Exhibit team The Higgs boson and beyond was organised, with help from a few friends, by researchers from the UK Particle-Physics groups that collaborate on the ATLAS and CMS experiments, at the Large Hadron Collider, near Geneva. The institutes and people involved with the exhibit were as follows: Brunel University Rutherford Appleton University of Cambridge University of Oxford Jo Cole Laboratory Miguel Arratia-Munoz Alan Barr Peter Hobson John Baines Giovanna Cottin-Buracchio Kathryn Boast Akram Khan Alastair Dewhurst Steve Green Daniela Bortoletto Paul Kyberd Jens Dopke Karl Harrison Philip Burrows Dawn Leslie Stephen Haywood Steven Kaneti Alexandru Dafinca Jelena Ilic Thibaut Mueller Claire Gwenlan CERN Julie Kirk Rebecca Pitt Chris Hays Quentin King Stephen McMahon Stephen Wotton David Hall David Sankey Boruo Xu James Henderson Imperial College London Monika Wielers Malcolm John Louie Corpe University of Edinburgh Craig Sawyer Paul Dauncey University College London Sahra Bhimji Adinda de Wit Jonathan Butterworth Wahid Bhimji University of Sheffield Patrick Dunne Rebecca Chislett Flavia Dias Christos Anastopoulos Rebecca Lane Ben Cooper Victoria Martin Ian Dawson Robyn Lucas Gavin Hesketh Benjamin Wynne Gary Fletcher Sasha Nikitenko Andreas Korn Dan Tovey Monica Vazquez Acosta Josh McFayden University of Glasgow Ines Ochoa David Britton University of Sussex Lancaster University Tim Scanlon Thomas Doherty Carlos Chavez Barajas Harald Fox David Wardrope Tony Doyle Antonella DeSanto Kathryn Grimm Daniel Gibbon Roger Jones University of Birmingham University of Liverpool Dorothy Lamb Ludovica Aperio Bella John Anders Fabrizio Salvatore Queen Mary, University of Matthew Baca Carl Gwilliam Nicky Santoyo-Castillo London Andrew Chisholm Matthew Jackson Yusufu Shehu Cristiano Alpigiani Simon Head Max Klein Kerim Suruliz Lucio Cerrito Cristina Lazzeroni Paul Laycock Iacopo Vivarelli Teppei Katori Tom McLaughlan Allan Lehan Ruth Sandbach Richard Mudd Monica d’Onofrio University of Warwick Giacomo Snidero Javier Murillo Joe Price Steve Boyd Tom Whyntie Konstantinos Nikolopoulos Joost Voosebeld Sinead Farrington Michal Kreps Royal Holloway, University University of Bristol University of Manchester Tim Martin of London Robin Aggleton Iain Haugthon Bill Murray Tracey Berry Paolo Baesso Steve Marsden Elisabetta Pianori Veronique Boisvert Euan Cowie Clara Nellist Ian Connelly Maarten van Dijk James Robinson Michele Faucci-Giannelli Sudarshan Paramesvaran Michaela Queitsch-Maitland Russell Kirk Daniel Saunders Sabah Salih Pedro Teixeira-Dias Stefan Söldner-Rembold Joshuha Thomas-Wilsker Terry Wyatt Suggested variants on the final Higgs Centre logo PR 17 Apr 2013 Highlighting the signature in white, with blue text -- for a darker back- ground. I’ve boosted the cyan component here, to reduce the ‘muddy’ effect. An alternative: reversing the colours. One alternative is to use a monochrome two-tone or full-white version Summer Science Exhibition 30th June 2014 to 6th July 2014 THE ROYAL SOCIETY 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG Exhibit coordinators: Wahid Bhimji, Cristina Lazzeroni, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos Booklet editor: Karl Harrison Artwork and design: Rebecca Pitt The Higgs boson and beyond was made possible through help and support from the participating institutes (left), and from: CERN: European Laboratory for Particle Physics GridPP: UK Computing for Particle Physics Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics STFC: Science and Technology Facilities Council SEPnet: South East Physics Network 1st edition - June 2014 the-higgs-boson-and-beyond.org The Higgs boson and beyond The discovery of the Higgs boson was a momentous occasion, but what lies beyond could be even more exciting. The existence of the Higgs boson was first suggested in 1964, as part of a theory that explains how elementary particles, the point- like building blocks of nature, can have non-zero mass. Its observation by the ATLAS and CMS experiments, at the Large Hadron Collider, in Why it matters Geneva, was a scientific milestone. Subsequent Cristina Lazzeroni studies, with more data, have consolidated the discovery, and prompted the award of Putting together a science exhibit is hard work, the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics to two of the but one thing I really like is that it makes me think key contributors to the original theoretical about what I do, and why it's relevant. So when developments: François Englert and Peter Higgs. a new particle, the Higgs boson, was discovered, in 2012, I jumped at the opportunity of telling In August 2013, when it was looking likely everybody all about it. This led to the staging of that the year's Nobel Prize in Physics would be Understanding the Higgs boson at the 2013 Royal awarded for work relating to the Higgs boson, Society Summer Science Exhibition. Kostas, Wahid and I had discussions with other particle physicists about how we could highlight the science behind the prize. It quickly became clear that what we wanted to show was how the discovery of the Higgs marks the end of one journey, but the start of an exciting new journey, to unknown lands. The result is The Higgs boson and beyond. Like its predecessor, this has involved researchers from all of the eighteen UK institutes participating in the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Why, then, is the Higgs boson so relevant? Well, without it our world would be very different. Elementary particles would all have zero mass, with dramatic consequences. For example, electrons would be unable to enter into orbits around protons and neutrons, and so atoms couldn't form. The physics of elementary particles ultimately underlies everything we know and experience, and this is why I find it so fascinating. I hope that you too will find fascinating The Higgs boson and beyond. What we know Konstantinos Nikolopoulos The observation of a new particle is always a major event, but what do we really know about the particle announced in July 2012? The detailed work to map out this particle's basic properties began immediately after the discovery. Thanks to the excellent performance of the Large Hadron Collider, and of the ATLAS and CMS experiments, we have been able to establish that the new particle closely resembles the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model, the set of theories that describes the physics of elementary particles. Previously detected elementary particles behave as if they're spinning. Measurements indicate that the new particle has no spin, matching the What comes next theoretical expectations for the Higgs boson. Wahid Bhimji The new particle decays rapidly, to pairs of People often ask me if the discovery of the Higgs force carriers (W bosons, Z bosons or photons), Boson means that our work is done. Actually, this or to a matter particle and corresponding discovery doesn't come close to answering all of anti-matter particle. Within the current our questions about the Universe. For one thing, experimental precision, of about twenty to the fact that the Higgs particle isn't as heavy as thirty per cent, the measured decay rates are theory suggests, is a strong hint there's something in agreement with calculations in the still to be discovered, for example the new particles framework of the Standard Model. introduced by the theory of supersymmetry. Also, astronomical measurements indicate that most Studies to date set the stage for even more of the mass of the Universe is in the form of dark detailed investigations in the future, with matter, and we don't know what this is. Ultimately, upgraded accelerator and detectors. We will we want to create a Theory of Everything, which be looking for deviations from the theoretical brings together our understanding of elementary predictions, which would signal physics beyond particles, and our understanding of gravity, which the Standard Model, a really exciting possibility! is key for describing the motion of galaxies and planets. So there's still a lot to do, and we'll need to create even higher energies, and even bigger machines, to do it! How the All everyday objects seem to be made from just three types of basic world is building block – the up quark, the built down quark, and the electron. 10-10 m Protons and neutrons, in atomic nuclei, combine -15 -15 -14 10 m 10 m to 10 m with electrons to form Quarks combine Protons and neutrons atoms (electric charge: 0) as protons and combine in atomic nuclei neutrons <10-18 m Elementary particles – no detected structure + + + + + + relative + + + + + electric + +2/3 + + charge proton + + up quark oxygen atom 0 oxygen nucleus The diameter of electron neutrino an atom is more than neutron 10,000 times -1/3 the diameter of its nucleus. down quark Ions An atom that loses or gains -1 electrons, and so becomes electrically charged, is an ion. electron 22.1% 24.1% 125 neutrons 124 neutrons The up quark, down quark and electron are the basic building blocks of everyday Naturally objects. occurring 1.4% The electron neutrino is isotopes of lead 122 neutrons involved in radioactive Lead atom decays, and in processes 82 protons that power the stars. 52.4% 126 neutrons Elements and isotopes (collections of atoms) Atoms grouped together form an element if they all have the same number of protons. If they also all have the same number of neutrons, they form a particular isotope of the element. A single element can have several naturally occurring isotopes. Powers Of Ten Physics deals both with very big numbers and with very small numbers. These numbers are often shown as multiples of 10 to some power, written as a superscript. 6 DNA 4 10 2 10 1000000 Pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules 0 10 10000 –2 10 100 form a double-helix structure that encodes –4 10 1 –6 10 0.01 genetic information in living organisms. Each 10 0.0001 structure contains around 0.000001 2 x 109 atoms of just 5 different types: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and phosphorus.