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CASH TRANSFERS and HEALTHCARE in ARGENTINA and BRAZIL Sara Niedzwiecki A

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CASH TRANSFERS and HEALTHCARE in ARGENTINA and BRAZIL Sara Niedzwiecki A MULTILEVEL SOCIAL POLICIES AND PARTISAN ALIGNMENTS: CASH TRANSFERS AND HEALTHCARE IN ARGENTINA AND BRAZIL Sara Niedzwiecki A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved by: Evelyne Huber Thomas Carsey Liesbet Hooghe Cecilia Martinez-Gallardo John Stephens Tulia Falleti © 2014 Sara Niedzwiecki ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT SARA NIEDZWIECKI: Multilevel Social Policies and Partisan Alignments: Cash Transfers and Healthcare in Argentina and Brazil. (Under the Direction of Evelyne Huber) This dissertation assesses the performance of social policies in decentralized countries. It explores the factors that shape the successful implementation of non-contributory cash transfers and healthcare in Argentina and Brazil, countries in which subnational governments enjoy high levels of authority. The study finds that effective implementation of major national social assistance and services depend in part on partisan alignments across the different territorial levels – subnational governments enhance national policies either when they are political allies of the national government or when the policy has no clear attribution of responsibility and therefore possesses no electoral risk for the opposition. Furthermore, positive policy legacies and strong territorial infrastructure enhance the implementation of national social policies. The empirical foundation for this argument includes a pooled time series analysis of all provinces in Argentina and all states in Brazil and case studies that build on fifteen months of field-research in two provinces and four municipalities in Argentina, and two states and four municipalities in Brazil. In these places, the author conducted 235 original interviews with key national and subnational politicians and almost 150 structured interviews with social policy recipients. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have been fortunate to receive both personal and institutional support throughout the process of this dissertation. I would first like to acknowledge my adviser, Evelyne Huber, who went above and beyond to help me succeed. Evelyne trusted this project from the beginning and encouraged me to enhance it by providing invaluable and timely comments. Her dedication to asking questions that matter, and questions we are passionate to know the answer to, has guided me throughout the Ph.D. In addition, Evelyne and John Stephens’ research and teaching on the politics of welfare policies have been a constant source of inspiration. John’s course on welfare states at UNC has fundamentally shaped the way that I see the development of social policies, and his keen eye has refined the theory and the statistical analysis of this dissertation. The rest of my committee members have also provided invaluable input. Liesbet Hooghe, and also Gary Marks, pushed me to think hard about the implications of my research for multilevel governance and to achieve elegance in writing. Their rigor in developing data for measuring difficult concepts has aided this dissertation, and will continue to for future works. Tom Carsey has been a critical reader when discussing the statistical results and, most importantly, he has aided the theoretical framework. Cecilia Martinez-Gallardo has also pushed me to refine the theory and to be a concise, organized, and clear writer. Tulia Falleti has helped me think about my research question, and was generous to share contacts for my field research in Porto Alegre. Besides the members of my committee, other professors at UNC also helped make this project a better dissertation. In particular, Lars Schoultz offered sharp editorial suggestions, and Jonathan Hartlyn, Jim Stimson, and Milada Vachudova provided their valuable input at key moments. iv I encountered generous colleagues and friends at UNC. Juan Bogliaccini, Lucía Genta, Santiago Anria, and Anne De Cecco provided very needed emotional and intellectual support throughout the Ph.D. I would like to thank them for their friendship and generosity. I am thankful to Ali Stoyan, for her collegiality and friendship, and for putting her intelligence and clarity of thought to the service of this dissertation. Jon Kropko was an essential support on the use of Time Series-Cross Sectional methods. Other colleagues at UNC also provided very helpful comments at working groups and class discussions: Kiran Auerbach, Russell Bither- Terry, Kevin Brondum, Sandra Chapman, Federico Fuchs, Claire Greenstein, Gabriele Magni, Bilyana Petrova, and Zoila Ponce de León. Also at UNC, I would like to thank staff-members Chris Reynolds, Carol Nichols, Shannon Eubanks, Ashley McKinney, and Susan Heske for their patience and warmth. I had the opportunity to present my work and receive very helpful feedback from discussants, panelists, and audience members at numerous conferences – Camila Arza, Pablo Beramendi, Germán Lodola, Mala Htun, Wendy Hunter, James Mahoney, James McGuire, Alfred Montero, Jennifer Pribble, Catalina Smulovitz, and William Stanley. I am particularly indebted to Andre Borges, Ernesto Calvo, Carlos Freytes, Carlos Gervasoni, Agustina Giraudy, Lucas Gonzalez, James McGuire, Emilia Simison, Cristiani Vieira Machado, and César Zucco for their generous sharing of data, contacts, and knowledge on the cases. Fieldwork would not have been possible if it had not been for the generosity of a number of people. In particular, I wish to express my humble thanks to the 148 social policy recipients who agreed to be interviewed. Their stories were a constant reminder of the importance of studying social policies. In Argentina, I conducted field research in Mendoza, San Luis, and Buenos Aires. In Mendoza, I am indebted to Gabriela Berrios and Rubén for enabling my entrance to the barrios; as well as Carlos Corengia, Miriam Espinoza, Dante Mazza, Rubén v Miranda, Carlos Valcarcel, and especially to Noemí Massolo and her team at the Dirección de Derecho Alimentario, for their openness with information and contacts. Professors and former graduate students at the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, particularly Jorge Asso, Juan Carlos Aguiló and his research team, Carmelo Cortese, and Rosa Goldar were accessible at very early stages of the fieldwork. In San Luis, I would particularly like to recognize Omar Samper, Gloria Trocello, and Fernando Nuñez for their generosity. The Anses team at San Luis City, particularly Mariela Di Chiacchio and Gastón Témoli, together with Franco Nieto, Maria Fernanda Traversi, Patricia Lorena Nievas, Marcela Calderón, and Carlos Gómez facilitated interviews with social policy recipients. In Buenos Aires, I thank professors at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, where I had institutional affiliation, as well as Leandro Gielis from Siempro and Diego Leiva from Anses. In Brazil, I conducted field research in Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás, and Brasília. In Rio Grande do Sul, I would like to particularly thank those who opened the doors of the institutions they lead to allow me to see the implementation of social policies in the territory – Vânia Maria Frantz, Ademir Jorge da Silva, Janine Mallmann, Marlí Medeiros, Rosane Terezinha Baltazar, and Marizete Velloso. I also want to recognize the institutional affiliation offered by the Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, and particularly to María Izabel Mallmann and the graduate students in the Political Science program. I was lucky to meet Telassim Lewandowski, who introduced me in Canoas. Soraya Cortés, Olivio Dutra, Jose Inacio Lermen, and Rosi Mardemattos were generous sharing contacts. In Goiás, I would specially like to thank those who facilitated my access to interview social policy recipients – Helizangela Alves do Nacimento, Airmeir Artiaga, Patrícia Belem, Patrícia Ribeiro Guimarães, and Claudio Rocha. Valdi Camarcio Bezerra, Germana Tabosa, and Márcia Tales de Castro Cassiano were generous in sharing key contacts. In Brasília, the Núcleo de Pesquisa em Política Social da Universidade de Brasília, and specially Professor Pochiara, allowed me to discuss my first impressions of the Brazilian case. I would vi also like to thank Bruno Camara Pinto and Luciana Mendes Santos Servo for sharing data and contacts. Nicoletta Lumaldo provided excellent research assistance throughout field research, with rigorous work and excellent predisposition. Igancio Puente participated in initial quantitative data collection, and Facundo Ibarlucia and Hernán Silva contributed to archival research of the local newspaper in San Luis. I also thank the support and political humor of my friends in Buenos Aires, specially Eleonor Faur, Luciana Gutsztat, and Ariel Zaritzky. Extensive field research for this project was only possible thanks to the generous funding from the European Research Council Advanced Grant #249543 “Causes and Consequences of Multilevel Governance”, the Uhlman Summer Fellowship Award, the Pre- dissertation Field Research Grant from UNC’s Institute for the Study of the Americas, and the Graduate School at UNC’s Off-Campus Dissertation Research Fellowship and Summer Research Fellowship. A Dissertation Completion Fellowship from the Graduate School at the University of North Carolina funded the writing phase during 2013-2014 academic year. I am particularly thankful to my family, and especially to my brothers and my mother, who has supported me on every decision since I started
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