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Los Conflictos De Los Balcanes

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Los Conflictos De Los Balcanes CONFLICTOS ----------------INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS [!] JUAN JOSÉ OTIÑANO VIÑES ROMUALDO BERMEJO GARCÍA LOS CONFLICTOS DE LOS BALCANES h ¡.,...,,, ; . --':~ \~ \t .• ..., l . INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA 1Nl'ERN4CIONALESY BJROPEOS DEL&IÉftCllO ~FRl.NCISCO DE VfTORIA.i. MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA lllNISTERJO DE DEFENSA LOS AUTORES JUAN JOSÉ OTIÑANO VIÑES es militar, diplomado de Estado Mayor. Fue testigo presencial de alguno de los acontecimientos acaecidos en Bosnia y Herzegovina, con- cretamente en Jablanica, Mostar, Medjujorge, Bijela, Stola y Dracevo, desde septiem- bre de 1993 hasta abril de 1994, al participar en la misión de ayuda humanitaria de la UNPROFOR al mando de la 15 compañía de paracaidistas. Esa experiencia le ha llevado a querer profundizar en las raíces de los conflictos balcánicos, en gran medida plasmadas en este libro. Actualmente está destinado en el Estado Mayor Conjunto desde donde continúa el seguimiento de la península balcánica iniciado con ante- rioridad en los estados mayores del Ejército de Tierra y de la Brigada Paracaidista. Diplomado por la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria de Madrid en «Política Europea de Seguridad y Defensa» y por el Instituto Universitario «Gutiérrez Mellado» y la UNED en «la protección de las víctimas en los conflictos armados». Ha sido profesor de Organi- zaciones Internacionales en la Escuela de Guerra y es colaborador de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. ROMUALDO BERMEJO GARCÍA es Doctor en Derecho por la Universidad de Fribur- go (Suiza) y Catedrático de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internaciona- les en la Universidad de León. Anteriormente ha desempeñado funciones docentes en las Universidades de Alicante y Valencia. Diplomado del Instituto de Altos Estudios Internacionales de Ginebra es Codirector del Anuario Español de Derecho Internacio- nal de la Universidad de Navarra. Entre sus publicaciones en materia de conflictos y uso de la fuerza, conviene apuntar El marco jurídico internacional en materia de uso de la fuerza: ambigüedades y límites, Madrid, Civitas, 1993 y El Conflicto árabe-israelí en la encrucijada: ¿es posible la paz?, Pamplona, Eunsa, 2002. CONFLICTOS INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS 9 JUAN JOSÉ OTIÑANO VIÑES ROMUALDO BERMEJO GARCÍA LOS CONFLICTOS DE LOS BALCANES INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS DEL EJÉRCITO «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicaciones.administracion.es Edita: INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID © Autores y editor 2006 NIPO: 076-06-233-5 (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-06-234-0 (edición en línea) ISBN: 978-84-9781-09-9 Depósito Legal: M- 13736-2007 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 800 ejemplares Fecha de edición: marzo 2007 Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. ÍNDICE Páginas INTRODUCCIÓN. ...................................................................... 9 LOS BALCANES, ESE GRAN AVISPERO ............................... 9 Por Juan José Otiñano Viñes PRIMERA PARTE ...................................................................... 19 EL LARGO CAMINO HASTA LA UNIFICACIÓN .................. 19 Por Juan José Otiñano Viñes 1. DESDE LOS ORÍGENES HASTA EL SIGLO XIV ............... 19 2. DESDE EL SIGLO XIV HASTA LA FORMACIÓN DE LA LIGA BALCÁNICA .......................................................................... 28 3. DE LAS GUERRAS BALCÁNICAS A LA FORMACIÓN DEL REINO DE LOS SERBIOS, CROATAS Y ESLOVENOS ...... 35 4. DESDE «YUGOSLAVIA» HASTA LA REPÚBLICA DEMOCRÁ- TICA FEDERAL DE YUGOSLAVIA ..................................... 40 SEGUNDA PARTE ..................................................................... 47 LOS ESTADOS ACTORES ........................................................ 47 Por Juan José Otiñano Viñes 5. LA REPÚBLICA POPULAR FEDERAL DE YUGOSLAVIA 47 5.1. Eslovenia (Republika Slovenija)38 .................................................. 48 5.2. Croacia (Republika Hrvatska) ........................................ 59 5 ÍNDICE Páginas 5.3. Bosnia y Herzegovina (Republika Bosna i Herzegovina) 89 5.4. Serbia (Republika Srbija) ............................................... 119 5.5. Montenegro (Republika Crna Gora) ............................... 139 5.6. Macedonia (Republika Makedonija) ............................... 158 TERCERA PARTE ...................................................................... 175 LA DESMEMBRACIÓN ............................................................ 175 Por Romualdo Bermejo García 6. HACIA LA DESMEMBRACIÓN DE LA ANTIGUA YUGOSLA- VIA .................................................................................. 175 CUARTA PARTE ......................................................................... 183 LAS DISTINTAS REACCIONES EN EUROPA ........................ 183 Por Romualdo Bermejo García 7. LA COMUNIDAD EUROPEA FRENTE A LA CRISIS YU- GOSLAVA ............................................................................... 183 7.1. La guerra en Croacia y la Conferencia para la Paz en Yu- goslavia ........................................................................... 188 7.2. La compleja cuestión del reconocimiento ....................... 193 7.2.1. El reconocimiento y la Conferencia para la Paz so- bre Yugoslavia: las líneas directrices .................... 197 7.2.2. El reconocimiento de Croacia y Eslovenia ........... 204 7.2.3. El reconocimiento de Bosnia y Herzegovina ........ 207 7.2.4. El difícil reconocimiento de la «ex-República Yu- goslava de Macedonia» ante las fuertes reticencias griegas .................................................................. 208 7.2.4.1. La «ex-República Yugoslava de Macedo- nia» es admitida en las Naciones Unidas 213 7.2.4.2. El Acuerdo interino de 13 de septiembre de 1995 y el reconocimiento de Grecia ... 217 8. LA ORGANIZACIÓN PARA LA SEGURIDAD Y COOPE- RACIÓN EN EUROPA Y LA CRISIS YUGOSLAVA ............ 222 8.1. La CSCE en los inicios de la crisis yugoslava: una especie de diplomacia preventiva que no previene nada ................... 224 8.2. Los intentos de la CSCE por ser operativa ........................... 229 6 ÍNDICE Páginas QUINTA PARTE ......................................................................... 237 LAS NACIONES UNIDAS Y LA CRISIS YUGOSLAVA: LA CRÓNICA DE UN FRACASO ANUNCIADO .................... 237 Por Romualdo Bermejo García 9. LAS NACIONES UNIDAS EN LOS INICIOS DE LA CRISIS YUGOSLAVA: LA CALIFICACIÓN GENERAL DE LA SI- TUACIÓN .............................................................................. 238 10. DEL EMBARGO DE ARMAS A LAS COMPLEJAS SANCIONES ECONÓMICAS ..................................................................... 244 11. EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DE LA FUERZA DE PROTECCIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS (UNPROFOR) .......................... 255 11.1. La UNPROFOR en Croacia y Macedonia .................... 258 11.2. La UNPROFOR en Bosnia y Herzegovina ................... 264 12. EL FRACASO DE LA FUERZA DE PROTECCIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS, LA CREACIÓN DE LA FUERZA DE REACCIÓN RÁPIDA Y EL ACUERDO DE DAYTON ....... 274 12.1. El fracaso de la UNPROFOR ........................................ 275 12.2. La creación de la Fuerza de Reacción Rápida .............. 283 12.3. Los Estados Unidos empiezan a tomar las riendas de la con- tienda por intermedio de la OTAN ................................ 289 12.4. El Acuerdo de Dayton ................................................... 296 SEXTA PARTE............................................................................ 309 EL PAPEL DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA OCCIDENTAL Y DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN DEL TRATADO DEL ATLÁNTICO NORTE EN LA CRISIS YUGOSLAVA: LA GUERRA DE KOSOVO ........... 309 Por Romualdo Bermejo García 13. LA UNIÓN EUROPEA OCCIDENTAL Y LA CRISIS YU- GOSLAVA ............................................................................. 310 14. LA ORGANIZACIÓN DEL TRATADO DEL ATLÁNTICO NORTE Y LA CRISIS YUGOSLAVA: LA GUERRA DE KOSOVO ............................................................................... 316 7 ÍNDICE Páginas 14.1 Orígenes del conflicto .................................................... 317 14.2 La respuesta de la comunidad internacional hasta el inicio de los bombardeos ............................................... 321 14.3 La intervención armada de la OTAN y el debate sobre su legalidad .................................................................... 330 14.4. La vuelta al Consejo de Seguridad de la crisis kosovar después de la intervención de la OTAN ........................ 342 CONCLUSIÓN ........................................................................... 351 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................... 353 8 INTRODUCCIÓN. LOS BALCANES, ESE GRAN AVISPERO Los Balcanes ha sido y sigue siendo un tema de actualidad a nivel mundial. Organizaciones internacionales de seguridad y defensa (OI,s), fuerzas militares multinacionales desplegadas en su territorio con misiones de apoyo a la paz,1 observadores militares, organizaciones
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