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Geology of Little Sitkin Island Alaska

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Geology of Little Sitkin Island Alaska Geology of Little Sitkin Island Alaska 4G, 2. SNYDER INVESTIGATIONS OF ALASKAN VOLCANOES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1028-H Pregared in coogeration with the Departments of the Army, Navy, asd Air Force PROPERM OF STA~DIVISION OF hA?.!Ts AND MINEAAU BOX 657 Noma A& UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director Tat U. 8, (leologlcal Surrey Llbrarl has catnloged thin pnbllcatlon am Zollowm: Snyder, George Leonard, 19%- Geology of Little Sitkin Island, Alaska Washington, U. S. Govk Print. Off., 1958. d, 189-210 p. Illus., 2 maps (1 fold. WL in pocket) tables. 24 cm. (U. B. (3eoIogieal Plnwey. BnlletLe 1OZg-H. Investlgattons of Alasl Ban volcanm) Prepad in -ration with the Departmate vf the Army, Navy. and Air Force. "Beierencea cited" : p. 20%207. 1. Boce Ignmm. 2. Petmlom-Aleutian Islands. 8. LEffle Bltkln Xsland. L Title. (Serlea: U. 51. Ueologlcal Survey, Bulletin 102ELH. Series: U, 8. Geological Bnmey. Inve~tigation~of AlaskAn volcanw!B) 557.98 PREFACE In Octobr 1945 the War Dapsrtment (now Department of the Army) rquWth% Qeological Smey tn nndertake a pmgmm of volcano inv&igations in the Meutinn Islanth-AlaskaPeninsula area. The Geld studies wmmade dm%g the years 194b1954. The results of the first year's field, laboratory, and librargr work were hastily asembled as two administrative reports, and most of hhw data have been revid for publication in Geological Survey Bulletin 1028. Part of Ehe mrly work was published in 1950 in Bulletin WPB,Volcanio sctivity in tbe Aleutian are, and in 1951 in Bdlstin 989-4 (30log.g of Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Mda,both by Rob& R Coats. Unpublished mdts of the early work and all the later studies am being inmrporated as parta of Bulletin 1028. The geoIogica1 in- ~estigationsmved by this report were mmaiwmm. Tha investigations of 1948 were supported almost entirely by the Militarg InB1ljgdnce Division, Office of the Chief of Engmeera, 13. S. Army. From 1947 nntil 1955 the Departments of &B Army, Navy, and Air Force joined to furnish fmancisl and logistic asshca CONTENTS h~ot,,------------.--.---~~ot,~~ot,ot,ot,~ot,ot,ot,----------~ In~dnction,-,,,,,----.,--,,,,,------------------,----------------, Clima~-,,-,,,,.---------,-------I--------- Vegetation, wild ]We, and human habitation,---,--------+--d--- ,,, Physiomphy-,,---------------,--*---- Fieldrpork and aeknotrrledpmwts,, ,--- -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -,- - Dmcription of rock unit%- ,--- -,,, - - ,, - ,-, ,--- - ,-,,,-,-- - - - - - -,-, - - W111imw Cove formation ,,,,, ,,,,, - --,--- ---,-, --- -dm- Sitkin Point formation -----*------ ---------*-*--- - --- ----*----- Em t Point formation,, - - -,-, - ,-,----,I - - -- a ,-- - ,* - - - - - - - +- - - - Double Poht dacite---,,,,-,, ,,, ,-, - -,--*- --- ---- --..---------- Patterson Point formation------,---------------,--+---- Little Sitkin dacite,, ,,+---- ,,,,,,-,-,,,-, .--,---. -,.----,----- BurficiaIdeposits--------------------------,-.-,-,-----,----+-- Btnrctural geology-- - ,, -- - - ..- -- - - ,- - - tnr - - , - - - ,tnr - - - - - tnr - tnr - - - - - - Petm~phy,,,----,,---------------------------,-,,,---,-,-,,-,-- Geo~hemistry,,----,-+------+---~----~--~------,,,----.----,--- Geologic hiam ,--,--,------------------------*-,* - ---------- Ewmmia gmI~gy,--------------------------------.--..-~----,-~-- Referencas cited,,,,,,----,------------,,--,-..--------,,,--,,,,,,-- Index,, --,-- -- - - -- --+ - - - - --- --+ ---- - ---+ - - --- - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - * - - - PW PLA~23. hloglo rnap and metions of Lfttle SiWnXaIsnd, Ataska,, In pookef 24. Verticsl aerial photograph of Little Sitkin I~land,---,, ,fming 170 25. Andesite inelunion in dacite hva of Double Point daoite- facing 171 26. Graph showing time, composition, and volume of rock forma- tions of Little Sitkin Xslmd -,,,,------,,-----------fahg 188 Framn 39. lndex map of Uttle Sitkin Island ares---,---,,,,,-,,,BI,BIBIBI I71 40. Drawing: of cliff exposure of tuff-bmocis in Sitkin Point forrm~ ti on-,,-,------,,-,---*^,^--^^-.^,-^-,^^ 178 41. Diqgmmmstio vfew of uneonfomlty on Btkin Point----,,-- I77 42 Variation diagram of rocks of Little Sitkin Y~hd----------197 43. Diagrammatic review of geologio history of Little Sitlrin Island- 203 TABLES PMO TAB^ 1. Bwmmary of petrographic charaotmbtim of volcanic rooks on Little Sitkin Ialand -,-,--,,,,,,,-------,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, 187 2. Chemioal composition, normative values, and Ritt;mann nomen- clature for voloanic mob on Little Bltkin TaZaad ------,,,---194 3. Volume, weight, and percent weight for voloenlo rocka at Little Sitkin laland ,,,,,--,,,,,-,,,-,,,,,--,-------------------199 4. Weighted cbedoal mmpodtiona for volcanio roch of Little Sitkin Idnnd ,,,,-,,,,,-,------,,,,------------- 200 INVEmGATIONS OF AZASKAN VOLCANOES GEOLOGY OF LI'ITLE SITKIN ISLAND, ALASKA LtMe Sitkin IrrlanB, in the Rat Islan& mpof the AYeutlan Blm& B c~mm of extmdve Igneotur mka ranging in age from late Tertlarg (T) to lbmut The youngest rocka are about halt s centmy old. The &Land L in a calcic getrographk provfnce and hae an alkall-lime Index of 83.5. CompDsItion oi lams and pyroclnstic debrh rangee from basalt to rhydadte. bat maat rockii are anddte, bandaite, or &cite. Three maln periods of *olcanIwl were m?pa- rated by perfoda of caldera formation. Lavae and pgmlastic debria of me first volcanic period were domLnantly anddte and orlglnally mnstltnted 18 percent by welght of a11 extmatve! roc- on Little Bltkln. Lam of the eecmd period wet@high-sMm dacite contahlng mfmp andwile lnclnslons and origInallg constituted 17 percent by weight of all exblve rocks an IJttle SltkLn. Lavas of the la* and pmntly active, perlod ere Im-silica daclte that urn con- 6tItntee 4 percent by weight of all extrusfve mks on Ltttle 81tkln. Mhor amam& af dacitfc and andesitIc pyrocIaettlc debris were ejected dam or following each catdera-forming epiwe. Considrmsble heterwneity of magma chnractwlw each extrnsi~e epoch. hvaa isom the same or adjacent vent8 differ rnarkdly in Mmpolrltion. In one case rhyodacite and low-ailica daclte were extmded slmnItaneonsly as & lam flow from the same vent. Blmilar phenomena am recorded in layered In- hwnogmteona volcanic bomba The lack of local compoeItlonal pattern cow trasb markedIy with the overall cbemlcal Interrelationahlpa of the suite of rocks on Little Bitkin Island. AU oxide constftueob of 12 of 13 chemical anal- have a remarkably rectilinear relatlonsblp with each other when plotted again& 910, on a variation diagram. The be8t explanatton of the volumetric, temporal, and cumpsitlonal relatlomhlpa d lavaa on LIttIe Sitktn is hlieved to be an follows: tectonic kneading in tbc Aleutian welt has mehani- m11y mixed mrtions of continental and oceanic rock; subsequently magmatic melt@,which are Iwal in both gpace and time, have developed fn thl~mlxed zone and penetrated to the i3nrface. XNTRODUCmON Little Sitkin Island is in the Rrrt Islands group of the Alentian Islands (fig. 39) approximately 48 statute miles northweat of Con- 1m stantine Harbor on Amchitka Island and approximately 86 statute miles & of Kiska Harbor. The Rat Islands have no permanent inhabitants; the nearest human habitations are 200 miles away on Shermya Isl&ndin th Near Islands group and on Ad& Island in the Anhnof Islands. The rocks of Little Sitkin Island are dl mbaerial Iavm and pyr* d~ticdeposits ox shdlow-water sedimentary deposits derived fmm nearby volcanic mks. Eight bdmck units hmbeen distinguished (pl. 23). The chemical, temporal, and volumetric interrelationships of them eight units pmcamplex problem in petrogenesis. Litth Sitkin Wand h~8 maritime clim~techar&ch& by rela- tively high humidiw and amdl range in annual temperature. Like other Aleutian Islands, Little Sitkin liea dong the North PacXc belt of atommd thereby receives abundant wind, rain, and fog. Owing to its strong relief f 3,897 feet) and rugged tapography the orographic effectis m important factor in local weather conditions. Short-term weather records from nearby Kiska and Amchitka blmds indimte a maximum annual temperature range of onfy 50° F. The raean duly tamperaturn falls in the range 44O-49' F. for tlm recorded gears, and the me= January tempemture falle in the range 28°-330 F. for the recorded yam. The lowest winter temper* ture to be expW is 15" I?* The annurrl precipitation ranges from 30 ta 36 inches and the mmannual snowfall is about 70 inches. Cloud ceilings average less than 1,000 f&, and visibility is 1- thm 8 milm during 60 pemt of tho year and during 83 pemt of the snmmeer. Winds average 20 0 25 5mi1es per hour, but gala of 70 to 80 milm per hour are common ;ets as much aas UO miles per hour mur (Arctic Weather CentmI, 1950, p. 1-52; U. S. Coast and % detic Smy,1941, p. 1-14?; Weatlier &ntrd Alaska, 1945, p. 1-59). A dangerous Aleutian wind phenomenon common on Little Sitkin is the LLwilliwaw",a type of downslope wind that r88uIts from the damming of air on windward slopas followed by a very gusty ovgr- %ow of air down the leeward dopen The unfavorable weather im- pedes fi~ldworkconsiderably and is a major logistic and emnomic fact~rinfluencing activitJr on the isImd. hwleafy plmta, moas, grass, and sedge grow pmfase1.y on Little Sitkin Mow 1,500 feet dtitude, mually adding organic debris to the blanket of peat on which. they grow. The few woody plants are GEOLOQS OF LITTLE SITKIN ISLAND, XLABKA 171 I I I 17P I:B' 17P 1Ur BERING SEA 0.ll- ow 5P p LLrmMhW Kalr I.m I.m EM# lrl1"d -iik2
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