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Global Trends and Status in Bioenergy Research During the Years 2000-2020: a Systematic Analysis

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Global Trends and Status in Bioenergy Research During the Years 2000-2020: a Systematic Analysis Global Trends and Status in Bioenergy Research During the Years 2000-2020: a Systematic Analysis Mohammad Reza Sabour ( [email protected] ) KN Toosi University of Technology https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3606-3762 Amin Sadeghi-Sheshdeh K N Toosi University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Fateme Mohammadi University of Tehran Ehsan Asheghian Amiri K N Toosi University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Research Article Keywords: Bioenergy, Environment, Bibliometric analysis, Social network analysis (SNA), Research trend, VOSviewer Posted Date: June 22nd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-545873/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/23 Abstract The escalation of energy consumption and the issues arising from the use of fossil fuels have drawn attention towards sustainable energy sources. Bioenergy is a sustainable energy source that can help accomplish the goals of sustainable development. Aimed at the bibliometric analysis of articles on bioenergy, this study explored a total of 16,773 articles published in the Scopus database from 2000 to 2020. The cooperation of the authors and countries was established and studied by using social network analysis based on co-authorship. Also, to check the hot topics, the keywords and their interrelations were assessed based on co-occurrences. Additionally, the interrelationship of the keyword clusters was studied. The relevant research institutions, sponsors, and journals were addressed as other dimensions. The research showed that although the United States is the pioneer, China has made extensive investments and has put a special focus on bioenergy. As expected, the keyword ‘biomass’ is most repeated followed by ‘microbial fuel cells’ in the next place. The greatest growth was related to the keywords of ‘microbial fuel cell’, ‘anaerobic digestion’, and ‘biogas’. On the other hand, ‘biochar’ had the newest among the 25 most repeated keywords. This research would help researchers to develop bioenergy by identifying the most recent interesting topics and their interrelations. Highlights Countries, institutions, sponsors, journals, authors and keywords are analyzed. "VOSviewer" is used to visualize the relationship between countries and keywords. An analysis of articles' distribution by region is conducted. Keywords growth is assessed over two decades. Introduction The economic growth and the expansion of urbanization have increased the demand for energy (Singh et al. 2020). This energy is mainly supplied by fossil fuels, which are less expensive than other fuels whereas the consumption of these fuels entails extensive environmental issues, including global warming, the increased emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), air pollution, climate change, and the acidication of oceans (Spagnolo et al. 2020; Guo et al. 2018). The annual population growth is 1.5% and the annual growth of energy demand is 1.1%, which clearly shows that we need to nd a sustainable alternative for fossil fuels (Nanda and Berruti 2021). The initiation of economic growth in every country is accompanied by the degradation of its environment. Indeed, developing countries are most inuential on the environment, and the quality of the environment can be expected to ameliorate gradually as these countries approach the fringe of economic development (Huangfu et al. 2020; Sarkodie and Strezov 2019). There is no way but to seek sustainable sources given the environmental issues, energy security, and the price of energy carriers. In other words, the world cannot rely on fossil fuels and has to move toward neutral carbon and renewable energies, such as bioenergies, solar energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy (J. Song et al. 2020; SUN et al. 2020). For instance, Fig. 1 depicts the graph of the Persian Gulf crude oil FOB price for the United States (US Energy Information Administration, 2020). Accordingly, the crude oil price has been in the range of 38–106 USD/barrel in the last decade, which is too volatile for a reliable source of energy, making fossil fuels unreliable. The movement towards renewable energy sources at a large scale can inuence the countries with economies dependent on non-renewable energies, so these countries should be adapted to the upcoming conditions (Kahia, Aïssa, and Lanouar 2017). Biomass can play a profound role in the future of global energy. Compared to non-renewable energies, the energy derived from biomass can be developed with environmental, economic, and social approaches (Mohammadi et al. 2020; Narwane et al. 2021). The use of biomass for energy generation can solve the issues arising from landlls with all their tremendous environmental and economic implications. Another advantage of this energy source is that it is carbon- neutral; which means it produces as much carbon during burning as it has absorbed in the production chain (Ibraeva et al. 2021; Tripathi et al. 2019). By using biomass for energy production, the share of agriculture can be increased in gross domestic product (GDP). Europe has been committed to stopping GHG emissions by 2050. In Europe, 59% of biomass is used for food production, 21% for energy production, and 20% for the production of bio-products (e.g., tables, chairs, and etc.). However, biomass production is subject to constraints and challenges. For example, only 22% of the lands and 4% of the oceans are fertile, so land-use change is an important issue that should be considered (van Zanten et al. 2016; Popp et al. 2021). Effective policies are developed to support bioenergy. Presently, bioenergy is the fourth source of energy production after coal, oil, and natural gas. We need to pursue sustainable sources of biomass and the maturity of relevant technologies considering environmental and economic sustainability (C. Song et al. 2020). For an in-depth investigation of an issue, it is of crucial signicance to know the trend of its research and development over time. Bibliometric is an ecient method to display the different dimensions and trends of the development of an issue by mathematical, statistical, and graphical methods (Liang and Gong 2017; Merigó et al. 2016; H. Du et al. 2014). With the aid of a bulk of data (keywords, authors, countries, journals, institutions, and sponsors), it is possible to identify the important points, boundaries, and commons of an topic, which can then be referred to as an appropriate guideline (Y. Du and Teixeira 2012; Persson, Glänzel, and Danell 2004). The present study aims to evaluate research on energy derived from biomass. This study focuses on the growth trend of articles, countries and their international cooperation, research institutions and journals, authors, and keywords over 2000–2020 so that the link between different subjects and the scientic gaps can be identied to set the scene for its future growth. All parts of these articles were explored in the K.N. Toosi University of Technology in Tehran, Iran from September to December of 2020. Materials And Methods Page 2/23 H-index and IF (impact factor) are two important indicators of data quality. IF was rst dened by Eugene Gareld, the founder of the Institute for Scientic Information (ISI), in 1972. It reects the authenticity of a journal in a certain research eld versus the other journals. IF is calculated by the following equation: in which α represents the number of citations to the journal articles in other journals in the last two years and β represents the number of papers published in the journal in the last two years (Mao et al. 2018). H-index was proposed by Jorge E. Hirsch in 2005 for scientic assessment of researchers’ effectiveness (Hirsch 2005). This index means that H articles published by a researcher have been cited at least H times. The advantage of this parameter is that it shows the number and impact of articles simultaneously. This index is presently regarded as the best criterion for people’s scientic assessment (Ioannidis, Klavans, and Boyack 2016). The present research employed both IF and H-index to evaluate the quality of the studied parameters. They were derived from the Journal Citation Reports (JCR), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), and Elsevier. 2.1 Social Network Analysis (SNA) SNA is an instrument to study the critical points and their interrelations (Lee et al. 2014). Visualization of Similarities (VOS) is an appropriate software to study these relations and provide a graphical representation of data (Gaviria-Marin, Merigó, and Baier-Fuentes 2019). The present study employed VOSviewer to portray and analyze the data (the cooperation network of authors, countries, and keywords). An important point that will be discussed is the clustering analysis of the keywords. 2.2 Keywords and constraints on data collection For the bibliometric analysis, all relevant papers were used from the Scopus database published in the time period of 2000–2020. To comprehensively study the topic of ‘bioenergy’, all likely keywords in the titles, abstracts, and keywords were explored and the results were ltered to provide a good sample. The keywords employed included ‘bio mass power generation’, ‘bio-mass power generation’, ‘biomass power generation’, ‘bio mass energies’, ‘bio-mass energies’, ‘biomass energies’, ‘bio energies’, ‘bio-energies’, ‘bioenergies’, ‘bio-mass energy’, ‘bio mass energy’, ‘biomass energy’, ‘bio energy’, ‘bio-energy’, and ‘bioenergy’. The initial search gave 35,821 papers. They were conned to the years 2000–2020. To ensure precision and purposefulness, the subject area was limited to have articles at least in one of the categories of ‘environmental science’, ‘agricultural and biological science’, ‘energy’, ‘chemical engineering’, ‘engineering’, and or ‘chemistry’. Finally, 24,524 papers were yielded. A signicant portion of these publication (95.8%) was in English, which were classied into articles (71.39%), conference papers (10.15%), review papers (9.71%), book Chaps. (4.63%), and other documents (4.12%). The papers were conned to English articles, resulting in a total of 16,773 documents. Figure 2 presents how the documents were ltered.
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