Parley Grubb UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE

BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA: THE RECONSTRUCTION OF SHIP PASSENGER LISTS FROM MAY 1772 TO OCTOBER 1773

English and Irish immigration into the Delaware Valley accelerated after the Seven Years War. It reached a climax in the early 1770s and subsequently declined as the American Revolution disrupted trans- Atlantic shipping. The magnitude of British immigration during the early 1770s may have shaped the course of political, economic, and social events in revolutionary Pennsylvania. Yet, little is known about these immigrants. What were their names? What ports did they leave from? What ships did they sail on? What were their total numbers? What was their social composition? Passenger lists compiled by ship captains for each voyage would be the best source of information. However, during the colonial period few passenger lists for British immigrant ships have survived.' This lack of direct evidence may explain why immigration has remained a relatively neglected topic in colonial demographic history.2 Between the Seven Years War and the American Revolution two collections of British passenger lists for ships arriving in the Delaware Valley have survived. One set was collected from August 29, 1768 to May 13, 1772 by the colonial government in Philadelphia.3 The second set was collected from vessels departing Britain from December 1773 to March 1776 by the British government.4 These British records exclude Irish emigration and incompletely enumerate Scottish emigration. Con- sequently, direct information on immigration into the Delaware Valley from passenger ship lists is missing for Irish immigration after 1771 and for English immigration from 1772 through 1773. In the absence of passenger lists, indirect methods of estimating the magnitude and origin of British immigrants to Pennsylvania have been

118 BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 119 used.5 For example, the volume of immigration can be estimated without recourse to any direct information on immigration. Net migration can be measured as the residual growth in the colonial population after removing births and deaths.6 Because of the lack of knowledge on the vital rates of the colonial population, migration estimates based on population residuals have wide margins of error. They are typically presented only in decade intervals and provide little detail on the source, characteristics, and names of the immigrants. Another indirect method of estimating British immigration uses information from newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic. For example, both the Belfast News Letter and the Pennsylvania Gazette reported ship arrivals, departures, and occasionally commented on the number of passengers. These newspaper accounts along with the few surviving passenger lists can be used to construct a sample of passenger per ship or passenger per ton ratios.7 By multiplying the number of ship arrivals reported in the newspapers by the appropriate passenger per ship ratio, total immigration can be estimated in years when passenger lists do not exist.8 This indirect method has several weaknesses. First, the names of the immigrants remain unknown. Without names, genealogical studies are difficult to pursue. Without names, immigrants can not be traced through other colonial records to study their impact on colonial society. Second, the estimation procedure contains several potential biases. The method assumes a constant passenger per ship ratio. Changes in immigration caused by shifts in the number of passengers per ship will be missed. The variance in immigration can only appear through changes in the number of ships carrying passengers. Many ships did not carry passengers and determining which ships carried passengers from newspaper reports can be difficult. Adjusting for changes in the proportion of passenger to non-passenger ships for each port is seldom possible. Therefore, shipping patterns which change in response to shifting trade patterns may be incorrectly interpreted as changes in total immigration or changes in the relative origin of the immigrants.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PRIMARY SOURCES

The problem of missing primary sources, such as missing passenger lists, might be solved by reconstructing the primary sources from other surviving documents. Reconstruction of primary sources seems to be a novel or rarely practiced approach in quantitative history. While passenger lists of some kind were probably made for each voyage, none 120 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY have survived for British immigrants arriving in Philadelphia during the important years of 1772 and 1773. For these years passenger lists can be partially reconstructed by combining information from two sources, the Pennsylvania Gazette and the "Record of Indentures" for the port of Philadelphia.9 The Pennsylvania Gazette reported the arrival and departure of ships from Philadelphia during each week, their ports of origin or destination, and their captains. The "Record of Indentures" for the port of Philadelphia recorded the contracts of many types of servants, including British immigrant servants. The contract information contained the servant's name and enough other information to link most British immigrant servants to a particular ship listed in the Pennsylvania Gazette.10 The reconstructed passenger lists are presented here at the end in chronological order of arrival from May 1772 to October 1773 with the passenger names sorted alphabetically." Because they contain only the names of servant passengers and not the names of any free passengers, the passenger lists are only partial reconstructions. In addition to the names of servant passengers, the reconstructed lists include information on marital status, which was the only information in the contract record on the social characteristics of the servants. Finally, the reconstructed lists include information on each voyage, including the ship's names, port of origin, and captain, whether the ship stopped in New Castle on the Delaware before docking in Philadelphia, and an exact date of arrival in Philadelphia based on when the servant contracts started. The servant record for the port of Philadelphia appears to record all immigrant servants debarking at Philadelphia regardless of their final colonial destination. Only 34% were purchased by residents of Philadel- phia. Buyers from distant counties, such as Westmoreland and Willis, nearby colonies, such as New York, New Jersey, and Maryland, and even distant colonies, such as Virginia and the Carolinas, who purchased servants in Philadelphia had the contracts recorded before leaving Philadelphia.' 2 Servants that were purchased by agents for distant owners had both the agent's purchase and the transfer to the ultimate owner recorded in the Philadelphia records.13 Both the buyer and the servant had an incentive to record the contract immediately after sale because the record provided legal protection against unilateral attempts to change the contract. The magnitude of the immigrant servants listed in the Philadelphia record, organized by the county of residence reported by the purchaser, is greater than the magnitude of all servants listed in the tax rolls of the BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 121 respective counties in the region."4 This comparison indicates that the Philadelphia servant records are at least more comprehensive than the tax records. It also indicates that servant debarkation at other Delaware Valley ports, such as Chester and New Castle, must have been uncommon. The relative completeness of the servant records implies that the reconstructed passenger lists may be a relatively complete count of servant immigration into the Delaware Valley. A statistical summary of the reconstructed lists is presented in Table 1. A total of 55 ships carried 1,363 servants from Britain to Philadelphia between May 1772 and October 1773. The English ports of London, Bristol, and Liverpool accounted for 34% of the ships but only 15% of the servants. English ships had a relatively low servant per ship ratio, under 15 servants per ship. The three ships carrying servants from Scotland represented 10% of the total number of British servants. One ship from the Isle of Lewis accounted for the bulk of the Scottish total, which may have been atypical of Scottish immigration in other years. The southern Irish ports of Cork, Waterford, and Dublin accounted for roughly 16% of the ships but over 31% of the servants. Ships from southern Ireland generally had the highest servant per ship ratio and represented either the first or second most important source of British servant immigration to Philadelphia. Probably the most important British region of servant immigration to Philadelphia was Ulster. The three Ulster ports of Newry, Belfast, and Londonderry accounted for 44% of the ships and at least 28% of the servants. Most of the British immigrant servants whose ports could not be determined had servant contracts with characteristics similar to servant contracts from Ulster ports and different from the contracts of servants arriving from other British ports.15 If the undetermined category in Table 1 is added to the Ulster category then 44% of the immigrating British servants came from Ulster. As a whole, Ireland accounted for 75% of British servant immigration to Philadelphia. The reconstructed passenger lists have many potential uses. For genealogical historians they provide an important link between the Old World and the New. The grouping of immigrant names by port of origin may help in tracing the roots of many early Americans. Matching the names of these passengers to the names in other colonial documents, such as tax lists or land deeds, may aid in discovering the impact these immigrants had on pre-Revolutionary Pennsylvania and help measure the success of poor immigrants in America.' 6 Studies of post-servitude success which trace immigrant servant names to subsequent colonial documents have been done for Maryland in the 1650s and for Pennsyl- Table 1 Summary Statistics from the Reconstructed Passenger Lists for British Immigrants Arriving in Philadelphia, May 18,1772 to October 5,1773 Number of Past %of Estimated Ships with Total Servants Servants among Total Port Servants Servants per Ship the Passengers' Passengersb London 7 100 14.3 29.2% 342 Bristol 8 88 11.0 22.2 396 Liverpool 4 12 3.0 4.7 255 England 19 200 10.5 993 Glasgow 2 37 18.5 0.0 (37) Isleof Lewis 1 105 105.0 - (105) Scotland 3 142 47.3 (142)

Cork 3 32 27.3 73.4 118 Waterford 2 141 70.5 (73.4)' 192 Dublin 4 197 49.3 34.4 573 South Ireland 9 420 46.7 883 Newry 6 138 23.0 10.0 1,380 Belfast 6 107 17.8 23.5 455 Londonderry 12 141 11.8 12.2 1,156 Ulster 24 386 16.1 2,991 Undeterminedd - 214 (20.0)' 1,070 Irish Total 33 1,020 30.9 4,944 British Total 55 1,362 24.8 6,079 Sources: "Record of Indentures of Individuals Bound Out as Apprentices, Servants, Etc. and of German and Other Redemptioners in the Office of the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia October 3, 1771 to October 5, 1773," (Unpub. MS., City Archives of Philadelphia); The Pennsylvania Gazette (1728-1789; reprint, 25 vols., Philadelphia: Microsurance, 1968); "Passenger Lists, with Duties, August 29, 1768 to May 13, 1772," (Philadelphia Customs House Records, Cadwalader Collection, Thomas Cadwalader, Box 15 T, MS. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia). 'The percentage of servants among all passengers was derived by matching names from the "Record of Indentures" to the names on the "Passenger Lists, with Duties" for the years when the two records coincide, September 30,1771 to May 13, 1772. bTotal passengers were estimated by dividing the total number of servants by the past percentage of servants among the passengers, see note a. Only total servants were reports for Scottish passengers because the incidence of servitude was zero among passengers from Glasgow and unknown among passengers from the Isle of Lewis. 'The incidence of servitude among Waterford passengers was not known. The incidence of servitude for Cork passengers was used for Waterford because the two ports had similar characteristics and similar emigration streams. dSome servant contracts for arriving British immigrants contained no clues as to the ship or port the servant came from. Most of these servants just had "Ireland" recorded as their port of origin. The style of servant contract among those in the undetermined category were very similar to servants from Ulster ports, suggesting that the servants in the undetermined category probably came from Ulster ports. 'Because most of the servants in this category had redemptioner servant contracts, which were used primarily by servants from Dublin and Ulster ports, the incidence of servitude used to convert the undetermined category into a total passenger estimate was assumed to lie between the number for Dublin and Ulster. See note d and the text for further discussion. BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 123 vania in the 1690s.'7 Nominal linkage has also been used to track the success of native, foreign, and black Americans in 19th-century Phila- delphia."8 Similar studies for late 18th-century Philadelphia still wait to be done. The first step in this research is to establish the identity of the immigrants. There are several additional uses of the reconstructed passenger lists. Because the passengers in the reconstructed lists are servants, linking their names to advertisements for runaway servants in the Pennsylvania Gazette might provide additional insight into how well the institution of servitude worked in the 1770s.19 The reconstructed lists identify which ships carried servant passengers and which did not. This identification provides some cargo information which may help in studies of the Philadelphia maritime industry. Finally, given the sparseness of direct evidence on immigration, these partially reconstructed passenger lists might improve our estimates of total British immigration and the distribution of immigration from the various regions of Britain. This final use of the lists will be explored here.

ESTIMATING TOTAL BRITISH IMMIGRATION FROM MAY 1772 TO OCTOBER 1773

Table I converts the partial passenger lists into estimates of total immigration by port of origin. The "Record of Indentures" coincided with the "Passenger Lists, with Duties," from September 30, 1771 to May 13, 1772. By comparing the names in the two documents, free and servant passengers could be distinguished for immigrant carrying ships arriving in Philadelphia from each British port during the eight months prior to when the reconstructed passenger lists start. The resulting percentage of servants among the passengers, also reported in Table 1, was divided into the total number of immigrant servants in the reconstructed passenger lists to estimate the total number of passengers arriving from each British port. Table 1 indicates that between May 1772 and October 1773 roughly 6,079 British immigrants arrived in Philadelphia. About 81% were from Irish ports, 16% were from English ports, and 2% were from Scottish ports. The three Ulster ports of Newry, Londonderry, and Belfast had the first, second, and fourth largest totals. Ulster contributed around 77% of all immigrants leaving through Irish ports and 67% of total British immigration to Philadelphia. Although southern Ireland con- tributed 31 % of the all British servants, it accounted only for 15% of total British immigration. The discrepancy was caused by the southern Irish having a relatively high incidence of servitude. Among south Irish ports 124 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

Dublin had the largest total. Among English ports, immigration was spread evenly across London, Bristol, and Liverpool, although Live- rpool contributed fewer servants. The estimation of total British immigration from these reconstructed passenger lists has several advantages, but also some potential biases. First, the strength of the estimating procedure is that it has a direct count of at least some of the immigrants by port of origin, which is something that other estimating procedures do not incorporate. Second, there are no other estimates of English or Scottish immigration into the Delaware Valley for 1772 through 1773, and only a few estimates of Irish immigration by region, but not by port, for this period. Third, estima- tion errors from confusing passenger with non-passenger carrying ships is restricted. Passenger ships are identified by the presence of servant passengers. Comparing the "Passenger Lists with Duties" with the "Record of Indentures" for 1771 indicates that virtually all ships carried some combination of servant and free passengers. The incidence of servitude calculated in Table I includes the few ships that carried only free passengers. Therefore, the immigration estimates in Table 1 are only biased to the extent that the number of ships which carried only free passengers changed substantially between 1771 and 1773. Finally, the procedure allowed the passenger per ship ratio to vary to the extent that the servant per ship ratio varied. Therefore, changes in the volume of immigration can occur both through changes in the number of passenger carrying ships and through changes in the number of passengers per ship. The estimation procedure does not restrict either avenue of change, unlike estimates based on constant passenger per ship ratios which force all change through shifts in the numbers of passenger carrying ships. However, because the incidence of servitude is held constant, the estimates in Table I will be biased to the extent that the servant to free passenger ratio changed between 1771 and 1773. For example, if immigration increased in the 1770s because of an increase in poor migrants who also relied on servitude to pay for their voyage, then the proportion of servants among the immigrants would be increasing over the period. This possibility would cause the total immigration estimates in Table I to be biased upward. It is difficult to compare the numbers in Table 1 with previous estimates for the years 1772 through 1773 because few studies have presented specific immigration estimates by port. There are no studies which attempt to estimate yearly immigration to Philadelphia from England or Scotland for this period. A couple of studies attempt to estimate yearly Irish emigration. Dickson estimated that 21,600 BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 125

Ulstermen emigrated to America from 1772 through 1773.20 The evidence in Table I indicates that less than 21% of Dickson's total 2 migrated to the Delaware Valley. 1 This percentage seems low given the popularity of Philadelphia among Ulster emigrants. Therefore, Dick- son's estimates may be too high or the estimates in Table I may be too low. Lockhart reported that in the summer of 1773 "no fewer than 3,500 passengers from Ireland arrived at Philadelphia within the space of a fortnight." 22 Table I and the reconstructed passenger lists suggest that Lockhart's estimate may be exaggerated and may overstate the implied magnitude of Irish immigration from 1772 through 1773. Wokeck used pre-1772 passenger per ship ratios to estimate yearly Irish immigration to Philadelphia for 1772 and 1773.23 Her estimates are 38% below the estimates in Table 1 (21% below if the estimated Irish immigration to New Castle, Delaware is included). Wokeck's estimates hold passengers per ship constant, whereas the procedure in Table 1 holds servants to free passengers constant. The difference in the two estimates implies that either the number of passengers per ship rose more than Wokeck suspected between 1769-1771 and 1772-1773, or the incidence of servitude among passengers rose substantially between 1771 and 1772-1773. If both of these events occurred then the true estimate of Irish immigration may be somewhere between Wokeck's estimate and the estimate in Table 1.24 The reconstructed passenger lists also reveal the importance of New Castle on the Delaware as a preliminary port of call for many passenger ships bound for Philadelphia. Stopping at New Castle was a common event for passenger ships from Ulster ports with 75% doing so before continuing on to Philadelphia. Other British passenger ships by-passed New Castle and sailed directly to Philadelphia. This shipping pattern indicates that New Castle had strong commercial ties to Ulster compared with other British ports. If significant numbers of passengers debarked at New Castle, then total immigration estimates based on Philadelphia statistics may be biased downward. Because this estima- tion problem only affects Ulster immigration, the estimates of non- Ulster British immigration presented in Table I will not be affected by this potential bias. The number of Ulster immigrants who debarked at New Castle is unknown. There are no passenger statistics for the port of New Castle. Therefore, the extent of the estimation bias caused by New Castle debarkations is unclear.25 If the "Passenger Lists with Duties" for 1771 included passengers who debarked both at New Castle and Philadelphia and if the proportion of servants debarking at Philadelphia relative to 126 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

New Castle stayed constant, then calculating total immigration as a multiple of servant immigration to Philadelphia would yield a relatively unbiased estimate. The best guess, however, is that estimates of Ulster immigration based on Philadelphia statistics understates total Ulster immigration into the Delaware Valley, particularly for free passengers. This possibility may partially reconcile Dickson's estimates of Ulster emigration with the estimates of Ulster immigration reported here.

WERE 1772 AND 1773 PEAK YEARS OF BRITISH IMMIGRATION?

The estimates for 1772-1773 in Table 1 can be compared with passenger records from before and after 1772-1773 to assess changes in the relative magnitude of British immigration to Philadelphia between the Seven Years War and the American Revolution. The "Passenger Lists with Duties" recorded Irish immigration to Philadelphia from 1769 through 1771.26 Comparing the estimates in Table 1 with the passenger records from 1769-1771 indicates that southern Irish immi- gration was 131% higher, Ulster immigration was 182% higher, and total Irish immigration was 169% higher in 1772-1773 than during 1769-1771, in terms of average immigration per month. 27 Apparently, Irish immigration to Philadelphia was accelerating in the early 1770s. Whether it continued to increase after 1773 is unknown. Post-1773 immigration statistics are not available for Irish arrivals. In the three years from 1769 through 1771, the "Passenger Lists with Duties" also recorded the number of English and Scottish immigrants arriving in Philadelphia. Comparing the estimates in Table 1 with the passenger records from 1769-1771 indicates that average English immigration per month was 234% higher in 1772-1773 than during 1769-1771. The Scottish estimate in Table 1 only counted servant passengers, while the 1769-1771 passenger records counted both ser- vant and free passengers. An average of 3.8 Scottish passengers (free and servant) arrived in Pennsylvania per month from 1769 through 1771, while an average of 4.7 Scottish servants arrived per month during 1772-1773. Therefore, the monthly Scottish immigration rate had increased by at least 24% between 1769-1771 and 1772-1773 .2i English immigration to Pennsylvania declined in the two years after 1773. Comparing the estimates in Table 1 with the British emigration records from December 1773 through March 1776 indicates that the average monthly immigration from England to Pennsylvania was 41% lower in 1774-1776 than during 1772-1773.29 Because the estimate of total Scottish immigration in Table 1 only includes servants, the comparison of Scottish immigration over time is difficult. An average of BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 127

4.7 Scottish servants arrived per month in Pennsylvania during 1772- 1773, while an average of 19.2 Scottish immigrants (free and servant) arrived per month during 1774-1776. If the percentage of servants among all Scottish passengers was under 25%, which may have been likely (see Table 1), then Scottish immigration also declined after 1773. In conclusion, it appears that the peak in British immigration to Pennsylvania between the Seven Years War and the American Revolu- tion may have occurred in the months between May 1772 and October 1773. Irish, English, and Scottish immigration was increasing from 1769 to 1773. In addition, the increase in total British immigration to Philadelphia within the 1772-1773 evidence rose by 81% from the year ending June 1773 to the year ending September 1773. Finally, English and probably Scottish immigration decreased after 1773. The course of Irish immigration after 1773 is unclear. The peak in British immigra- tion in 1772-1773 may explain why records of Philadelphia immigrant servant sales in the 1760s and 17 7 0s have only survived for the years 1771-1773.

NOTES

1. See Harold Lancour and Richard J. Wolfe, A Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists, 1538-1825 (Readex Books). All the surviving colonial passenger lists for Pennsylvania reported by Lancour and Wolfe are for German immigrants. 2. See the discussion in John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1985), pp. 219-22. 3. "Passenger Lists, with Duties, August 29, 1768 to May 13, 1772," (Philadelphia Customs House Records, Cadwalader Collection, Thomas Cadwalader, Box 15 T, MS. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia). Part of these lists have been analyzed by Marianne S.Wokeck, "The Tide of Alien Tongues: The Flow and Ebb of German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1683-1776" (Ph.D. diss., Temple Univ., 1983), pp. 244-311. 4. For example see, Gerald Fothergill, trans., "Emigrants from England, December 1773 to April 1776," New England Historicaland Genealogical Register 62-65 (1908-191 1). For a discussion of the origin and an analysis of the structure of these lists see, Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), pp. 3-240. 5. See the discussion in McCusker and Menard, British America, pp. 219-35. In general, immigration studies for other colonies also rely on indirect evidence and estimation. 6. For example see, Henry A. Gemery, "Emigration from the British Isles to the New World, 1630-1700: Inferences from Colonial Populations," Research in Economic History 5 (1980), pp. 179-231; Henry A. Gemery, "European Emigration to North America, 1700-1820: Numbers and Quasi-Numbers," Perspectives in American History, New Series, 1 (1984), pp. 283-342. 7. Newspaper reports on the number of immigrants on some ships were not direct counts but estimates. For example, the Belfast News Letter reported the number of emigrants based on one emigrant per ton for ships which were thought to carry passengers, R. J. Dickson, Ulster Emigration to Colonial America 1718-1775 (London: Routledge and 128 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

Kegan Paul, 1966), p. 62. Thus, calculating passengers per ship or passengers per ton from this kind of evidence may be less than accurate. 8. For examples of this method see, Dickson, Ulster Emigration;Audrey Lockhart, Some Aspects of Emigration from Ireland to the North American Colonies Between 1660 and 1775 (New York: Arno Press, 1976); Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267. 9. See the notes to Table 1 for the sources. 10. The servant records contained information on one or more of the following: the date of arrival, the date when the contract started, the port or region of origin, the selling agent, and the ship's captain. By grouping this information into consistent combinations, British immigrant servants could be distinguished from other servants in the contract records and assigned with reasonable accuracy to the ships on which they arrived as listed in the Pennsylvania Gazette. See the discussion of Philadelphia servant records in Farley Grubb, "Servant Auction Records and Immigration into the Delaware Valley, 1745-1831: The Proportion of Females Among Immigrant Servants," The Proceedings of the American PhilosophicalSociety (Sept. 1988, forthcoming). 11. Occasionally several ships from the same port arrived within the same week. If immigrant servants could not be linked to a particular ship, but only linked to a port and arrival date, then the several ships and their passengers were grouped together. Where several names appeared as ship's captain the additional captains were included in parentheses. The last passenger list is for servants who were immigrants from Britain but did not have enough information in the servant record to identify with certainty which ship they arrived on. The vast majority of these servant contracts indicated that they came from Ireland but did not indicate a port. Some passenger ship lists have duplicate names recorded. In most cases the duplication appears to be different people with different servant contracts, and not the double counting of the same person. In some cases large numbers of related individuals with similar names appear in the passenger lists. Duplicate names were eliminated from the reconstructed passenger lists only when double counting of the same person was obvious. When a person was a husband or wife of another passenger this status was indicated in parentheses. 12. See Farley Grubb, "Immigrant Servant Labor: Their Occupational and Geographic Distribution in the Late Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic Economy," Social Science History, 9 (Summer 1985), pp. 249-76. 13. See the discussion in Grubb, "Servant Auction Records." 14. See the discussion in Grubb, "Immigrant Servant Labor," pp. 249-76. Even if the servant records under-count the true number of immigrant servants, it will not affect the estimates of total immigration based on the ratio of servant to free passengers presented in Table 1 as long as the under-count was consistent over time. 15. Ulster servants tended to use the redemptioner method while other British servants tended to use the indentured method. For a discussion of the different servant contracts see, Farley Grubb, "Redemptioner Immigration to Pennsylvania: Evidence on Contract Choice and Profitability," Journal of Economic History 46 (Jun. 1986), pp. 407-18. Redemptioner contract sales did not always list the servant's arrival date or ship captain. Therefore, many Ulster redemptioners may have been placed in the undetermined port category because their recorded servant contract lacked the information needed to link them to the ships listed in the Pennsylvania Gazette. 16. Many recent studies in American history have relied on nominal linkage, for example see Stephan Thernstrom, The Other Bostonians (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973); David Galenson, Traders, Planters, and Slaves (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 115-37. 17. See Russell R. Menard, "From Servants to Freeholders: Status Mobility and Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland," William and Mary Quarter- BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 129 ly, 3rd Ser., 30 (Jan. 1973), pp. 37-64; Sharon V. Salinger, "To Serve Well and Faithfully" Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 18-47. 18. See Theodore Hershberg, ed., Philadelphia: Work, Space, Family, and Group Experience in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). 19. This work is still in progress, see Grubb, "Servant Auction Records;" Salinger, To Serve Well, p. 133. Nominal linkage has also been used to study runaway slaves and convicts, for example see Gerald W. Mullin, Flight and Rebellion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972); A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). 20. Dickson, Ulster Emigration, p. 64. 21. The average yearly immigration from Ulster, including the undetermined category, in Table I was 2,250. This estimate was derived by arranging the evidence in per year units, June to June, July to July, and so on, and then taking the average of these yearly units. Dickson's yearly average was taken as half of his two year total of 21,600. 22. Lockhart, Emigrationfrom Ireland, p. 59. 23. Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267. 24. Wokeck, "Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267, reports a passenger per ship ratio of 41 for Irish arriving in Philadelphia between 1769 and 1771 and a ratio of 74 for Irish arriving from 1772 through 1773. The estimates here in Table I have a servant per ship ratio of 31 and a passenger per ship ratio of 150 for Irish arriving in Philadelphia from May 1772 to October 1773. 25. For a discussion of the estimation problem cause by New Castle stop-overs see, Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," pp. 244-311. 26. See Wokeck, "A Tide of Alien Tongues," p. 267. 27. The 1772-1773 per month estimate was derived by averaging yearly estimates, June to June, July to July, and so on, within the 16 months covered by the evidence in Table I. The Ulster estimates include the undetermined category. 28. See note 27. 29. For the 1774-1776 passenger totals see, Bailyn, Voyagers to the West, pp.206-07. Some of the estimated decline in immigration may be the result of under-reporting or under-survival of British emigration records.

APPENDIX

Reconstructed Passenger Lists of Immigrant Servants Arriving in Philadelphia From the British Isles, May 18, 1772 to October 5,1773 Ship: Warwick Port of Origin: Bristol Master: Charles Smith Arrival Date: 5/18/1772 John Henry Robert Simmons John Wilcox Samuel Morgan Samuel White

Ship: Boyne Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De. Master: Samuel Conyngham Arrival Date: 6/1/1772 John Brown George Hare Benjamin Smith James Dick Matthew Hulton John Tyman James Dowling Archibald Jackson John Williams Patrick Flanagan John Londye Abraham Fletcher John McNeal 130 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

Ship: Jupiter Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: Alexander Ewing Arrival Date: 6/15/1772 Martha Adams Edward Dougherty James McCollum Margaret Burk Patrick Hamilton Catherine McDeed Bridget Cannon Charles Higgans Elizabeth Middleton Arthur Carey Thomas Higgans John Moore John Carlan Teady Lynch Abigail Owen Michael Carney Ann Magalligal Ann Shere Elizabeth Dawson Catherine McCaulpin William Thomson James Donaldson John McClosky

Snow: Sally Port of Origin: Waterford Master: Richard Curtis Arrival Date: 7/7/1772 John Ballard Patrick Dunn Mary Murphy Patrick Barron Edward Dunphy Thomas Murray Ann Barry Patrick Egan John Oulden Rebecca Beach William Fagen Michael Phelan Mary Bell James Feenaghty Catherine Power Richard Blackham Joanna Fitzgerald John Power John Bolon John Fitzgerald Margaret Power Mary Burns Maurice Fitzgerald Thomas Price John Byrne Samuel Flyn Elinor Reade Judith Cahill Dennis Ford Patrick Roberts Patrick Calahan Thomas Fowler Patrick Russell Charles Callan Richard Francis John Ryan John Campbell Mary Grainger John Ryan John Cerby John Griffith John Ryan Mary Coleman Michael Hacket Margaret Ryan Patrick Coleman James Hannahan Patrick Ryan Patrick Collins Patrick Hennesy John Shan Francis Connor William Kearns Anslace Shea James Connor James Keefe Daniel Sheehm Thomas Connor Catherine Lyons Edward Sweeney William Connor Thomas Madden Richard Sweeny Thomas Cosman Catherine Mahar Margaret Thompson William Cron Richard Mara John Tower Patrick Cullen Susanna McDonald Edmond Traverse Willian Davidson Charles McGee Christian Wade Bridget Doran Elinor McNamara Catherine Walsh Catherine Downs Johanna McNamara Edmond Wass Patrick Doyle Laughlin McNeil Richard Whitsitt James Duggan Joseph Molony Ann Witson Lawrence Dunn Mary Murphy

Ship: Rose Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: Robert George Date of Arrival: 7/23/1772 Thomas Higgans James Turner

Ship: Philadelphia Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De. Master: James Malcolm Arrival Date: 8/22/1772 George Bamford Martha Harvey Mary O'Donnell Ralph Bamford Archibald McBride Elizabeth Simson James Graham John McDonnell David Walker BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 131

Ship: Phoebe and Peggy Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De. Master: David McCullough Arrival Date: 8/27/1772 Ann Brown Alexander Gordon William McAteer Robert Christie Isabella Isaac (wife) Margaret McClean John Clamene Wilson Isaac (husband) Ann O'Neil Ann Clarke Thomas Martin William Spiddey James Dermoth John Mason (husband) Robert Wood Esther Ford Mary Mason (wife)

Ship: Hannah Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: James Mitchell Arrival Date: 8/28/1772 John Bolton Patrick Hughes Archibald McVicker Roger Byrns Sarah Irwin Patrick McVicker William Carter William Irwin James Murphy Nancy Cobron Robert Martin Bell O'Donnell Isabella Creag Patrick McCann Isabella Ray Philip Freil James McCleaster James Reynolds Robert Frickland Mary McGowen James Russell Eleanor Grime Catherine McGuigan Elizabeth Stricklin

Ship: Wallworth Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: C. McCausland Arrival Date: 9/7/1772 Matthew Craig Philip Lynn Robert Osborne James Gillen James McConomy

Brig: Venus Port of Origin: Liverpool Master: William Williams Arrival Date: 9/23/1772 John Leacock (husband) Thomas Meredith (hus- Margaret Leacock (wife) band) Eleanor Meredith (wife)

Ships: Kitty and Peggy, St. Andrew, Magdalena Port of Origin: Glasgow Masters: David Ferguson Approximate Arrival Date: 10/1/1772 A. Ritchie James Wallace John Carens Catherine McKay Sandie McKay John Dunbar Catherine McKay William McKay Neil Matthewson Christiana McKay Charles McKenzey Catherine McDonald Donald McKay Helen Murray John McDonald Isabella McKay John Murray Agness McKay James McKay Robert Murray Alexander McKay Jean McKay Andrew Ross Angus McKay John McKay Christian Sutherland Ann McKay Margaret McKay Christian Sutherland Anna McKay Philip McKay Robert Sutherland

Ship: Friendship Port of Origin: Belfast Master: William McCullough Arrival Date: 10/15/1772 John Alexander John Fullerton Dennis McFall James Cristel Mary Gawn John Scott Martha Ellison Agnes McClelland 132 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

Ship: Jenny Port of Origin: Cork Masters: James Campbell & Alexander Mcllvaine Arrival Date: 10/16/1772 John Doyle Margaret Looney Bartley Runey Thomas Greenan Margaret Miller

Brig: Connolly Port of Origin: Dublin Master: Alexander Cain Arrival Date: 10/19/1772 Robert Badi Anthon Dorsey John Nowland William Brenan John Ford Michaelo Quigly John Burns Lawrence Gibney John Rogers Philip Byrne William Hogan James Rowe Michael Caffery James Jackson James Ryan James Colclough Patrick Joyce John Ryan William Coleman Daniel Kelly John Ryan Timothy Connolly Thomas Legrange John Smith John Connor John McLaughlin John Smith Thomas Connor John Morran John Smith George Cook John Munay John Ward Michael Dodd Richard Myler

Ship: Ann Port of Origin: Bristol Master: George Forton Arrival Date: 10/19/1772 Thomas Bough Thomas Harlin David Whatley Charles Brannon David Love John Brayfield John Tanner

Ship: Hopewell Port of Origin: Londonderry Master: John Winning Arrival Date: 10/21/1772 Alexander Campbell Philip McGuire Elizabeth O'Neil William Fortune George McKay John O'Neil

Ship: Minerva Port of Origin: Liverpool Master: Francis Fearis Arrival Date: 10/22/1772 Edmond McDaniel John Shaw Valentine Winstandly

Ship: Betsey Port of Origin: Bristol Master: Symour Hood Arrival Date: 11/13/1772 William Blanchard Charles Harford Henry Symour Charles Brannon John James Richard Tresur Francis Cross John Rock James Yeaton

Brig: Betsey Port of Origin: Cork Master: David McCutcheon Arrival Date: 11/27/1772 Silvester Baron Mary Friday Elizabeth Page Michael Barry Daniel Galley Thomas Ready Margaret Bell John Harris James Reagon Eleanor Bryan William How Catherine Roche Mary Bryan Michael Kane Eleanor Rogers William Buchill Catherine Keenan Elizabeth Ryan Timothy Collins Ann Kelly Florence Sulivan William Coody Mary Kenny Mary Sulivan William Corbert Eleanor Linch Philip Sulivan BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 133

Margaret Croneen Eleanor Lynch Roger Sulivan Thomas Dermot Thomas Lynch Dennis Sullivan Margaret Donahow Julian Mulcahee Catherine Sweny Mary Donovan Eleanor Muiryan James Wright Margaret Dwire Dennis Murriarty

Ship: Jupiter Port of Origin: Londonderry Master: Alexander Ewing Arrival Date: 11/27/1772 Thomas Knox

Ship: Newry Assistance Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De. Master: Robert Cunningham Arrival Date: 11/27/1772 Murdock Patterson

Ships: Lydia, Alsop Charming Sally, Nelly Port of Origin: Liverpool Masters: T. Dean, S. Harvey, J. Cooper, J. Fletcher Arrival Date: 4/21-28/1773 Willaim Becket Robert Mortimer James Kegan Hugh Owen

Ship: Chalkley Port of Origin: Bristol Master: Edward Spain Arrival Date: 4/12/1773 John Edwards

Ship: Friendship Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De. Master: William McCulloch Arrival Date: 5/1/1773 George Black Mary McCardles Samuel Mitchell Jane Blair Mabel McCartney Clemens Monypenny Mary Donnan Margaret McCloud Ann Murphy Ann Ellis Adam McConnell Sarah Neilson Judith Goir Daniel McEvoy James Porter Thomas Grames Mary McGee James Porter James Haslet George McGillis Margaret Randles Patrick Hile Meredith McGowen Daniel Rourke William Hind John McIlwrath Sarah Singleton Mary Hutchinson John Mclvers Sarah Smart Margaret Johnston Margaret McKivan Mary Smith James Loughlin Edward McQuillen Patrick Tagert Elizabeth Maneight Eleanor Mercer Rachael Walker Daniel McAnully Elizabeth Mercer John Yourt

Ship: Concord Port of Origin: Bristol Master: Joseph Nolans Arrival Date: 5/7/1773 James Kite William Waghorne William Hopkins Jeremiah Merrifield John Bragg John Thomas William Hartley John Davies

Ship: Betsey Port of Origin: Bristol Master: Symour Hood Arrival Date: 5/7/1773 William Atkins Samuel Franklin Thomas Robinson Benjamin Bandell William Fully Richard Russell Henry Bedwell Edward Giddons William Simmes John Bell Hannah Graydon Thomas Sopp Peter Blatchly Thomas Hobbs John Jacob Sutton 134 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

George Brooks Aaron Jayne Daniel Trimby John Church Charles Kite William Ward Thomas Davis Richard Orcle Thomas Watson William Davis William Pope William Dunn Robert Powell

Brig: Connolly Port of Origin: Dublin Master: Alexander Cain Arrival Date: 5/12/1773 John Bolton Stephen Fallon John Might Christopher Brangan Daniel Fennell Andrew Moore Thomas Breriton James Ferris Andrew Moore Jane Brown John Field Patrick Morgan Michael Bryne John Gahan Martin Mulloy John Burk Michael Galliger Esther Murphy John Burk John Gavin Mary Murphy John Burnett Edward Gaynor Thomas Murphy John Byrn Ralp Gec Edward Norton Jacob Cannon Ralph Gee George Oharra Mary Carney Sarah Gillis Simon Owen Edward Clark Mary Gordon Joseph Palmer Edward Clarke Bridget Hefferin Lawrence Phillips Peter Clayton Hugh Heffernon Lawrence Phillips Patrick Colkins Samuel Jackson Ann Purcell James Connell Thomas Keating John Purcell Lawrence Connor Francis Kelly Edward Robinson Robert Conyers Jane Kelly Patrick Salmon Alexander Cook Christopher Leonard William Sharpe Timothy Culley Patrick Magines Richard Shea Mary Darling James Magrath Thomas Sheredan James Davis James Mahoney James Smyth John Davis Molly Martin George Somervill John Doyle Thomas McHugh Matthew Stoys Edward Dunn John McQuinn John Walsh Bridget Fagan Thomas Melton

Ship: Fame Port of Origin: Liverpool Master: H. Lyle Arrival Date: 5/12/1773 John Pirry

Ships: Pennsylvania Packet, Catherine, Eliza Port of Origin: London Masters: Peter Osborne, James Sutton, G. Gowland Arrival Date: 5/5-12/1773 Nicholas Barts William Kelly Thomas Towns Peter Dasher Rose Marlier Maria Turmuel Robert Davis Issac Parkes Mary Walter Mary Davy Catherine Reily Joseph Garrs Thomas Riddle

Snow: Brittania Port of Origin: Dublin Master: Richard Eyres Arrival Date: 5/18/1773 John Beaton Christopher Jourdan Nicholas Ready John Biggs Francis Kane Christopher Reily Patrick Crosby Ignatius Keating Thomas Reily Anne Dilany Margaret Kelly John Sharman BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 135

Rose Duffey John Kingshalle Nicholas Smith James Gibson Gabriel Lount John Wilkinson Mary Gill George McCallister Sarah Godfrey Jane Nelson

Ship: Phenix Port of Origin: Bristol Master: William Gamble Arrival Date: 5/27/1773 Robert Bedford William Mabbely John Platfoot John Clarke Joshua Magus John Richard John Clifford Sibason Mason John Smith Joseph Eyers William McKnown Richard Thomas Thomas Hines William Moore John Vergin Samuel Jones John Morgan John Wall Alice Lang Nicholas Neale Nicholas Williams William Light Sears Olof

Brig: Dolphin Port of Origin: London Master: Arthur Hill Arrival Date: 5/31/1773 Nicholas Barts James Long Isaac Parkes James Cook Elizabeth Marble (wife) John Patterson Mary Davy Richard Marble (husband) George Pfotzer Richard Hamilton Edward Norton Catherine Reily John Harvey Henry Sparing Mary Lerrue Mary Walter

Ship: Sally Port of Origin: Bristol Master: Samuel Young Arrival Date: 6/4/1773 William Bayliss John Hill John Stock Dickman Brooks John Saunders Joseph Craft William Squire

Ship: Carolina Port of Origin: London Master: Benjamin Loxley Arrival Date: 6/4/1773 Richard Trested

Ship: Minerva Port of Origin: Newry Master: Francis Faires, (D. McCullough, J. McCul- Arrival Date: 6/11/1773 lough) Angus Cameron William Martin Phealix O'Neal Elizabeth Clarke Catherine McKigney John Raverty Robert Dickson John Metier John Smith Alles Gilmore Mary Morrow Esther Sweall Mary Hagons Hannah Neil Ann Hyde Ester O'Neal

Brig: Charlotte Port of Origin: Newry Master: Robert Montgomery (Robert Wilson) Arrival Date: 6/14/1773 Andrew Adams John Laverty Thomas Pady James Adams John Magginnis William Perry William Black James Matthews Robert Rhea Thomas Groves Sarah McBoy Jane Spence 136 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

Brig: Peggy Port of Origin: Belfast Master: Charles McKinsey Arrival Date: 6/17/1773 Robert Brown Hugh McConnal Elizabeth Shaw John Carson Hercules McGown Agnes Spence Patrick Geely Catherine McKinney Elizabeth Stevenson Jane Johnston Agnes Neal Thomas Thompson John Mateer John Quinn John Wilson John McCarty Elizabeth Shaw

Ship: Jenny Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: James Campbell &Alexander Mellvaine Arrival Date: 6/25/1773 John Bell (wife) Edward Mullan Jane Boyd James Dougherty (hus- Neal O'Murray Thomas Brooks band) Catherine Dougherty Alexander Hamill

Brig: Agnes Port of Origin: Belfast via New Castle, De. Master: Robert Ewing Arrival Date: 6/26/1773 Mary Allen Michael Gefries Charles Reily John Castels James Legate James Roseburn Elizabeth Clelan Martha Ligget James Russell Hugh Colvin Hugh McDowall Elizabeth Smith Elizabeth Crowe Sarah Meleir Margaret Smith Charles English Margaret Muffat Mary Steward

Snow: Charlotte Port of Origin: Waterford Master: Richard Curtis Arrival Date: 7/4/1773 John Aichin Mary Farrell James McLean Mary Barry Thomas Fitzhenry Patrick Morrissy Mary Boyle Catherine Fogerty William Mullowney Hugh Bready Patrick Garvey Michol Murphy John Brenan Dennis Gready John Parker Patrick Bryan Susanna Grimes Joseph Quirk Michael Buckley James Harrison Joseph Reed Andrew Burchell Joseph Harrison Thomas Reynolds Edward Callachan Morris Hastings Catherine Roche John Condon John Haughey Thomas Rowe James Coole Michael Jourden James Ryan Timothy Crow Darby Karr John Shea James Cummings Peter Keasy Owin Sullivan Mary Cunningham Margaret Kennedy Charles Thompson John Currin John Loughlin Robert Welsh William Currin Mary Magher Richard White Luke Doyle James Magrath Thomas Doyle Mary McCabe

Ship: Betsey Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De. Master: David McCutcheon Arrival Date: 7/8/1773 Bridget Callihan Mary Kirk Margaret Morphy Jane Clark Elizabeth Lamb Patrick Morphy Thomas Coburn John Lenon William Morphy Lawrence Conway Patrick Logan James Morrow James Dawson Mary Madden Michael Muckelhetton BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 137

Mary Donnely Jane Madole John Murphy John Doyle Patrick Mallon William Neale William Fullerton Patrick Mallon Henry O'Neal Henry Gervan Mary McCardell Betty O'Neil George Grant Bridget McDanald Elenaor Queen William Hammon Mary McGee Christie Reyney John Hannon Barney McGlone Catherine Scott Hercules Haughton (hus- William McGuire Patrick Smith band) James McGwire Henry Veach Jane Haughton (wife) Sarah McMaghan James Wills Ann Johnston Rose McMaghon James Woods Lawrence Kenny John Miller Barbara King John Miller Snow: Penn Port of Origin: Cork Master: J. McCaddon Arrival Date: 7/11/1773 Mary Brian Edward Gilbert Bartholomew Murphy Honor Bryan John Goggin George Murphy Ann Burk Timothy Harrington Mary Ray Catherine Burke Michael Hindley Susannah Rogers Jeane Clark Mary Keese Dorothy Sheely Joseph Donely John Lawrence Elizabeth Spillane Patrick Donnevan Honora Malone Daniel Sullivan Darby Donohue John Malone Catherine Sweing John Flynn Ann McAnnelly Richard Townly Timothy Fowler Honora McCarthy Maurice Walsh Honora Fox Eleanor McCarty Edward Watkeys James Gallway James Mortal John Welsh Ship: Rose Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: Robert George Date of Arrival: 7/23/1773 Thomas Higgans James Turner

Ship: Newry Assistance Port of Origin: Newry via New Castle, De. Master: Robert Cunningham Arrival Date: 8/2/1773 Sarah Askin Terence Lamb Archibald McDonald Barnard Brady Tellet Lawson Arthur McGlines Francis Cambell John Lee Sarah McGough Richard Cole John Loge Charles McKnown Ann Connor John Magary Archibald McLean Jane Crampton Hugh Mahen Martha McLoud Margaret Crampton Mary Major John McRoddin Thomas Crosgrove John Martin Edward Montgomery Elizabeth Davis John May Sarah Patterson Margaret Dougherty Daniel McCalvy John Ward Henry Drew Andrew McCauseland James Welsh James Forbes James McCauseland John Wilson William Franklin Peter McCherry Ann Woods William Higgons John McCourt

Ship: Jupiter Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: John Ewing Arrival Date: 8/3/1773 Abram Anderson John Humphreys Charles O'Neil Francis Corry Francis Jameson Ann Porter 138 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

John Finnigan Baptist Martin Robert Sands Isabel Gorel Daniel McCay Isabella Wallace Charles Grogan Daniel Murphy James Hood James Nelson

Ship: Alexander Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: James Hunter Arrival Date: 8/6/1773 Samuel Boyd Michael McCann Elizabeth Rainey Thomas Brillighan Lidia McClintock Elizabeth Read James Christy Jane McCormick Hugh Read George Daragh Andrew McDowall Mary Read Ann Duffy John McGinly Sarah Steen John Euert Hugh McKnown James Stevenson John Fearby Daniel McLean Archibald Steward Patrick Kaighn James McPeak Alexander Stewart Agnes Kirk John McPeak Andrew Stoop Rosanna Kirk James Powell Richard Wallace Charles McCafferty Arthur Quin Catherine Wilson

Ship: Hannah Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: James Mitchell Arrival Date: 8/8/1773 Agness Anderson John Fraim William Moody Jane Anderson James Grier Mary Nowls Ann Boyd John Keelan Margaret O'Harrow Mathew Brown Sarah Kirke John Paterson Ann Cample Elizabeth McConegall John Pearcy Henry Douglas William McMullans

Ship: Sally Port of Origin: London Master: Samuel Jones Arrival Date: 8/31/1773 James Batting Andrew Durand Ann Mullen John Bayley Francis Farrar Thomas Preston Peter Beaty Robert Fassett Luke Racey Sarah Bennett Josuah Fendler Philip Racey James Best John Field Susanna Rix Henry Botting William Gray Burnet Savage John Brixey Anne Eliz Hackett Frederick Reim Schider Henry Brown Faban Hamerly David Scott Francis Burleigh George Harvey Joseph Sibson Dorothy Candy John Heath Thomas Smales Susanna Chipperfield Charles Hobart William Soare Mary Clayton Thomas Howard Joseph Sweatman Thomas Cock John Jefferson John Godfrey Swing Jane Coiling John Johnson George Thornton Nicholas Peter Coster Lydia Johnson John Turner Ambrose Croker Margaret Johnston John Wallace William Davidson John Jones John Ward Catherine Davis Thomas Jones Nicholas Webster Aston Dixon Christian King Frederick Weideligh John Cornelius Don Ouden Francis King Robert Wilson William Dorrington William King xxx Wood Daniel Dowling John Low Samuel Dowling Jean McLean BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 139

Snow: Sarah Port of Origin: Dublin via New Castle, De. Master: Samuel Corry Arrival Date: 9/1/1773 Richard Allen Nicholas Donnavan Benjamin Lyon Isaac Barton James Dougherty Elizabeth Mackey Margaret Bourne John Douglass James Marting Jane Brady Alice Farrell Catherine McGee Terrance Brain James Farrell Ambros Newsam Thomas Brogan Christopher Finnegan Mary Nicholson Alice Brown Arthur Fitzharries (hus- Cornelius Pratt William Bryne band) John Purcell William Carr Mary Fitzharries (wife) John Reed John Carrin Charles Foy John Reilly Ann Carrole Allace Frazer John Reilly Francis Clarke James Gallant Mary Reily William Coleman Edward Gibbons Joseph Reynolds Daniel Conners James Halfpenny Esther Rivan Catherine Connoly Edward Horan Martha Sampson Mary Connor Peter Johnston Charles Smith Ann Cormick Daniel Kenny Peter Smith Daniel Creamer James Lang William Squibb Cornelius Criman Lawrence Ledwith George Straugham Patrick Cuff Edward Lee John Tabbott Margaret Culley Alexander Long Jane Walsh James Divyer

Ship: Rea Galley Port of Origin: Isle of Lewis, Scotland Master: Robert Hunter Arrival Date: 9/5/1773 Daniel Campbell Christian McDonald John McLeod John Campbell Donald McDonald John McLeod Murdoch Campbell Donald McDonald (hus- Malcom McLeod Ann Gillis band) Margaret McLeod (wife) Margaret Gillis Donald McDonald Mary McLeod (wife) Angus Graham Isabel McDonald (wife) Mary McLeod Angus Graham Malcom McDonald Mary McLeod Ann Graham Norman McDonald Murdoch McLeod Donnald Graham John McDonnald William McLeod (hus- Henaritta Graham Angus McFarlan band) Molcom Graham John McFarlan William McLeod (hus- Catherine Gunn Catherine McGillis band) Donald Gunn Ann Mclver William McLeod John Gunn Neil McKay Allen Morrison John Gunn Mary McKenzie Catherine Morrison John Gunn Roderick McKenzie Donald Morrison John Gunn (husband) Annaple McKinnee John Morrison Malcom Gunn Angus McKinsey (hus- John Morrison Malcom Gunn band) John Morrison Margaret Gunn (wife) Christiana McKinsey John Morrison Margaret Gunn (wife) Mary Morrison Mary Gunn Catherine McKinzie Nancy Morrison Angus Martin Catherine McLean Ann Murray Donald Martin Ann McLenan Donald Murray Margaret Martin Catherine McLennen William Murrey Margaret Martin Roderick McLenon Angus Smith 140 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY

Murdo Martin Angus McLeod Ann Smith John McArthur Ann McLeod Catherine Smith John McAskell Ann McLeod Donald Smith Catherine McCauly Catherine McLeod Donnald Smith Ann McClelland Catherine McLeod Donnald Smith Christiana McCloud Christiana McLeod Gormal Smith (wife) Donnald McLeod John Smith Donnald McCloud (hus- Elizabeth McLeod Mary Smith band) Forgell McLeod Murdock Smith Norman McDonal John McLeod Peggy Smith Ann McDonald John McLeod Catherine McDonald John McLeod

Ship: Louisa Port of Origin: Londonderry via New Castle, De. Master: James Kirkpatrick Arrival Date: 9/8/1773 Philip Henry Ann Scollen James McMullen Henry Sheffengton

Ship: Pennsylvania Packet, Catherine Port of Origin: London Master: Peter Osborne, JamcesSutton Arrival Date: 9/20/1773 Charles Bell Donald McEntyre William Poor

Snow: Peggy Port of Origin: Glasgow Master: William Hastie Arrival Date: 9/21/1773 William Breamer George Munro Andrew Sutherland James Griger Alexander Reid Hugh Hassack John Sharp

Ships: Undetermined Port of Origin: Britian, mostly Ireland Masters: Undetermined Arrival Date: 5/18/1772 to 10/5/1773 William Amerson Sarah Graham John Mitchell James Anderson Ann Gray Hannah Moore Margaret Anderson William Gray Jane Moore Daniel Andrews Jonathan Grindle John Moore John Andrews John Hall John Morrow Elizabeth Barnoutt John Hamilton James Mortimore Patrick Barron Peter Hanlon Neil Mullin Ann Beck William Hanning William Mullin William Berry Thomas Hanson Jane Murry Robert Biggart Edward Harper Elizabeth Mustard Malkum Blayer Arthur Hassen James Mustard James Bones Daniel Hease Mary Mustard Jannet Bones John Hegen Judge Neil Peter Bones Mary Her Robert Neil Thomas Bones Jennet Herbeson William Neiles Madgey Bradley James Hughes Richard Newman Marery Bradley William Hutton William Nichoal Peter Brown Michael Kain Makhum Nicholson Edward Burges William Keho John O'Bryan John Burk Charles Kelly Mary O'Hara Robert Burnside Mary Kennedy Catherine O'Mullen Thomas Burton Thomas Kerr James Olivce Dennis Byrn John Killpatrick Robert Owens BRITISH IMMIGRATION TO PHILADELPHIA 141

Lawrence Byrne Rose Killpatrick William Paxton David Caldwell Thomas Kinnan Mary Phegan James Callaghan George Kirkpatrick Thomas Piers Charles Callan Thomas Leacock Jonathan Pinkerd Janet Cames John Linton Charles Porter Collin Campbell Bernard Logan John Porter Francis Carson John Logan Thomas Prendergast Samuel Carson Wilkinson Logan (wife) Dennis Quig Esther Cearney William Logan (husband) Lott Regan Jane Chesney William Lyon Philip Rice William Clyde Robert Magee Sarah Robison John Collons John Mahagan Catherine Roche John Connell Michael Mahagan John Rose Michael Connell Arthur Mahon John Ross James Conner John Jr Marlins Patrick Russell Margaret Connolly Margaret Marlins Francis Shales Martha Correy Samuel Marlins Toby Sheals John Coulter William Marshall Alexander Shields John Craig Mary Martin William Short Neal Crossan Neil McAuly Isabella Smith Thomas Cruise John McCarron John Smith Sarah Cullinan John Jr McClelland John Smith James Cushing Archibald McClory Thomas Smith James Darrough George McColter Elizabeth Steen John Davidson Patrick McCool Margaret Steen William Davidson James McCready Honor Sullivan Thomas Day James McCullough James Sullivan Mary Donald James McDonald John Taggart William Donelly Owen McGinnis James Taylor Edward Dougherty Patrick McGinnis Robert Taylor James Dougherty Alexander McGregger John Thompson Michael Downs Duncan McGregor James Toole James Duffy William McKee Morris Trenor Thomas Duncan John McKeever Daniel Troy Robert Dunlap Michael McManis William Truman Elizabeth Dunn Robert McMeans Archibald Twaddle Cornelius Dwire Thomas McMeans John Vaughan Anthony Evans John McMullan Richard Walsh William Fagen Patrick McMunon Samuel Wans Michael Farrel Dennis McNarten John Ward Margary Farron Charles McNeal James Wattson Margaret Ferguson Daniel McNeil Neil Welch George Fitsgerrald Jane Mead William Whistler Margaret Foster John Meloy Jane White Mary Fowlo Daniel Miller James Wilkin John Fullerton David Miller Jane Williams Louisa Gage William Miller Jane Wilson Charles Gallacher Joseph Mills Robert Wright John Graham