, thick, thin, alternate opposite whorl etc. • Leaf shape: various

Leaf Type Simple vs. Compound Simple Compound

• Only one leaf blade • Made up of several • Joined by its stalk to leaflets the woody stem • Leaflets are joined to a • Examples: maple, midrib that is not oak, aspen, beech woody • Examples: ash, walnut, sumac

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Simple or Compound? What is the leaf type?

Leaf Edge Leaf Texture Lobed , smooth, toothed?

Leaf Shape More characteristics to ID trees

• Bark • Twigs • Flowers • Fruits/Seeds • Cones • Overall shape

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Bark Twig clues • Color • Leaf scars aka buds • Texture are the places where • Furrows the leaves used to be • Age attached • Thorns • Size color and shape of buds also useful to ID trees

Fruits & Seeds Flower clues • Shape • Color • Texture • Size

Cones Overall shape

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Common Scientific Scientific names

• Used in day to day • Each species is • Two part name conversation uniquely identified binomial nomenclature • Usually based on a • Made up of two parts, • Made up of the genus characteristic or region the genus and species and the species of origin • Sometimes named • Groups similar • Written in italics after the person who individuals • Example: studied the species • More accurate • Often confusing

Trees of Alaska

Leaf Observations Can you identify this leaf?

Deciduous Conifer Leaf arrangement: Needles or scales Alternate, opposite, whorl Leaf type: Needle attachment: Simple, compound Single, clusters Leaf edge: Entire, lobed, toothed

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Question

What percent (0-100) of New York State was forested in

1880 ______percent 1946 ______percent 1996 ______percent

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Natural Resources and Ecology

Lumber Calculations

Unit 7 – Lesson 7.2 Timber!

2 Value of

“The days have ended when the forest may be viewed only as trees and trees viewed only as timber. The soil and the water, the grasses and the shrubs, the fish and the wildlife, and the beauty of the forest must become integral parts of the resource manager's thinking and actions.” ~Senator Hubert Humphrey, 1976

3 Forests

Development of forested areas poses an increasing threat to maintaining the integrity of valuable forest lands.

Intact forest lands supply timber products, wildlife habitat, soil and watershed protection, aesthetics and recreational opportunities. 4 What is the value of a tree?

– Beauty to streets, city parks, yards – Cleans the air – Lowers energy costs – Increases property values – Improves water quality – Reduces soil erosion – Improves storm water control – , fuel and fiber and habitat

5 How much wood is in the forest?

Foresters inventory the trees in a forest and calculate the amount of useable wood for lumber. This is called timber cruising.

6 Timber Volume Cruise

• Measures the volume of useable wood in the forest. • The volume of wood is measured in a unit called ‘board feet’. • Board feet can be determined from the length, width and thickness of a piece of wood.

7 Board Feet

• Board feet is defined as – The amount of wood in a piece measuring 12 inches square and one inch thick; a board- foot equals 1″ x 12″ x 12″ = 144 cubic inches. – A board-foot is a unit of measure common to the United States.

Photo courtesy of http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/lumber.html 8 Calculating Board Feet

For example, a 2″ x 4″ that is 8 feet long has

(8 ft x 12 in/ft) x (2 in) x (4 in) 144 푖푛3 = 5.3 푏표푎푟푑 푓푒푒푡 Or (8) x (2) x (4) = 5.3 푏표푎푟푑 푓푒푒푡 12

9 Volume of standing trees

Determining the volume of standing trees is more difficult than boards. The trees are irregularly shaped, and too tall to climb.

The volume is measured using three tools: • Diameter tape • Biltmore Stick • Doyle Scale

Photo courtesy of http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/lumber.html 10 Diameter Tape

• A form of dendrometer that consists of a cloth or metal tape calibrated in units of pi (i.e., 3.14) that is mainly used to measure diameter at breast height (DBH). • The tape is actually measuring the tree's circumference, but since circumference and diameter are related by pi, the diameter can easily be obtained. • Resulting measurement is an approximation.

11 Biltmore Stick

• One of the basic tools for estimating the height and diameter of standing trees • Called a Biltmore stick, scale stick, or a cruiser’s stick • Converts height in feet to the equivalent number of 16 foot logs

Photo Courtesy of http://www.dnr.sc.gov/education/Envirothon/pdf/Forestry2014/Makingusingyourowncrusierstick.pdf 12 Merchantable Height

• The length of usable tree and is measured from stump height, 1 foot above ground to a cutoff height in the top of the tree. • The cutoff height will vary with markets, with the product being produced, and with the presence of excessive limbs. • Factors that make a log unusable for lumber or veneer – Small diameter-(under 10 inch inside bark) – Defect occurring on the trunk

13 Measuring DBH and number of logs

• Measure the DBH using the diameter tape. • Stand 66 feet from the tree being measured. • Using the MERRITT HYPSOMETER side of the Biltmore stick, hold it 25 inches from the eye in a vertical position. • Tilt the head back slightly so that the body does not have to move or the head doesn’t move when reading from stump point to cutoff height. • Read the number of merchantable logs from the from the stump height to the cutoff height. • Do not move the stick while measuring.

14 Doyle Scale

• Uses the DBH and number of logs to estimate board feet. • Smaller logs cost more to handle, so the Doyle Scale underestimates the log volume to automatically cover the extra handling cost .

15 Board Feet with the Doyle Scale

• Use the diameter tape to measure the DBH. • Locate that DBH row on the left vertical axis. • Use Biltmore stick reading for the number of 16 foot logs. • Move along top horizontal axis to the column with that number of logs. • The intersection of the row and column lists the board feet for that tree. • Deductions are made for defects, such as rot and curved trees.

16 References

Illinois . (1997). How to measure trees to determine their board-foot volume and value. Vol. 1, 1997, no. 32. Urbana- Champagne, IL: University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne, Cooperative Extension Service. KY Department for Natural Resources. (2011). Forest legacy program. Retrieved from http://forestry.ky.gov/Kentuckysstateforests/Pages/ForestLegacyPro gram.aspx Bardon, R. E. (n.d.). Woodland owner notes: Estimating the volume of a standing tree using a scale (Biltmore) stick. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. USDA Forest Service. (n.d.). Calculating board footage. Retrieved from http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/uf/lab_exercises/calc_board_foot age.htm

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