DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pilgrimage of Grace: Rhetoric, Reward and Retribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pilgrimage of Grace: Rhetoric, Reward and Retribution Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title The Pilgrimage of Grace: Rhetoric, Reward and Retribution Author(s) Loughlin, Susan Mary Publication Date 2013-05-12 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/4400 Downloaded 2021-09-28T03:13:33Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. The Pilgrimage of Grace: Rhetoric, Reward and Retribution By Susan Loughlin Galway Doctoral Research Fellow A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Professor Steven Ellis and Dr Alison Forrestal Department of History School of Humanities National University of Ireland, Galway May 2013 The Pilgrimage of Grace: Rhetoric, Reward and Retribution Table of Contents i. Abstract ii. Foreword iii. Acknowledgments iv. List of Abbreviations Introduction p.1 Chapter One: Background: Government and Religion in 1536 p.19 Chapter Two: The Pilgrimage of Grace: A Holy Crusade? p.33 Chapter Three: Resumption of Revolts and Royal Retribution p.68 Chapter Four: Rehabilitated Rebels and Reward p.99 Chapter Five: Loyalty and Patronage p.130 Chapter Six: Perceptions and the Pilgrimage: The Crown’s Response p.172 Chapter Seven: The Rhetoric of Resistance and Religiosity p.199 Conclusion p.231 Appendices p.248 Bibliography p.256 Abstract Abstract The Henrician phase of the English Reformation should, arguably, be called an experiment. A reformation pre-supposes that there was a need or desire for reform and the evidence of a genuine, widespread theological conviction would need to be present. The label ‘Henrician religious experiment’ or the description ‘Henrician religious policy’ appear to be more fitting. The Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536, the largest uprising of the Tudor period, forms the centrepiece for this thesis as a case study for the investigation of this hypothesis. This thesis will review the evidence for opposition to the Crown’s religious changes and highlight the propaganda, patronage and retribution used in the enforcement of the government’s policy. The Pilgrimage of Grace is useful in illuminating the wider themes under consideration. Although the motivation of the participants has been the subject of debate among historians, there is an abundance of evidence to support the contention that the rebellion was primarily motivated by religious concerns. The evidence to support the religiosity of the rising will be presented and discussed here. The thesis will also examine the official government rhetoric and propaganda as well as identifying the patronage and reward the regime used as a method of control. The thesis will endeavour to gauge the impact the Henrician religious innovations had upon the North of England in the aftermath of the rebellion. Foreword Foreword The English Reformation has been the subject of much study and its paradigm (until relatively recently) was arguably shaped by present- centred history and a ‘national agenda’. The Reformation was regarded as necessary in the process of state building, forging a national identity and freeing the people from foreign tyranny and Papal superstition. This consensus paradigm was challenged by what became known as the ‘revisionist’ school. The project seeks to harness the work of scholars such as Christopher Haigh and Eamon Duffy in seeking to illustrate that the Reformation was not an uncontested event. The Pilgrimage of Grace, a massive, spontaneous uprising against Henry VIII’s policies, in particular his religious policies, involved some 30,000 men and illustrates that the Henrician Reformation was far from a welcome development, especially in the North of England. Essentially, this thesis seeks to build upon the revisionist paradigm and to explore ways in which compliance with the Crown’s policies was achieved - namely rhetoric, reward and retribution. Elton examined the ‘policy and police’ of the Reformation and this thesis aims to build upon this and challenge some of the conclusions; it is at least worth considering the possibility that Thomas Cromwell operated a spy network and used reward (patronage) as a weapon in securing compliance. By building upon previous scholarship and systematically examining the evidence of dissent and the government’s methods from 1536, the thesis will seek to demonstrate that the Crown’s policy was based upon a three-pronged attack – propaganda, patronage and punishment. It will also seek to understand the intriguing question as to how some rebels paid the ultimate price for participation in the 1536 risings; whilst others were rehabilitated and went on to prosper in the Foreword aftermath. Why was this? What impact did the Pilgrimage have upon Northern society and religiosity in the period between 1536 and the next major rising in the North in 1569? Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the National University of Ireland, Galway and in particular, the College of Arts for endowing me with a Fellowship. I would like to thank my Supervisor, Professor Steven Ellis, for his encouragement, guidance and support and for keeping faith in me, when I had doubts in my ability to complete this work. Dr. Alison Forrestal kindly read the previous drafts and pointed out areas which left room for improvement and discussed constructive ways of moving the project forward. I would like to acknowledge the assistance given to me by the staff of The National Archives, Kew, the British Library, London and the Borthwick Institute for Archives at the University of York, in particular, Victoria Hoyle. In addition, I am grateful for the help of the Special Collections staff in NUIG. I embarked upon this journey with a number of my peers and they helped to sustain me throughout the arduous process – I’d like to think it was reciprocal! A special mention to Dr. Mark Phelan, Dr. Maura Stewart, Dr. Siobhan O’Gorman, Dr. Dermot Burns and Katherine O’Driscoll. I would also like to thank my friends in Galway who were both a source of calm and distraction during this process – Louise Rooney, Mairead Murphy and Lynsey Potter. I would like to express my love and thanks to Brendan, Mairead, Ciara, Patrick and Sean Loughlin. I also wish to acknowledge the friendship, loyalty and encouragement of Rosaleen Ivers, Liza O’Malley and Fiona Bass. I wish to recognize the contribution of my grandparents in igniting my curiosity and fostering my love of learning – Edward & Una Loughlin and Martin & Bridget Duffy. Finally, my enduring and heartfelt love and appreciation to my parents, John and Kathleen Loughlin, without whom none of this would have been possible. In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Galway, 19 April 2013. List of Abbreviations BL - British Library, London Cotton Calig: Cotton Caligula Cotton Cleo: Cotton Cleopatra Cotton Vesp: Cotton Vespasian CSP, Sp. - Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives of Simancas and Elsewhere, Edited by Pacual De Gayangos, Tanner Ritchie, Ontario. HJ – The Historical Journal JBS – The Journal of British Studies L&P - Letters & Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, Vols X – XXI, Arranged & catalogued by Gairdner & Brodie, H.M Stationery Office, London, 1905. PP – Past and Present TNA - The National Archives, Kew TNA, SP 1: State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: General TNA, SP 6: State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: Theological Tracts. TNA, SP 7: State Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII: Wriothesley Papers, 1536-1540 TNA, SP 15: State Papers Domestic, Edward VI - James I: Addenda Stat Realm - The Statues of the Realm, Volume III, (ed.) A. Luder, London, (1810-28). Introduction The Pilgrimage of Grace: Rhetoric, Reward and Retribution THESIS INTRODUCTION ‘Of all the enigmas in the English Reformation, the motivations and intentions of King Henry VIII remain some of the most difficult to elucidate’.1 This is a view echoed by Felicity Heal when she stated that making sense of Henrician religious policy was a ‘trying business’.2 Heal went on to argue that Henry’s own erratic and eclectic understanding of his role as Supreme Head was ‘underpinned not by a coherent theology but by little more than a “ragbag of emotional preferences”’.3 It is perhaps, for these reasons that the study of the English Reformation remains an appealing and fascinating task. As Susan Wabuda has stated, the challenges for understanding what the Reformation presents are among the most rewarding in all fields of scholarship.4 In the same year, Alec Ryrie gave as his raison d’être for a study of The Gospel and Henry VIII that the ‘golden age of the local study of the English Reformation’ was drawing to a close. Ryrie therefore justified his attempt at a national overview as ‘traipsing once again through the crowded field of Tudor high politics...despite the fact that it might appear to be pointlessly repetitive’.5 The Reformation in England is indeed a fascinating subject to explore and the aim of this thesis is to focus on one particular event, the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536, and use it as a case study to highlight and discuss specific themes – religiosity, rebellion and reward.6 The Pilgrimage was a huge 1 Lucy Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England, Oxford, 2000, p.50. 2 Felicity Heal, The Reformation in Britain and Ireland, Oxford, 2003, p.133. 3 Ibid – Heal cites Diarmuid MacCulloch, Reign of Henry VII, p.178. 4 Susan Wabuda, ‘The Reformation Revised: The English Reformation Beyond Revisionism’, History Compass 1, 2003, p.3. 5 Alec Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII: Evangelicals in the Early English Reformation’, Cambridge, 2003, p.7. 6 As Peter Marshall has stated, the study of the Reformation is often a personal engagement or debate about the meaning of religion – see Peter Marshall, ‘(Re)defining the English Reformation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Who Were Thomas Cromwell, John Rogers, and John Reynolds? Harold Willmington Liberty University, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University Scholars Crossing 101 Most Asked Questions 101 Most Asked Questions About the Bible 1-2019 Question 72 - Who were Thomas Cromwell, John Rogers, and John Reynolds? Harold Willmington Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/questions_101 Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Willmington, Harold, "Question 72 - Who were Thomas Cromwell, John Rogers, and John Reynolds?" (2019). 101 Most Asked Questions. 99. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/questions_101/99 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the 101 Most Asked Questions About the Bible at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in 101 Most Asked Questions by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 101 MOST ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE BIBLE 72. Who were Thomas Cromwell, John Rogers, and John Reynolds? A. Thomas Cromwell – The man who did the most to ensure that the English had access to the Bible in their own language was Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII’s chancellor from 1533 to 1540. Cromwell (portrayed by Hans Holbein above) was the spirit behind an injunction requiring that a copy of the English Bible be placed in every parish church. Published in September 1538, the injunction ordered the clergy to provide “one book of the whole Bible of the largest volume in English” and place it where “your parishioners may most commodiously resort to the same and read it.” The “largest volume” referred to the Great Bible, then being printed in Paris at Cromwell’s expense.
    [Show full text]
  • Possibly the Object of Their Downfall). the the 13Th. Century Rowton Brook
    THE VACCARY LANDS IN OUERNMORE otherwise, to larger pastures and then legally FOREST. established as perrnanent stock farms. P.J.Hudson One other route is possibly the conversion from Anglo-Saxon hunting areas, which would lands, available The date and extents of the first land enclosures theoretically have been empty settlement in one of the in the Quernmore area are not known for certain, for agricultural but there are several possibilities. Apart from population incursions, e.g. the Norse, which there the Hoton vill lands, the old park and horse farm took place before the Conquest and before written land in the north of Quernmore, there are in the south were any vills established or of the area two other pre 13th. cennrry enclosed charters for this area.to areas of land,t these are the two vaccaries at establishment, Rooten Brook- and Hare APPIe Tree.' Whatever the background to their by the immediate post-Conquest period the two These two vaccaries appeared in a system of Quernmore sites were occupied and enclosed several large enclosures (assarts) which were and were being developed as cow farms part of new land exploitation and development principally to breed and rear cattle as draught taking place in the northern forests of post- animals and to create a local supply to provision garrisons." Later Conquest England. Vaccaries can perhaps be meat and hides to the northern draught considered as evidence of the major changes that they not only supplied meat and to the Royal the Normans were making to the land holding animals, but milk and milk products going into system of northern England.
    [Show full text]
  • Note to Users
    NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington OMW~ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Yw#e votm rf5mrDnœ Our hLB NMe référence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraty of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or sell reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fonne de microfiche/fllml de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être impximés reproduceà without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. English Historians' Treatments of Sir Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher in the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Gmhmies by John C. R Taylor-Hood A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fullillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Deparfment of History Mernorial University of Newf'oundland St. John's nie siuteenth-oentury personages of Sir Th011185 More and Bishop John Fiiher have repeatedy appeanxî as signiticant figures in historical works.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Welles Family in England
    HISTORY OFHE T WELLES F AMILY IN E NGLAND; WITH T HEIR DERIVATION IN THIS COUNTRY FROM GOVERNOR THOMAS WELLES, OF CONNECTICUT. By A LBERT WELLES, PRESIDENT O P THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OP HERALDRY AND GENBALOGICAL REGISTRY OP NEW YORK. (ASSISTED B Y H. H. CLEMENTS, ESQ.) BJHttl)n a account of tljt Wu\\t% JFamtlg fn fHassssacIjusrtta, By H ENRY WINTHROP SARGENT, OP B OSTON. BOSTON: P RESS OF JOHN WILSON AND SON. 1874. II )2 < 7-'/ < INTRODUCTION. ^/^Sn i Chronology, so in Genealogy there are certain landmarks. Thus,n i France, to trace back to Charlemagne is the desideratum ; in England, to the Norman Con quest; and in the New England States, to the Puri tans, or first settlement of the country. The origin of but few nations or individuals can be precisely traced or ascertained. " The lapse of ages is inces santly thickening the veil which is spread over remote objects and events. The light becomes fainter as we proceed, the objects more obscure and uncertain, until Time at length spreads her sable mantle over them, and we behold them no more." Its i stated, among the librarians and officers of historical institutions in the Eastern States, that not two per cent of the inquirers succeed in establishing the connection between their ancestors here and the family abroad. Most of the emigrants 2 I NTROD UCTION. fled f rom religious persecution, and, instead of pro mulgating their derivation or history, rather sup pressed all knowledge of it, so that their descendants had no direct traditions. On this account it be comes almost necessary to give the descendants separately of each of the original emigrants to this country, with a general account of the family abroad, as far as it can be learned from history, without trusting too much to tradition, which however is often the only source of information on these matters.
    [Show full text]
  • Speakers of the House of Commons
    Parliamentary Information List BRIEFING PAPER 04637a 21 August 2015 Speakers of the House of Commons Speaker Date Constituency Notes Peter de Montfort 1258 − William Trussell 1327 − Appeared as joint spokesman of Lords and Commons. Styled 'Procurator' Henry Beaumont 1332 (Mar) − Appeared as joint spokesman of Lords and Commons. Sir Geoffrey Le Scrope 1332 (Sep) − Appeared as joint spokesman of Lords and Commons. Probably Chief Justice. William Trussell 1340 − William Trussell 1343 − Appeared for the Commons alone. William de Thorpe 1347-1348 − Probably Chief Justice. Baron of the Exchequer, 1352. William de Shareshull 1351-1352 − Probably Chief Justice. Sir Henry Green 1361-1363¹ − Doubtful if he acted as Speaker. All of the above were Presiding Officers rather than Speakers Sir Peter de la Mare 1376 − Sir Thomas Hungerford 1377 (Jan-Mar) Wiltshire The first to be designated Speaker. Sir Peter de la Mare 1377 (Oct-Nov) Herefordshire Sir James Pickering 1378 (Oct-Nov) Westmorland Sir John Guildesborough 1380 Essex Sir Richard Waldegrave 1381-1382 Suffolk Sir James Pickering 1383-1390 Yorkshire During these years the records are defective and this Speaker's service might not have been unbroken. Sir John Bussy 1394-1398 Lincolnshire Beheaded 1399 Sir John Cheyne 1399 (Oct) Gloucestershire Resigned after only two days in office. John Dorewood 1399 (Oct-Nov) Essex Possibly the first lawyer to become Speaker. Sir Arnold Savage 1401(Jan-Mar) Kent Sir Henry Redford 1402 (Oct-Nov) Lincolnshire Sir Arnold Savage 1404 (Jan-Apr) Kent Sir William Sturmy 1404 (Oct-Nov) Devonshire Or Esturmy Sir John Tiptoft 1406 Huntingdonshire Created Baron Tiptoft, 1426.
    [Show full text]
  • Music and Image Details from the Historical Association Film: An
    Music and Image details from the Historical Association Film: An Introduction to Tudor Royal Authority Music: 1. Serenity by Paul Werner. Licensed through Jamendo: https://licensing.jamendo.com/en/track/1532773/serenity Images: 1. Framed print, "Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens" after the original 1910 fresco painting by Henry Albert Payne (British, 1868-1940) based upon a scene in Shakespeare's Henry VI, the original in the Palace of Westminster and a later similar painting by Payne in the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, this print marked "copyright 1912 in London & Washington by "The Fine Art Publishing Co., Ltd. London", sight: 20.25"h, 21"w, overall: 27"h, 27.5"w, 9.25lbs. Public Domain. 2. King Henry VI. Purchased by National Portrait Gallery in 1930. Copyright NPG. 3. King Edward V, by unknown artist. Copyright National Portrait Gallery. 4. Portrait of Richard III of England. Copyright National Portrait Gallery. 5. King Henry VII, by unknown artist. Copyright National Portrait Gallery. 6. Portrait of Henry VIII (1491-1547). Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica. Public Domain. 7. Portrait of Thomas Cromwell. The Frick Collection. Public Domain. 8. Portrait of King Edward VI of England (1537–1553). Public Domain. 9. Portrait of Mary I, Museo del Prado. Public Domain. 10. Portrait of Elizabeth I of England of the 'Badminton' type. The Queen is shown in a black dress with gold embroidery, holding a red rose. Public Domain. 11. The Pelican Portrait by Nicholas Hilliard. The pelican was thought to nourish its young with its own blood and served to depict Elizabeth as the "mother of the Church of England".
    [Show full text]
  • Stapylton Final Version
    1 THE PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE OF FREEDOM FROM ARREST, 1603–1629 Keith A. T. Stapylton UCL Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Page 2 DECLARATION I, Keith Anthony Thomas Stapylton, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed Page 3 ABSTRACT This thesis considers the English parliamentary privilege of freedom from arrest (and other legal processes), 1603-1629. Although it is under-represented in the historiography, the early Stuart Commons cherished this particular privilege as much as they valued freedom of speech. Previously one of the privileges requested from the monarch at the start of a parliament, by the seventeenth century freedom from arrest was increasingly claimed as an ‘ancient’, ‘undoubted’ right that secured the attendance of members, and safeguarded their honour, dignity, property, and ‘necessary’ servants. Uncertainty over the status and operation of the privilege was a major contemporary issue, and this prompted key questions for research. First, did ill definition of the constitutional relationship between the crown and its prerogatives, and parliament and its privileges, lead to tensions, increasingly polemical attitudes, and a questioning of the royal prerogative? Where did sovereignty now lie? Second, was it important to maximise the scope of the privilege, if parliament was to carry out its business properly? Did ad hoc management of individual privilege cases nevertheless have the cumulative effect of enhancing the authority and confidence of the Commons? Third, to what extent was the exploitation or abuse of privilege an unintended consequence of the strengthening of the Commons’ authority in matters of privilege? Such matters are not treated discretely, but are embedded within chapters that follow a thematic, broadly chronological approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire
    94i2 . 7401 F81p v.3 1267473 GENEALOGY COLLECTION 3 1833 00727 0389 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center http://www.archive.org/details/pedigreesofcount03fost PEDIGREES YORKSHIRE FAMILIES. PEDIGREES THE COUNTY FAMILIES YORKSHIRE COMPILED BY JOSEPH FOSTER AND AUTHENTICATED BY THE MEMBERS, OF EACH FAMILY VOL. fL—NORTH AND EAST RIDING LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE COMPILER BY W. WILFRED HEAD, PLOUGH COURT, FETTER LANE, E.G. LIST OF PEDIGREES.—VOL. II. t all type refer to fa Hies introduced into the Pedigrees, i e Pedigree in which the for will be found on refer • to the Boynton Pedigr ALLAN, of Blackwell Hall, and Barton. CHAPMAN, of Whitby Strand. A ppleyard — Boynton Charlton— Belasyse. Atkinson— Tuke, of Thorner. CHAYTOR, of Croft Hall. De Audley—Cayley. CHOLMELEY, of Brandsby Hall, Cholmley, of Boynton. Barker— Mason. Whitby, and Howsham. Barnard—Gee. Cholmley—Strickland-Constable, of Flamborough. Bayley—Sotheron Cholmondeley— Cholmley. Beauchamp— Cayley. CLAPHAM, of Clapham, Beamsley, &c. Eeaumont—Scott. De Clare—Cayley. BECK.WITH, of Clint, Aikton, Stillingfleet, Poppleton, Clifford, see Constable, of Constable-Burton. Aldborough, Thurcroft, &c. Coldwell— Pease, of Hutton. BELASYSE, of Belasvse, Henknowle, Newborough, Worlaby. Colvile, see Mauleverer. and Long Marton. Consett— Preston, of Askham. Bellasis, of Long Marton, see Belasyse. CLIFFORD-CONSTABLE, of Constable-Burton, &c. Le Belward—Cholmeley. CONSTABLE, of Catfoss. Beresford —Peirse, of Bedale, &c. CONSTABLE, of Flamborough, &c. BEST, of Elmswell, and Middleton Quernhow. Constable—Cholmley, Strickland. Best—Norcliffe, Coore, of Scruton, see Gale. Beste— Best. Copsie—Favell, Scott. BETHELL, of Rise. Cromwell—Worsley. Bingham—Belasyse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Altazin, Keith, "The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 543. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/543 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE NORTHERN CLERGY AND THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Keith Altazin B.S., Louisiana State University, 1978 M.A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 2003 August 2011 Acknowledgments The completion of this dissertation would have not been possible without the support, assistance, and encouragement of a number of people. First, I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee who offered me great encouragement and support throughout the six years I spent in the graduate program. I would especially like thank Dr. Victor Stater for his support throughout my journey in the PhD program at LSU. From the moment I approached him with my ideas on the Pilgrimage of Grace, he has offered extremely helpful advice and constructive criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • A LIST of GUESTS at EVERINGHAM PARK, CHRISTMAS, R662
    ,~:, ... , • ~ .. ., • ......:. ""l'-- " 261 ,;,~"~ I,, \!",',,: " GUESTS AT gVERI.NGII.\lI1 PARK ~ -.-!.~-,r...j,.- " • r.~ ..- • . - .~~.~,_ Langdales, Stapletons, and Dolemans were among the most conspicuous. _ .. o_ " {. The Langdales, although near neighbours, did not attend tile Evering- .. _._'.'"' . -..-, . ham cel~~ration, Marma~uke Langdale, the famous Royalist general • .No, V• o~ the .C~VlIWar, had previously bought Holmc-on-Spalding-Moor from . '_,--, SIr Wlllial~ Co~stable, ,the Regicide before mcntioned, who had suc- A LIST OF GUESTS AT EVERINGHAM PARK, ceeded durmg hIS nefanous career in dissipating his whole patrimony, General Langdale had ther~fore been created, by Charles II, Lord CHRISTMAS, r662. Lang.dale of Holme-o.n-Spaldmg-Moor. He died just before this great Everingham celebration, !lnd the event may have been too recent to CONTRIBUTElJ BY RICHARlJ CECl'L WILTON, B.A"4 allo\~ of the presence of hIS son, the second Lord, at a festive occasion, ARCHIVIST AT EVERINGHAM l'ARI{. B~~It appears, from documents at Everingham that the families were friendly, and one of Sir Philip's uncles was a' Langdale. The senior Among the documents preserved at Everingham Park, ncar Market br~nch of the Langdale lamily had also lived for generations in the Welghton, Yorkshire, is a narrow roll of parchment, measuring 35! ,x 8 ; nelghbo~rho?d, at Houghtor: Hall, where Langdales still reside. They , incites, bearing alist of the names of persons present at a family gathering ~ere t~~emal.nstay .o~ Cathohcism, at WeightoD, one of the places men- , there at Christmas, r662, Thelist is of much interest, and is printed tioned, Their absence from ;Evenngham on this occasion is difficult to here with the permission of Her Grace the Duchess of Norfolk.
    [Show full text]
  • HENRY VIII TRAIL the Story of Henry’S Visit with His Allegedly Adulterous Queen, Catherine Howard in 1541
    HENRY VIII TRAIL The story of Henry’s visit with his allegedly adulterous Queen, Catherine Howard in 1541. The King sat nearly 2 weeks, ulcerous, syphilitic and constipated, fuming and waiting for his nephew James V of Scotland to attend a peace conference that never happened. Lavish preparations were made for the King’s reception by a City Council so terrified of the King after the Pilgrimage of Grace that they grovelled in the mud to meet him. Henry also closed down all the Monasteries and hospitals in York, even the public lavatories, because of alleged hanky-panky by the monks and nuns. St Leonards Hospital This was founded by King Athelstan in 935 AD as the Hospital of St Peter’s and may go back even further. It was refounded as the Hospital of St Leonard by King Stephen after the great fire of York in 1137. At its height the Hospital stretched almost the Minster-the Theatre Royal is built on its Undercrofts and the Red House incorporates part of its gatehouse. The Time Team Excavation of 1999 and At its height it had over 200 people in its care ranging from the poor to those who chose to retire there to live out their days. It had 13 Augustinian Canons, 8 Nuns plus Lay Brothers and servants making perhaps 300 people in all. It was surrendered to the Crown in 1539 and all had to leave. It was the last of the great religious house in York to close on 1st Dec 1540. The last Master, Thomas Magnus, got a manor at Beningbrough Grange.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DISSOLUTION of the MONASTERIES: an ECONOMIC STUDY by John Clifford Solomon
    THE DISSOLUTION OF THE MONASTERIES: AN ECONOMIC STUDY by John Clifford Solomon Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History APPROVED: M. A. Alexander, Chairman T. C. Howard W. E. Mackie May, 1982 Blacksburg, Virginia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Howard and Dr. William Mackie for their helpful suggestions and criticisms of this paper. I also greatly appreciate the friendship and encouragement that I received from my fellow graduate students particularly Ms. Wendy Walker. The writer would also like to thank Mrs. Connie Aikens for her diligence and patience in typing my manuscript. I am especially grateful to Dr. Michael Alexander, who gave so willingly of himself during the preparation of this paper. Most of all I would like to thank my parents, Saul and Alberta, for their love, understanding, and willingness to listen. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Chapters I. The Road to Dissolution 12 II. The Dissolution and the Successors to the Monks ............... 35 III. The Dissolution and its Contribution to Industrial Development in England . 71 IV. The Dissolution and its Contribution to Agriculture . 104 Bibliography 137 Vita 148 Abstract iii Introduction When Henry VIII ascended the throne in 1509 there were close to 850 monastic foundations of various size, descrip- tion, and wealth in England. ·These included over 500 monasteries, 136 nunneries, and 200 friaries, in addition of course to several thousand chantries and various minor religious establishments. During the 1520's some twenty- nine of the smaller monasteries were dissolved by Cardinal Wolsey for his special purposes; and between 1535 and 1540 Henry VIII and his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, dissolved all the remaining ones.
    [Show full text]