The Case Head the Official Publication of the Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association P.O

TheThe CaseCase HeadHead The Official Publication of the Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association

2009 FIREARMS INSTRUCTOR CONFERENCE ISSUE © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 1 The Case Head The official publication of the Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association P.O. Box 253, Princeton, MA 01541-0253

MISSION STATEMENT The Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors' & Armorers' Association was formed to promote pro- fessionalism, continuing education, improvement in training methods and techniques of the proper law enforcement use of firearms in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

The Association strives to promote and foster mutual cooperation between instructors. Through discussion and a common interest in law enforcement firearms training, officer survival and tactical skills, MLEFIAA hopes to keep the members at the forefront of firearms training. Through our monthly meetings and annual training conference, we provide a means for the exchange of ideas and information regarding law enforcement firearms training, training methods, educational activities and new firearms technologies.

MLEFIAA currently has over 400 members. While mainly from Massachusetts, our membership extends interna- tionally to countries as far away as Sweden. The Association endeavors to secure new members from the law enforcement training community who are engaged in the field of firearms training, maintenance, education or related fields. Our goal is to continuously upgrade the level of firearms training of law enforcement personnel here in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION Membership is offered at two levels - Active & Associate. Active membership is open to all duly sworn law enforcement officers of any local, county, state, federal or specialized law enforcement agency within the Common- wealth of Massachusetts; whose official duties include the training of law enforcement personnel in the proper use of firearms; or whose duties involve the maintenance and repair of firearms for their respective agencies.

Associate membership is open to sworn law enforcement firearms instructors and armorers from agencies outside of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, non-sworn firearms instructors & armorers working within an agency within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and representatives of private industry who are engaged in the de- sign, development, manufacture, or training in firearms, ammunition and other related technologies designed for law enforcement use.

Complete details can be found at our website: www.MLEFIAA.org

Articles & Letters to the Editor Articles and letters should be no more than 1000 words in length and submitted in MS Word. Any photos should be in JPEG format. MLEFIAA encourages a healthy discussion of training issues but we require that you keep it level headed and respect opposing views. You do not have to agree, but we will not publish articles that are in- flammatory or otherwise do not uphold the reputation of this Association.

Copyright 2007 Mass. Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association The Case Head is the official publication of the Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association and is published quar- terly for the benefit of the membership. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the express written permission of the Editor and the Executive Board of the Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association. The articles, views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Massachusetts Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association, the Executive Board or it’s members. © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 2 In This Issue Officer Issues Page 2 Monthly 2009 Conference A Huge Success Page 3 Meeting Product Review: Safety Bullet Page 3

Calendar New Book From Mike Conti Page 5 Oct 27, 2009 Is Current Firearms Qualification Obsolete? Page 6 Westminster PD Develop 2010 Training Schedule Conference & M16 Armorer School Photos Page 7-10 Nov 24, 2009 Instructor Issues extinguish their lights and esting one of my other instruc- Sig-Sauer Acad. in move laterally. If the com- tors told me he witnessed an- Epping, NH The following question was re- mand "cover the threat” is other officer have a round go ceived by MLEFIAA from a mem- given, they are to illuminate off when it should not have. December 2009 ber. The names and department the suspect and move laterally My instructor immediately No meeting - have been removed. The mate- keeping the suspect illumi- went over and spoke to the Merry Christmas rial is included here with the nated but not fire. This is to shooter who confessed that he permission of the submitter for get them used to the idea they messed up and put his finger the benefit of all. January 2010 will not always have to fire on the trigger when he should Smith & Wesson I want to run something by just because they have their not have. The other instructor Springfield, MA you and get your opinion. My weapon out. In August during worked with him for a bit and (elections) agency recently transitioned our initial two day transition re-stressed the rules of safe to the M&P in .40 with we did these drills during the gun handling. The officer was February 2010 Streamlight TLR-1 lights for day to get officers used to the watched the rest of the training TBA everybody. Everyone was controls etc their were with no further incidents. given 4 hours of class room no issues. Both incidents were docu- March 2010 training followed by 12 hours During the "cover the sus- mented. TBA of range time. About 700 pect" command, my K-9 fired What do you think? a round. My officer immedi- rounds per officer were fired April 2010 ately blamed it on the fact he There is no question in my mind using this pistol/light/holster TBA had to squeeze the lights acti- that his finger was on the trigger. combo. vation pad and he claims this One of the biggest reasons we My K-9 Officer had a prob- May 2010 is a problem and his finger stress keeping your finger off the lem. He could not activate Instructor Recert curled into the trigger. I be- trigger is because when the body the TLR light with his support TBA lieve he had his finger off the is stressed, certain physical reac‐ side hand because of his dog trigger but in the trigger guard tions occur as a result of the etc. Our training is that the June 2010 or on the trigger itself. adrenalin dump. One of these is trigger finger is never used to Instructor Recert During the classroom the for the body to “crouch” and for activate the light. The K-9 TBA activation of the light etc. was muscles to stiffen in anticipation Officer was purchased a Sure- of fight or flight. As the grip on gone over, power points were fire X-300 light with a pres- the weapon increases, a finger on July & Aug 2010 shown etc. Safety rules (keep sure pad switch. the trigger is likely to apply pres‐ No meeting - your finger off the trigger) was Last night during our night sure on it – perhaps even to the Summer Vacation pounded into them. Officers shoot we were doing a drill point where the weapon will also had to sign a range rules involving the use of the fire. This is also a problem when September 2010 weapon lights. On the com- safety sheet and even on this we are startled. its states they will keep their Annual Training mand “threat”, the officers are His weapon fired while he was Conference to draw their weapons and fingers off the trigger, outside COVERING the threat. There is illuminate the target. If the the trigger guard with the fin- only one way this can happen – he Watch your E-mail for command “gun” or “knife” is ger held alongside the weap- pressed the trigger which means last minute changes and given they are to shoot the ons frame. his finger was on the trigger. This details appropriate number of rounds, To make things more inter- is a major violation of Rule 2 – © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 3

2009 Conference Was A Huge Success!

Despite the poor economy and the popularity of the event. The tation. Even ILEETA and IALEFI shrinking training budgets, almost 70 MLEFIAA conference is also the can not match the quality of our train- firearms instructors and armorers at- most cost effective multi-topic training for the cost to the student. If you tended the annual Instructor Develop- ing in New England. Nowhere else have not attended a MLEFIAA con- ment Conference this year. As in the can a law enforcement firearms in- ference, you are missing out on a past, the Vendor Product Expo was structor get their choice of two dozen good deal and great training. held at the Devens Common Confer- training topics over four days for less There will be a debrief at the Octo- ence Center along with several class- than $200. Similar programs at Gun- ber meeting and the conference com- room sessions throughout the day. site, Thunder Ranch and the Chap- mittee will be discussing ideas for man Academy cost about $1000 for From Wednesday to Friday, the 2010. Please attend to find out more. the week and that is before you pay training moved to the range facilities for your lodging, meals and transpor- of the Harvard Sportsman’s Club. A total of 24 different training programs was offered during the week including a MPTC recertification, LEOSA Re- tiree Qualification and initial certifica- tions in Tactical Flashlight Instructor and Specialty Impact Munitions. The MLEFIAA Instructor Confer- ence is truly an international event with instructors traveling to attend from as far away as Sweden. Many in attendance were repeat customers from previous years attesting to the quality of training received here and

Product Review - SAFETY BULLET dies. Mr. Worley told me about the Reviewed by Ed O’Leary tionable quality. Cable locks can be product. It is built using a regular easily cut with something as basic as shell case and a standard primer. But I received an unsolicited e-mail a pair of snips – some even with good there is no gun powder or bullet. from Michael Worley / Safety Bul- scissors. Or the lock can be smashed Instead there is, in place of the bullet, let, LLC recently, through the with a hammer. Keyed and combina- a nylon-like white “expander” with N.R.A. Firearms Instructors list. In tion locks can be pried off or an aluminum “ram” in the middle. the e-mail he describes the Safety smashed with a hammer – or a rock. Because the nylon-like expander is Bullet as the fastest, easiest firearms And locking gun cases have locks crimped into the shell case nothing safety device on the market today. I similar to those on suitcases which comes out of the gun if the Safety was intrigued, to say the least. are easily pried open. None of them Bullet is fired. It simply locks up My background as a police lieu- provide more than a low level of pro- the gun! tenant, 30 years on the job, firearms tection against having the gun dis- The Safety Bullet is loaded in the instructor / trainer for over twenty charge when an unauthorized person next to fire chamber in a revolver or years, and armorer, coupled with my gets hold of it. in a semi-automatic pistol one is teaching Basic Firearms Safety to Another problem I have noted it loaded into the chamber and one goes civilians seeking a License To Carry that firearms locked in this manner in as the next to fire in the magazine. Firearms for ten years called out to have very readily visible, overt secu- What happens is this; if an unauthor- me, directing me to look into this rity systems. My belief is that a more ized person pulls the trigger on a gun product. covert system, invisible to unauthor- loaded with the Safety Bullet the Let me say at this point that in my ized individuals is far more effective. firing pin hits the primer. The energy civilian Basic Firearms Safety So I contacted Mr. Worley. He from the primer’s ignition forces the classes I have every student in the told me he is the inventor and has “ram” into the “expander”. In a semi class apply and remove trigger locks. patented the Safety Bullet as a result -automatic pistol the “expander” I display and demonstrate with cable of a child getting killed in an acci- opens up in the chamber and pre- locks as well as both keyed and dental shooting in his area in Florida vents the slide from being cycled. combination trigger locks. To date about ten years ago. He wanted to do The gun is locked up so tightly even every lock I have seen is of ques- something to prevent any more trage- Popeye couldn’t open it up! In a © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 4

Safety Bullet Review (continued from previous page) all sorts of equipment before I buy I things really work! asked him to send me a couple to try So now I have to go “real world”. out and he did! He sent me a pack- What’s the big deal? Here it is. For age of two each in .40 S&W and .357 those of us who may have a loaded magnum. He also sent a DVD with pistol in the house not sporting a trig- the video and the animation. ger lock from time to time, we can When I received the package from still secure the firearm from unin- Safety Bullet, LLC I was really ex- tended discharges by using the Safety cited. I brought everything to my Bullet. But in the event you need the revolver things work a bit differently. office at the station, and I loaded a firearm, you just cycle the Safety The aluminum “ram” actually pro- Safety Bullet into my Smith & Wes- Bullet(s) out and you are ready to fire truded from the “expander” about a son model 681 .357 magnum revolver in about one second. No fumbling half-inch and sits inside the barrel. and another into my Glock model with keys or combinations. Revert to This prevents the cylinder from 22 .40 S&W pistol. Both of these are training. Just TAP-RACK-READY. turning OR opening. Once again the issued duty firearms and I am com- And we can all do that. gun is locked up and temporarily inop- pletely certain of their serviceable The Safety Bullet has an iron clad erable. Importantly, everything is status. Using a clearing trap I fired money back guarantee and is RE- either aluminum or the nylon-like ma- both. Naturally there was almost no LOADABLE. Simply send a used terial. Nothing can damage the gun. noise since there was nothing deto- Safety Bullet back to Mr. Worley and Now, how do you fix your gun if nating except the primers. But what for $ 2.00 he reloads it and sends it someone does fire it? You take the did I find out about the lock-up of the back to you. dowel that comes with each package gun? I give the Safety Bullet my abso- and insert it into the barrel through the In the case of the Glock model 22 I lute highest endorsement! I think it is muzzle and simply push the “ram” found that I could not rack the slide the newest and best product available back into the “expander” and every- for love or money. Now, I teach peo- on the market today! thing clears. ple how to cycle a slide that seems Editors Note: The Safety Bullet currently is avail- reluctant to move due to dirt or crud able in .38 special, .357 magnum, .44 buildup, but this was like nothing Ed O’Leary is the New England magnum, 9 millimeter, .40 S&W, I’ve seen before. I even tried to push distributor for Safety Bullet. He is and .45 ACP. Coming soon the corner of the slide against the looking for dealers and can be is .380ACP along with many others. edge of a counter and it didn’t budge. reached at [email protected] if you Mr. Worley told me to look on his So I grabbed the dowel from the are interested. They are also avail- web site www.safetybullet.com and package, put it into the barrel through able at Hunter’s Trading Post in watch a video demonstration and also the muzzle, and pushed the “ram” Weymouth. watch the terrific animation of the back into the “expander”. It freed the operation of the Safety Bullet, and I slide with no effect on the pistol To show how convoluted the firearms laws are, the Safety Bullet is did. It looked promising, but who whatsoever. knows? In the case of the Smith & Wesson constructed using a conventional Because I’m used to doing a T&E on model 681 I pressed the cylinder re- cartridge case and pistol primer. Both these components are defined lease forward but the cylinder only moved about a sixteenth of an inch as “ammunition” under MGL before it stopped due to the aluminum c.140§ 121. As such it requires this product to be sold by a licensed am- “ram” sticking a half-inch into the barrel. I couldn’t open the revolver. munition dealer which Ed has cov- So I closed it up, grabbed the dowel ered. The federal government can not decide whether it is or not. The and reset the “ram” and opened up the revolver. Inspection showed no BATFE has issued a determination letter stating the Safety Bullet is effects. NOT ammunition as defined under A couple of days later a friend the Gun Control Act of 1968 (as stopped by my house – a retired dep- amended) and falls in the same cate- uty sheriff and a firearms instructor. gory as blank ammo. A copy of this He had his Smith & Wesson letter is posted on Safety Bullet’s M&P .40 S&W with him. He cleared web site. The Commerce Dept. says his pistol, loaded up my last .40 it is and must be shipped as ammo S&W Safety Bullet, and guess what? His results were identical! These with a HazMat label. Go figure... © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 5

New Book From Mike Conti - OFFICER’S GUIDE TO POLICE PISTOLCRAFT techniques which were based on real or we have the advantage of surprise. world encounters. Over the years The New Paradigm takes the best of they refined their techniques and re- all worlds and rolls them into one turned to Britain at the beginning of program. Therein lays the advantage WWII to train the Royal Comman- for the dedicated trainer seeking a dos. In 1942 they wrote Shooting to realistic firearms training program. Live which documented all their The Officer’s Guide to Police Pis- work. Around this time, a young tolcraft is Mike Conti’s follow on OSS officer by the name of Rex work to Police Pistolcraft. Because Applegate became acquainted with of the similarity in the titles, I will their work and further refined these refer to this work as “The Officer’s close quarter techniques while train- Guide” for simplicity. The Officer’s ing agents scheduled to parachute Guide was designed and will serve as behind enemy lines all over Europe. the student manual for the New Para- Applegate went on to write Kill or digm. Do not expect this book to be Get Killed. Both of these works have a simple rehash of Police Pistolcraft! heavily influenced Conti’s teachings This is a stand alone work oriented because they are based on sound towards the street officer level user In 2006, Police Pistolcraft – The techniques developed in combat for and has several new chapters of mate- Reality Based New Paradigm of Po- combat situations. rial. It has new material on handgun lice Firearms Training was published Much of our traditional firearms retention, edged weapon defense, by Saber Press. Author Michael E. training is based on the “Modern understanding the reaction lag and Conti’s work has become a primer for Technique of Pistol Shooting” devel- police vs. the terrorist. There is also instructors favoring a combat based oped by the Southwest Combat Pistol a very informative section on low firearms training program. The Case League most notably Jeff Cooper, light considerations, working in the Head reviewed Police Pistolcraft in Ray Chapman, Jack Weaver, Thell dark and tactical flashlights. The the Fall 2006 edition where it was Reed and Elden Carl. After using Officer’s Guide introduces us to the hailed as a “must read for serious fire- many of the techniques developed by concept of the “pistoleer”. It is the arms instructors”. The New Paradigm Fairbairn, Sykes and Applegate, they dedicated law enforcement profes- is the basis for the firearms training began concentrating on obtaining a sional who does not relax their vigi- given at the Mass. State Police Acad- visual sight picture in these competi- lance when going off duty. Anytime emy and several other agencies have tive events even at close range. Coo- they leave the security of the home, adopted it entirely or in part. Police per was a prolific and dynamic writer they are armed and in condition Yel- Pistolcraft was written for the instruc- which further promoted this method low. If you are reading this, you tor who was looking to upgrade their of shooting. As police firearms train- probably see one every morning training program with techniques and ing evolved from bulls-eye type tar- when you look in the mirror. material that was based on combat get shooting to a more realistic form This book also takes a look into the shooting situations – not shooting of training, many trainers adopted the realm of the female shooter and the competition. Modern Technique because it was particular differences they will face. Mike Conti has a wealth of experi- perceived as a “combat shooting” Rather than assuming he knows what ence gained from years of researching method. In fact, it was really a rapid works best for the female pistoleer, the New Paradigm and building the fire target shooting concept. This the author engaged the services of an Mass. State Police Firearms Training should not be interpreted as disre- experienced female trainer – Trooper Unit. The foundation of the New spect to Col. Cooper. The Modern Donna Losardo. Her resume is im- Paradigm is the handgun shooting Technique worked for what the users pressive and she writes with first techniques developed by William Fair- intended – winning combat pistol hand experience about the obstacles bairn and Eric Sykes in Shanghai be- matches. It also served as a mecha- female shooters will face with weap- fore WWII. Shanghai was a wild nism to pull us away from “target” ons and equipment. Since the major- place during those times. The streets style shooting for qualification. ity of available information on this were ruled by gangs and thugs with Let’s be very clear - the New Para- topic is oriented towards the male murder, rape and robbery being an digm is not point shooting vs. aimed shooter, this will be an invaluable everyday occurrence. Fairbairn and fire. Mike Conti is not naïve and tool for the male trainer working with Sykes were determined to take back understands that there are situations female shooters. the city. The two developed highly where a sight picture must be ob- The Officer’s Guide is full of solid effective armed and unarmed fighting tained for accurate fire. This is gen- training information, photos and dia- erally when the threat is further away grams. Since it is unlikely the stu- © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 6

Is Current Firearms Qualification Obsolete? By Todd Bailey academy level every year? Should agencies in this predicament get some the minimum proficiency level for a kind of tactics and training. Kudos to For most police officers, law en- 20 year veteran officer be the same as the state however these stagnant forcement firearms training here in the an officer who has been out of the agency programs need to be re- Commonwealth begins at the academy academy for 20 minutes? vamped. level. Recruits are given a minimum of 40 hours including classroom and Firearms training should not stag- Qualification should take place practical shooting at the range. Part nate after the academy but in many AFTER training. This is only logical time officers do not have a firearms cases it does. While there is a strong because it is the mechanism used to component during their academy train- push to improve this situation, many document the officer’s ability to per- ing at this time but that may change instructors and department training form the required skill sets. Unless soon. In their case, training is done at programs are stuck in a rut. The we are evaluating the most basic level the department level when they are troops go to the range once a year and of proficiency, the evaluation is done hired and there is no standard or cur- shoot the qualification course with after the training. Imagine if your riculum other than what the instructor each issued or authorized weapon. child came home from school and or department training officer sets up. By the time each officer is run told you the teacher gave the test be- In both cases, the training is designed through the pistol, patrol rifle and fore covering the material! to take the officer from their current shotgun courses of fire, the four hour The instructor will have to evaluate level of proficiency (usually novice) training block is up. Little if any the skill level of his officers and and make them competent to carry a actual training is accomplished and if group them by skill level. Lumping weapon on the street in the line of it does happen, it is just to fill in the your SWAT guys with the poor duty. The officer’s level of profi- time after shooting the qualification shooters demoralizes them and holds ciency is tested with the MPTC 50 courses. Shrinking training budgets back the SWAT guys. Don’t be round Qualification Course. So far - have not helped this situation. The afraid to put a shooter who shows no problems. end result is the average officer fires interest and promise in with a higher a minimal number of ‘qualification’ As the new officer begins to acquire level to challenge him (her). rounds annually and very few if any experience and additional training, ‘training’ rounds. Also contributing This will make life a little more their skill level begins to increase. to the problem is we have a variety of complicated for the firearms instruc- While some officers never proceed skill levels we need to teach around. tor and it will not be a popular idea any further than their academy fire- Our training needs to address new with the bean counters because it is arms training, most will at least pick officers with little or no experience to not the most fiscally efficient method up some advanced training in their highly skilled officers who may be on to train/qualify officers. However, it careers. The problem is the veteran the SWAT team. is the most effective way to enhance officer is never held to a standard the officer’s skill level. above that which they were held to at Too much emphasis is placed on the academy. Can you imagine a sur- qualification merely to satisfy a bu- Raising the qualification program geon never becoming more proficient reaucrat’s need to see a numeric score to higher levels will not happen to- than intern level? What about an air- next to a name. In an effort to raise morrow for many reasons but it line pilot? Why then can a police offi- the bar, the state has improved the should be in the back of every quality cer get by with passing at a recruit qualification course so that officers in instructors mind.

New Book From Mike Conti (continued from previous page)

dent officer will have read Police I was reading the Officer’s Guide, I addition to every firearms instructor’s Pistolcraft, the author takes the could not help but think that this will reference library. If you have reader through the concept of the be perfect for the officer who was adopted the New Paradigm, this book New Paradigm and explains why looking for better firearms training should be standard issue for every this system is superior to the Modern but was unable to get it at their student you have. Technique. I could not help but no- agency. Buy it today from Saber Press tice how the reader is treated with Even if you are a student of the (www.sabergroup.com or Email respect. Each aspect of the training Modern Technique, you will find [email protected]) for $40 program is explained in detail which useful information in this book. With which includes shipping and han- gives the reader the feeling they are just over 400 pages, the Officer’s dling. truly part of the training rather than Guide to Police Pistolcraft is highly just expected to listen and learn. As recommended and will be a well used © 2009 MLEFIAA Page 7

Instructor Issues (continued from Page 2) Finger OFF the trigger until on target and The command THREAT is used to alert your eyes, the natural reaction is close the decision to fire has been made. If his the officer that there is a need to have your eyes, put your hand up to shield finger was straight out along the frame their weapon out but not necessarily to your eyes and/or turn your head where it belonged, he would not have had shoot. The correct response from the away. All these reactions work to our an unintentional discharge. officer would be to draw their weapon, favor by diverting the threat’s attention If we take his excuse at face value, he is illuminate the threat(s) and continue to away from the officer. saying he has a coordination issue. He scan for more. The response level is We naturally focus on the threat – in cannot squeeze his middle or ring finger to above where they are expected to use this case the weapon in the subject’s activate the light without also squeezing their hand held light to illuminate a sus‐ hands. Watch your people and you will his index finger (which in this case was on pect. The threat could be an edged see the tendency is to illuminate the the trigger). I think the problem is more weapon, club or a firearm but at this threat’s weapon. When using photo likely that he needs some remedial train‐ time, it is not a deadly force situation. realistic targets, it is common to see shot ing on basic weapon handling (i.e. keeping The command DEADLY THREAT is groupings around the weapon rather his finger off the trigger until it’s time to used to indicate the situation has gone than in center mass. This reinforces this shoot). Most veteran officers will deny down the toilet and the officer must use theory. this is a problem so I’ve found it useful to deadly force (fire his/her weapon). You If we shift the light up to the eyes, we video the officer as they are put through have the option of going immediately to can still see the weapon but we can effec‐ some exercises which up the stress DEADLY THREAT or not going there at tively blind (temporarily) the threat at the level. When they see themselves on video, all. This follows directly in line with your same time. This is the same concept we it usually shuts them up. current methodology where you have the use with take down lights. It contradicts your training doctrine officer recover to the holster without I’m pretty sure the issue is the shooter however there is an advantage to allowing firing a shot. has some bad habits which need to be the officer to use their trigger finger to The other suggestion is to have the broken ASAP then some retraining. In activate the light. When their index finger officers use their lights as a distraction any case, if he can’t operate the weapon is on the light button, it can’t be on the tool. If the situation warrants having light without discharging the weapon, trigger. If I may – I’d like to offer two sug‐ their weapon out to cover a threat, aim he’s not safe. gestions: On your commands, think about the light in the threat’s eyes. The using “threat” and “deadly threat” instead brighter the light, the better this of ‘gun’ and ‘cover’. works. When a bright light is shined in

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