DOCSLIB.ORG

Analysing Open Access Books on Guru Tegh Bahadur: a Bibliometric Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analysing Open Access Books on Guru Tegh Bahadur: a Bibliometric Study Library Progress (International) Print version ISSN 0970 1052 Vol.41, No.1, January-June 2021: P.9-16 Online version ISSN 2320 317X DOI: 10.5958/2320-317X.2021.00002.7 Original Article Available online at www.bpasjournals.com Analysing Open Access Books on Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Bibliometric Study Dr. P.C. Sehgal*, Sunita** Author’s Affiliation: *Professor & Head, Department of Library and Information Science, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India **Research Scholar, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India Corresponding Author: Sunita, Research Scholar, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India E-mail: [email protected] Received on 20.03.2020, Accepted on 26.08.2020 ABSTRACT The study makes a survey of 295 full text books on Guru Tegh Bahadur. It also makes their demographic analysis to study their chronological growth and authorship pattern (both personal and corporate). It brings out the contributions of female authors. The study finds out publishers and their geographical distribution. Formats and physical size of the digitized books have been identified along with subject wise distribution of the documents. KEYWORDS: e-Books, Sikh Book Club, Punjab Digital Library, Punjabi Library, Guru Tegh Bahadur. INTRODUCTION Tegh Bahadur in 1675, i.e. more than 270 years before the birth of the U.N.O. He, as such, is Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth Guru of the the first martyr of the whole of humanity, and, Sikhs. He was born in the family of Guru deserves to be called ‘father of the martyrs’. Hargobind and Mata Nanaki on the 18th of (The Sikhs.Org, 2020) October 1621 at Amritsar (then known as Guru-Da-Chakk). According to one tradition, Going by his social and religious impact on his date of birth is the 1st of April 1621. He is society, many writings and research works known as defender of the right to faith for have been published by individuals and every person. In the whole history of the institutions to explicate his life, philosophy, world, there is only one episode which and contribution to the society in general glorifies the sacrifice of a man who laid down (Singh, 2017). Now-a-days a lot of documents his life defending a man’s right to his/her on Guru Tegh Bahadur are freely available faith. There have been martyrs who laid down over different web portals and digital libraries. their life defending their own faith; but there is These documents are mainly in the forms of none who did it even for those whose digitised books, manuscripts, research articles, principle were rejected by him and his and pamphlets that can be read online as well predecessors. Today, the U.N.O. Charter as can be downloaded in many format, supports human beings’ right to faith, but, this especially in PDF. Majority of the digitised manifesto had first been declared, and books are rare in nature that cannot be found defended with his own sacrifice, by Guru easily in most of the libraries (Singh, 2018). Dr. P.C. Sehgal, Sunita OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY • To ascertain the numbers, types and Each digitized book related with Guru Tegh formats of e-Books in available on Guru Bahadur has been standardly described Tegh Bahadur; bibliographically and then examined on the • To make the web users aware about e- basis author (personal and corporate), year, books related to the ninth guru; publisher, format, physical size, type, • To take part in year-long celebrations for geographic entity and subject. 400th birth anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur; LIMITATIONS • To make demographic analysis to study the chronological growth and authorship The present study is confined to digitized pattern (both personal and corporate) of books available over different web portals and books; digital libraries on Guru Tegh Bahadur. A lot • To brings out the contributions of female of digitized books are available on different authors; subjects on different web portals and digital • To finds out publishers and their libraries. Similar study may also be conducted geographical distribution. on them. RESEARCH PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA It is to discover, locate and study digitized books on Guru Tegh Bahadur available on The following data and information has been different web portals and digital libraries. 295 obtained through a data sheet designed to digitised books available on web from 1921 to record bibliographic elements of electronic 2018 have been taken a census using their books available on different web portals and bibliographical details and contents (Satija, digital libraries described in the scope of this Singh & Harish, 2013). study. The data has been collected by visiting each website of the web portals and digital libraries. The data gathered through data sheet has been organised and tabulated to enhance the reliability, validity and accuracy of the data. Analysis of data is as follows: Table 1: Availability of books over different web platforms Web Portal/Digital Library No. of books available % age Sikh Book Club 95 32 Panjab Digital Library 91 31 Archive.org 20 07 Vidhia.com 15 05 Sikh Digital Library 11 04 Gurmatveechar.com 35 12 Apnaorg.com 20 07 Punjabi Library 08 02 Total 295 100 10 Library Progress (International)/ Vol.41 No.1/ January-June 2021 Availability of books over different web platforms Sikh Book Club 20 8 Panjab Digital Library 35 95 Archive.org 11 Vidhia.com 15 Sikh Digital Library 20 Gurmatveechar.com Apnaorg.com 91 Punjabi Library Figure 1: Availability of books over different web platforms It has been seen in the above table 1 and figure number of books (20). Vidhia.com is at 1 that the largest numbers (95) are found in number fifth with 15 manuscripts while Sikh Sikh Book Club. Panjab Digital Library ranks Digital Library follows with 11 books. At last two with 91 books followed by the comes Punjabi Library with 08 books on Guru Gurmatveechar.com with 35 books. Tegh Bahadur. Archive.org and Apnaorg.com house the same Table 2: Language wise distribution Language No. of books % age Punjabi 185 63 English 75 25 Hindi 35 12 Total 295 100 Language wise distribution 185 200 150 75 100 35 50 0 Punjabi English Hindi Figure 2: Language wise distribution The above table 2 and figure 2 collectively books are in Punjabi (Gurmukhi) followed by depict that maximum number of digitised English (75). 12% books are available in Hindi. 11 Dr. P.C. Sehgal, Sunita Table 3: Decade wise distribution of books Decade Number of books % age 1921-1930 08 02 1931-1940 12 04 1941-1950 14 05 1951-1960 11 04 1961-1970 21 07 1971-1980 27 09 1981-1990 32 11 1991-2000 43 15 2001-2010 48 16 2011-2020 62 21 Without any Year 17 06 Total 295 100 As cleared from the above table 3 that majority total numbers of books are 32. Twenty seven of the digitized books (62) are found in the books fall in the decade 1970. The years 1961- current decade followed by 48 in the years of 1970 holds 21 books. About 06% of the books 2001-2010. Books with numbers of 43 come at have been discovered without any year. third rank whereas in the decade of 1980 the Table 4: Types of books Books Number of books % age Authored 225 76 Edited 31 11 Translated 25 08 Translated & Edited 14 05 Total 295 100 On the average 76% (225) of the digitized 25 books have been translated whereas books are authored while 11% (31) of them are translated and edited works make 05% (14) of edited with contributions from many authors. the total lot. Table 5: Authorship pattern No. of authors Number of books % age Single Author 125 42 Joint (Two) Authors 93 32 Multiple Authors 35 12 Corporate Authors 28 09 Anonymous 14 05 Total 295 100 125 (42%) books are written by single authors. personal and corporate. Latter refers to the It is no surprise in light of the predominance governments or institutions, professional of the books in Sikhism and Sikh history while bodies, etc that are legally and morally 32% (93) of the works have been done jointly responsible for the creation of thought content. by two authors. 35 (12%) books are the 28 (09%) books are produced by the corporate creations of multiple authors. Technically bodies whereas 05% (14) of the total speaking there are two types of authors– documents is the work of unknown authors. 12 Library Progress (International)/ Vol.41 No.1/ January-June 2021 Table 6: Gender divide Author No. of contributions % age Male 197 67 Female 67 23 Joint authorship (Male and Female) 31 10 Total 295 100 Table 6 shows that 67% (197) books are by the female authors while 10% (31) publications are male authors followed by 67 (23%) of the of joint authorship of males and females. Table 7: Publisher wise contribution Category Numbers Contributions % age Commercial 20 167 57 Institutional 12 55 19 Government 04 28 09 Self Publishers 23 45 15 Total 59 295 100 Commercial publishers with 57% publications government and its departments such as rank first followed by the institutional Bhasha Vibhag (Language Department) have publishers (universities or literary academies) published 09% of the total books, while 15% of with 55 (19%) digitized books. Punjab the works are author-publishers. Table 8: Geographical distribution of publishers Area Numbers Contributions % age East Punjab & Chandigarh 36 207 70 West Punjab (Pakistan) 05 13 04 New Delhi 13 67 23 Others 04 08 03 Total 58 295 100 As the above table shows, expectedly 70% Lahore and Rawalpindi of the West Punjab.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 5-2012 Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit Preeti Mahajan Panjab University, [email protected] Neeraj Kumar Singh Panjab University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Mahajan, Preeti and Singh, Neeraj Kumar, "Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit" (2012). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 749. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/749 http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/ Library Philosophy and Practice 2012 ISSN 1522-0222 Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit Prof. Preeti Mahajan Department of Library and Information Science Panjab University Chandigarh, India Neeraj Kumar Singh Assistant Librarian A C Joshi Library Panjab University Chandigarh, India Introduction India is a multilingual country and the second most populated country on earth There are a quite a number of languages spoken in India. Some of these languages are accepted nationally while others are accepted as dialects of that particular region. The Indian languages belong to four language families namely Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic (Austric) and Sino-Tibetan. Majority of India's population are using Indo-European and Dravidian languages. The former are spoken mainly in northern and central regions and the latter in southern India. India has 22 officially recognised languages. But around 33 different languages and 2000 dialects have been identified in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Availability of Open Access Books in Punjabi Over Different Web Portals: a Descriptive Study
    Journal of Advancements in Library Sciences ISSN: 2349-4352 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com Availability of Open Access Books in Punjabi over Different Web Portals: A Descriptive Study Sukhdev Singh* Librarian, Guru Nanak College, Sukhchainana Sahib, Phagwara, Punjab, India Abstract Punjabi is the eleventh largely spoken language of the world. It is the mother tongue of 120 million Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians inhibiting the vast stretch from Multan to Delhi in the North-West of the Indo-Pak subcontinent. Of the total 120 million speakers, 76 million are in Pakistan and 33 million in India. Punjabi diaspora in 35 countries, especially in North America, Europe and Australia has taken its culture to the adopted countries. By another account, Punjabi has registered its presence in 150 countries of the world. No wonder then Punjabi is the second largest spoken language in England and ranks third in British Columbia, Canada. In the age of information communication technology (ICT), a large number of multilingual e-books are freely available over Internet on different subjects. Books in Punjabi (Gurmukhi) have no exception of this influence as several web portals and digital libraries also provide open access electronic/digitized books in Punjabi. The present study talks about them. Keywords: Sikh book club, Punjabi library, APNA, Unistar Books, PDL *Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION graduate students have the freedom to opt Punjabi (also written as Panjabi) is one of the Punjabi as the medium of examination. Half a ancient languages of the Indo-Aryan family dozen universities in Northern India have related to Rigvedic culture.
    [Show full text]
  • State Terrorism in Punjab a Report
    STATE TERRORISM IN PUNJAB A REPORT i 153- WINSON STRttT I WINSON GREEN l! BIRMINGHAM, ' H B18 4JW I t Tel: 021-454 2996 Published by Committee for Information and Initiative on Punjab, New Delhi. 1989 Digitized by Panjab Digital Library / www.panjabdiqUib.orp STATE TERRORISM IN PUNJAB A REPORT ■ ' - ■;-c: In v -S'; -. U rJ •*'. ' . r-1 viu'Un i6, C!;n^a;^nra. Published by Committee for Information and Initiative on Punjab, New Delhi. 1989 INTRODUCTION For the last several years the Indian State has been presenting Punjab as a ‘Problem Province’ and the Sikhs as a ’Problem People’. The much vaunted slogan of ‘integrity of the nation’ has been consolidated into the Categorical Imperative that the State can do no wrong vis-a-vis the Sikhs. The genocide of the Sikhs in 1984 in Delhi and elsewhere was seen by the authorities as "understandable in the context". There has been little news on Punjab save what the State has been dishing out - which is mainly of ‘terrorists’ killing and alternatively getting killed. The constitutional imperative of judicial determination of guilt having been discounted into oblivion by both the police and the press, the reports on terrorists are presented by them without the ambiguity of the adjec­ tive alleged". Punjab, which in 1919 housed what was perhaps the most poignant and memorable protest against the Rowlatt Act is today beseiged by a host of even more intimidatory legislation. And in the spirit of "anything you can do, I can do better", towards colonial masters of yore the State of free India has or­ dained admissible in evidence confessions made to police officials.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Rajya Sabha
    GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS RAJYA SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 227 TO BE ANSWERED ON THE 22nd JULY, 2015/ ASADHA 31, 1937 (SAKA) NGOS REGISTERED UNDER FCRA AND BLACKLISTED 227. SHRI SANJAY RAUT: Will the Minister of HOME AFFAIRS be pleased to state: (a) the names of the NGOs registered under the Foreign Contributions Regulation Act, 1976 (FCRA) and blacklisted along with the reasons during the last three years, particularly in Maharashtra; (b) the names of the NGOs which applied for permission along with the letter of sanction received from the foreign funding agency for collecting foreign funds under FCRA; (c) whether the activities of the foreign funding agencies have been found to be against the national interest; (d) if so, the details thereof; and (e) the steps and action taken by Government against foreign funding agencies working against the national interest? ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (SHRI KIREN RIJIJU) (a): The list of NGOs registered under Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010 (FCRA) is available on the website of the Ministry of Home Affairs http://mha1.nic.in/fcra.htm. Instances of non-Government Organisations violating provisions of the FCRA and FCRR have come to Government’s notice. FCRA and Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Rule, 2011 (FCRR) came into force with effect from 01.05.2011. Since then, FCRA registration of 1296 NGOs have been cancelled in the State of Maharashtra, after issue of Show Cause Notices to such associations and giving them adequate opportunity. --2/- -2- R.S. U.S.Q. No. 227 for 22.07.2015 After inspections and scrutiny of accounts, 3 cases were referred to CBI and 2 associations have been prohibited from receiving foreign contribution in State of Maharashtra.
    [Show full text]
  • Damaging Punjabi: 1947 and After Master Tara Singh and Pundit Nehru
    Chapter 5 Damaging Punjabi: 1947 and After Master Tara Singh and Pundit Nehru As far as I have studied, observed, and experienced, it is apparently very difficult to be hopeful about the future of the Punjabi language. It is good as well as not good news that the patient will not die soon, but the question is where ultimately a long and protracted illness leads to? History has disoriented all Punjabis – Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims. Muslim Punjabis have yet to discover the heritage of their language. Sikhs since 1947 are in a perpetual quarrel with Delhi and Hindus. And this is not without a background. And Hindu Punjabis, to what extent I am not sure, very unfortunately, have disowned their mother-tongue. And this had happened under the nose of Pundit Nehru. If not before Partition, had he understood the implications and had the capabilities, he would have cornered the Punjabi Hindus on abandoning Punjabi language and forced them back to their ‘homes’. How an enlightened leader can let his people disown their heritage due to some transitory and superficial issues? This was a Himalayan blunder of Punjabi Hindus and they belonged to Congress party! On the other hand, it is impossible to find any wisdom on the part of Sikhs to embark on such political agitation immediately after Partition what ultimately materialized into the Punjabi Suba demand. Before we take up Punjab, let us go to South India and see Pundit Nehru’s working there with an eye on the historical process. It will help us in Punjab. Pundit Nehru and Andhra State Earlier in 1920, the members of the Indian National Congress had agreed on the linguistic reorganization of the Indian states as one of the party's political goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Gurduara: a Sikh Place of Learning
    Gurduara: A Sikh Place of Learning State of the Panth, Report 3 September 2018 Guarduara Janam Asthan Guru Nanak Sahib Nankana Sahib, Panjab 1933 (Photo: Panjab Digital Library) State of the Panth The State of the Panth is a series of reports on Sikh topics presented by the Sikh Research Institute to the global Sikh community. The series reflects on matters affecting either a large section of the Sikh population or provides a perspective on critical issues facing the human race at large. It surveys the self-identified Sikhs on their stances. It outlines a Sikh perspective based on Gurmat (the Guru’s Way) traditions of Bani (wisdom), Tavarikh (history), and Rahit (lifestyle). It lays out recommendations for individual Sikhs and Sikh institutions in “best practices” approach to strengthen the bonds within the community. Report prepared by Harinder Singh, Senior Fellow, Research & Policy Parveen Kaur, Research Assistant Inni Kaur, Editor Acknowledgments Reviewers We are indebted to Gurdit Singh, Rajvinder Singh, and Sundeep Kaur for their insights during the research phase of this report. Their comments on early versions of the manuscript were invaluable in shaping its final iteration. Any omissions or errors found in the report are a full responsibility of SikhRI. Skyrocket We thank the Skyrocket team for sharing their design expertise and making the report as beautiful as it is. The strength of our brand is supported by their knowledge. V 1.0, confidential and not for circulation 3 Table of Contents Summary 5 Bani Wisdom 7 Tavarikh History 11 Rahit Lifestyle 18 Survey 25 Recommendations 31 References 34 V 1.0, confidential and not for circulation 4 Summary The Gurduara is considered to be the heart of the Sikh community.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 5-2012 Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit Preeti Mahajan Panjab University, [email protected] Neeraj Kumar Singh Panjab University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Mahajan, Preeti and Singh, Neeraj Kumar, "Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit" (2012). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 749. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/749 http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/ Library Philosophy and Practice 2012 ISSN 1522-0222 Online Guides to Indian Languages with Particular Reference to Hindi, Punjabi, and Sanskrit Prof. Preeti Mahajan Department of Library and Information Science Panjab University Chandigarh, India Neeraj Kumar Singh Assistant Librarian A C Joshi Library Panjab University Chandigarh, India Introduction India is a multilingual country and the second most populated country on earth There are a quite a number of languages spoken in India. Some of these languages are accepted nationally while others are accepted as dialects of that particular region. The Indian languages belong to four language families namely Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic (Austric) and Sino-Tibetan. Majority of India's population are using Indo-European and Dravidian languages. The former are spoken mainly in northern and central regions and the latter in southern India.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis of Sikh - Nirankari Tussle
    O L f v : ; r ? IF I ' ' ' GENESIS OF SIKH - NIRANKARI TUSSLE by BHAI HARI SINGH (Shergill), Editor, ‘Punjabi Samachar’, Bombay-400011 Published by DHARAM PARCHAR COMMITTEE (SHIROMANI GURDWARA PARBANDHAK COMMITTEE) ~-U' , s AMRITSAR. Digitized bv Paniab Digital I ihram I www.n^hHhilih.nra y \ § ^ TfU3I3 fft oft 33U GENESIS OF SIKH - NIRANKARI TUSSLE by BHAI HARI SINGH (Shergill), Editor, ‘Punjabi Samachar’, Bombay-400011 Published by DHARAM PARCHAR COMMITTEE [SHIRQMANI GURDWARA PARBANDHAK COMMITTEE) AMRITSAR. m M h M Published by SARDAR MAHINDER SINGH ‘GIANT SECRETARY, SHIROMANI GURDWARA PARBANDHAK COMMITTEE, AMRITSAR. & Printed at JASPAL PRINTING PRESS, KATRA GHANIAN, AMRITSAR INTRODUCTION This compilation under the above title has got a specific background. The so-called Nirankari Chief Shri Gurbachan k Singh, in a camouflage Sikh attire, and his domestic Nirankari Mandal, headquartered in Delhi-9, have been, for quite sometime past, indulging in publicly insulting, ridiculing and downgrading the Sikh religion, the Sikh Gurus, certain time-honoured Sikh personages, usages and traditions, as well as their eternally sacred WORD - INCARNATE ENLIGHTENER, Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Despite a number of earlier angry, non-violent protestations of Sikhs against this vulgar and irreligious conduct of his, on more than half a dozen different occasions in Punjab and outside, the ‘Nirankari baba’ has been pursuing this irresponsible practice as vigorously as ever. At last he grew bold enough to beard the lion in his own den. On the 13th April, 1978 on the historical Baisakhi festival, when more or less a million Sikhs gather from far and near to pay homage at the Golden Temple, Amritsar, Gurbachan Singh thought expedient to convene his so-called Nirankari Samagam and repeat his usual blasphemous blurtings and his claim to be I the exclusive supreme modern avtar of God of to-day, over the heads of Guru Nanak-Guru Gobind Singh and all other time- honoured oriental avtars and sematic prophets.
    [Show full text]
  • Museum Collecting and Constructions of Identity in Indian Punjab, 1947-1970
    MUSEUM COLLECTING AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF IDENTITY IN INDIAN PUNJAB, 1947-1970 Mrinalini Venkateswaran Girton College University of Cambridge September 2020 This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Faculty of History This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my thesis has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. Page 2 of 399 ABSTRACT Museum Collecting and Constructions of Identity in Indian Punjab, 1947-1970 Mrinalini Venkateswaran This thesis takes an original approach to twentieth century south Asian history by linking long established research on partition and postcolonial nation building, with a new domain of enquiry and material: museum historiography and practice. If unpacking colonial museums and collecting practices revealed the workings of colonialism and the colonial state, what can studying postcolonial museums and collecting practices tell us about the nation-state? What sort of national discourse did they generate in these early years, especially when located away from the centre in a region like Indian Punjab? Collecting for a Punjab museum continued throughout the region’s unique experience of changing boundaries and polities from 1947-1966, beginning with partition, and ending with the linguistic reorganisation of states, with a phase of princely federation in between.
    [Show full text]
  • Punjabi Heritage Language Schools in the United States
    Punjabi Heritage Language Schools in the United States Dr. Ravneet Kaur Tiwana, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Introduction Punjabi heritage language maintenance and development are rooted in community, identity, and, for many, faith. Various opportunities are available for maintaining linguistic ties to Punjabi (also spelled Panjabi) and for developing proficiency in the Punjabi language. They range from community-based to federally funded programs, available in person and online. This brief focuses on the use, maintenance, and development of Eastern Punjabi, spoken primarily by the California-based Punjabi Sikh population. In the United States, the most visible variety of spoken Punjabi is Eastern Punjabi, in great part due to the vibrant Sikh community, which uses this variety and seeks to maintain it in both oral and written forms. This community constitutes one of the largest populations of early South Asian immigrants (La Brack, 1988; McMahon, 2001). Furthermore, today the oldest and largest populations of Punjabis in the American diaspora are of Sikh background, particularly in California. History Punjab (also spelled Panjab) means the “land of five rivers,” representing the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers. The geographical location of the region brought many conquerors, traders, and travelers from the West, such as Aryans, Turks, Arabs, Mughals, British, and the Greek invader Alexander the Great. Before British colonialism, Punjab was located in the current countries of India, Pakistan, and China. Today, the dominant faiths in the region are Sikhi (commonly known The Sovereign Punjab Map (Source: Panjab Digital Library, www.panjabdigilib.org) as Sikhism), Islam, and Hinduism. As part of the independence arrangement made between Indian politicians and the British colonists in 1947, the region of Punjab was divided in two.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Government Initiatives of Digitizing Manuscripts in Punjab (India)
    International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research ISSN: 2321-3124 Available at: http://ijmcr.com Research Article A Study of Government Initiatives of Digitizing Manuscripts in Punjab (India) * # Pardeep Rattan and Rupinder Singh *Librarian, Government College, Phase VI, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Pb.), India #Librarian, Govt. College of Education, Patiala (Pb), India Accepted 10 Sept2014, Available online 01 Oct 2014, Vol.2 (Sept/Oct 2014 issue) Abstract “The communication of the dead is tongued with a fire beyond the language of the living.” -T. S. Eliot Manuscripts are such primary sources which reflect the social-cultural-historical-religious-political-economic-scientific- educational-medical-technological information of specific times beyond common tools of information. This paper deals with the initiatives taken by Punjab Government in preserving the rarest of ancient cultural treasures of the times in the form of manuscripts by means of digitizing them and making them accessible for the researchers of art and history in particular and for universal education and common information use in general, particularly by the Punjab State Archives Department, Languages Department of Punjab and Directorate of Cultural Affairs, Archaeology and Museums, Punjab (India). Types, material and size of manuscripts available with these government departments are also broadly discussed. Keywords: Manuscripts, Digitization of manuscripts, Punjab State Archives Department, Languages Department of Punjab, Directorate of Cultural Affairs, Archaeology and Museums, Punjab Introduction other is depicted in the following figure as suggested by David Foster of Georgia Institute of Technology The literal meaning of Manuscript is ‘hand written’ and this term has been derived from Latin “Manu Scriptus”.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital-Bharat.Pdf
    Digital Bh@rat Learning from 50 digital footprints Copyright 2014-15, Digital Empowerment Foundation All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be utilized, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by INOMY Media Pvt. Ltd. Editors Saleema Razvi Syed S. Kazi Cover Design & Layout: Jaspreet Singh & Sapna Subba The content of the book can also be seen at www.digitalknowledgecenter.in Edition: 2014 ISBN: 978 - 81 - 927717 - 3 - 1 Price: Rs. 500; $25; €20 Printed in India by Shree Jee Enterprises Contacts: Digital Empowerment Foundation Tel: 91-11-26532786 [email protected] www.defindia.net Content Introduction 8 aAqua 12 Reuters Market Light 18 MouthShut 24 Eko 30 Grassroutes 36 Panjab Digital Library 42 Pratibadh 48 Gramin Radio Inter Networking System (GRINS) 54 Vasundhara Krishi Vahini 90.4 MHz 60 Radio Active 66 Farm ERP 72 Mango Technologies 78 DigitALly 84 Kissan Krishideepam 90 School Report Cards (DISE) 96 Bookbox 102 Drona 108 Kisan Sanchar 114 Mobile Antakshari 120 ToeHold 126 DesiCrew 132 Common Service Centre 138 NREGAsoft 144 SWHITS 150 Old Age Pensioners’ Payment and Monitoring System 156 Fishnet ReALCraft 162 Akshaya 168 IPaidABribe 174 Prison Management System (PRISMS) 180 The Public Distribution System, Chhattisgarh 190 Empowering India 196 Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme 202 104 HMRI 208 Wireless for Communities
    [Show full text]